Thus PPT covers Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugs. This ppt includes different methods of propagation, pest and pest control management, growth regulators, polyploidy, hybridization, collection of crude drugs and storage of crude drugs.
Cultivation and collection of drugs of natural originZuli Shingala
cultivation and collection of medicinal plants, processing, storage, etc. with various factors that affects cultivation and collection of medicinal plants
PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-IIPart-2.FACTORS AFFECTING CULTIVATION
1. Altitude
2.Temperature
3. Rainfall
4. Day Length and Day Light
5. Soil
6. Soil Fertility
7. Fertilizers and Manures
a) Chemical fertilizers
(b) Manures
(c) Biofertilizers
8. Pests and Pests Control
a. Microbes
b) Insects
C) Non insect pests
d) Weeds
9. Other Factors that Affect the Cultivated Plants
a. Air Pollution
b. Herbicide
Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Plants make many chemical compounds that are for biological functions, including defence against insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals. At least 12,000 such compounds have been isolated so far; a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total.Chemical compounds in plants mediate their effect on the human body through processes identical to those already well understood for the chemical compounds in conventional drugs; thus herbal medicines do not differ greatly from conventional drugs in terms of how they work. it is important to know various factors that affects medicinal plant cultivation.
Crude drugs are plant, animal or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse/ longitudinal slices pieces or peeling them in some cases. They exist in natural form.
Crude drugs may be derived from various natural sources like Plants, Animals, Minerals, Marine and Micro-organisms etc
Cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive care and management.
The conditions and duration of cultivation required vary depending on the quality of medicinal plant materials required.
Cultivation and collection of drugs of natural originZuli Shingala
cultivation and collection of medicinal plants, processing, storage, etc. with various factors that affects cultivation and collection of medicinal plants
PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-IIPart-2.FACTORS AFFECTING CULTIVATION
1. Altitude
2.Temperature
3. Rainfall
4. Day Length and Day Light
5. Soil
6. Soil Fertility
7. Fertilizers and Manures
a) Chemical fertilizers
(b) Manures
(c) Biofertilizers
8. Pests and Pests Control
a. Microbes
b) Insects
C) Non insect pests
d) Weeds
9. Other Factors that Affect the Cultivated Plants
a. Air Pollution
b. Herbicide
Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Plants make many chemical compounds that are for biological functions, including defence against insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals. At least 12,000 such compounds have been isolated so far; a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total.Chemical compounds in plants mediate their effect on the human body through processes identical to those already well understood for the chemical compounds in conventional drugs; thus herbal medicines do not differ greatly from conventional drugs in terms of how they work. it is important to know various factors that affects medicinal plant cultivation.
Crude drugs are plant, animal or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse/ longitudinal slices pieces or peeling them in some cases. They exist in natural form.
Crude drugs may be derived from various natural sources like Plants, Animals, Minerals, Marine and Micro-organisms etc
Cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive care and management.
The conditions and duration of cultivation required vary depending on the quality of medicinal plant materials required.
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin. PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-I Part-3.
CONTENTS
Adulteration
Evaluation of adulteration
Morphological / Organoleptic evaluation
Microscopic evaluation
Quantitative evaluation
Physical evaluation
Chemical evaluation
Biological evaluation
Adulteration is of two types:
Indirect or Unintentional adulteration
Direct or Intentional adulteration
Intentional adulteration may be due to the following reasons
adulteration using manufactured substances
substitution using inferior commercial varieties
substitution using exhausted drugs
substitution of superficially similar inferior natural substance
adulteration using the vegetative part of the same plant
addition of toxic materials
adulteration of powders
addition of synthetic principles
Evaluation of Crude Drugs
1. ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION
2. MICROSCOPICAL EVALUATION
Stomatal index Vein-islet number
Veinlet termination number
Palisade ratio
Quantitative Microscopy (Lycopodium Spore Method)
3.CHEMICAL EVALUATION
4. Physical Evaluation
I. Solubility
II. Optical Rotation
III. Refractive Index
III. Specific Gravity
IV Viscosity
V. Melting Point
VI. Moisture Content
VII. Ultraviolet Light
VIII. Ash Values
Total ash
Acid-insoluble ash
The water-soluble ash
IX. Extractive Values
X. Foreign Organic Matters
5. BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Toxicity
Oxytocic activity
Microbiological assays
Drug Adulteration and evaluation of the crude drug: PharmacognosySHIVANEE VYAS
Adulteration is the practice of substituting original drugs completely or partially with similar-looking substances. The substance, when mixed is either inferior inquality with chemical and therapeutic properties. The substance, which is added with the original drug, is called adulterants.
ADULTERANTS: Adulterants are either sub-standard in verity or of the original crude drug or inferior drug or artificially prepared or other substance. That is present in the original drug, which decreases its quality. In general terms, Adulteration is the regulation of any substance either by adding or taking off anything from the original substance, which decreases the quality of that substance, maybe harming health causes a variety of adverse effects from mild to moderate to severe life-threatening responses.
This adulteration is done intentionally or unintentionally Intentional adulteration is a criminal offense and punishable offense under the act, the motive behind intentional adulteration is normally commercial and originates mainly with the intention to make a profit.
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants. PH...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants. PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-IIPart-4
Polyploidy reference to medicinal plants.
Types Of Polyploidy
A. Euploidy
a.Autopolyploidy
b. Allopolyploidy
B. Aneuploidy
1. Causes Of Polyploidy
2. Non-disjunction in mitosis
3. Non-reduction in meiosis
4. Polyspermy
5. Endo-replication or Endo- reduplication.
Factors Promoting Polyploidy
1. Physical factor
2. Chemical factor
3. Biological factor
Physical factor:-
Temperature :- heat temperature & cold temperature
Centrifugation
X-rays
Gamma rays
Cosmic rays
Ionizing & non-ionizing radiations
UV-radiations
Chemical factor:-
Alkylating agents:- nitrogen & sulphur mustard
Acridines
Proflavins
Nitrous acid
Colchicines[6]
Colchicines (Poisonous alkaloids):-
Biological factor
Mode of reproduction
Mode of fertilization
Breeding system present (Hybridization)
Growth habit of the plant
Size of chromosomes
Application Of Polyploidy
Mutation breeding
Seedless fruits production
Bridge crossing
Ornamental & forage breeding
Disease resistance through aneuploidy
Industrial application of polyploidy
mutation reference to medicinal plants
Type of mutations:
1. Spontaneous and induced mutations.
2. Recessive and dominant mutations.
3. Somatic and germinal mutations.
4. Forward, back and suppressor mutation.
5. Chromosomal, genomic and point mutations
Application Of Mutation:
Hybridization reference to medicinal plants
The following steps are involved in hybridization of plant:
Choice Of Parents:.
Selfing Of Parents
Emasculation:.
Bagging:
Crossing Or Cross Pollination
Labelling
Collection Of Hybrid Seeds
Significance of Hybridization
evaluation of drug by organoleptic, microscopical, physical, chemical and biological methods. spectroscopical methods, chromatography, leaf constants, linear measurements.
Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin. PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-I Part-3.
CONTENTS
Adulteration
Evaluation of adulteration
Morphological / Organoleptic evaluation
Microscopic evaluation
Quantitative evaluation
Physical evaluation
Chemical evaluation
Biological evaluation
Adulteration is of two types:
Indirect or Unintentional adulteration
Direct or Intentional adulteration
Intentional adulteration may be due to the following reasons
adulteration using manufactured substances
substitution using inferior commercial varieties
substitution using exhausted drugs
substitution of superficially similar inferior natural substance
adulteration using the vegetative part of the same plant
addition of toxic materials
adulteration of powders
addition of synthetic principles
Evaluation of Crude Drugs
1. ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION
2. MICROSCOPICAL EVALUATION
Stomatal index Vein-islet number
Veinlet termination number
Palisade ratio
Quantitative Microscopy (Lycopodium Spore Method)
3.CHEMICAL EVALUATION
4. Physical Evaluation
I. Solubility
II. Optical Rotation
III. Refractive Index
III. Specific Gravity
IV Viscosity
V. Melting Point
VI. Moisture Content
VII. Ultraviolet Light
VIII. Ash Values
Total ash
Acid-insoluble ash
The water-soluble ash
IX. Extractive Values
X. Foreign Organic Matters
5. BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Toxicity
Oxytocic activity
Microbiological assays
Drug Adulteration and evaluation of the crude drug: PharmacognosySHIVANEE VYAS
Adulteration is the practice of substituting original drugs completely or partially with similar-looking substances. The substance, when mixed is either inferior inquality with chemical and therapeutic properties. The substance, which is added with the original drug, is called adulterants.
ADULTERANTS: Adulterants are either sub-standard in verity or of the original crude drug or inferior drug or artificially prepared or other substance. That is present in the original drug, which decreases its quality. In general terms, Adulteration is the regulation of any substance either by adding or taking off anything from the original substance, which decreases the quality of that substance, maybe harming health causes a variety of adverse effects from mild to moderate to severe life-threatening responses.
This adulteration is done intentionally or unintentionally Intentional adulteration is a criminal offense and punishable offense under the act, the motive behind intentional adulteration is normally commercial and originates mainly with the intention to make a profit.
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants. PH...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants. PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-IIPart-4
Polyploidy reference to medicinal plants.
Types Of Polyploidy
A. Euploidy
a.Autopolyploidy
b. Allopolyploidy
B. Aneuploidy
1. Causes Of Polyploidy
2. Non-disjunction in mitosis
3. Non-reduction in meiosis
4. Polyspermy
5. Endo-replication or Endo- reduplication.
Factors Promoting Polyploidy
1. Physical factor
2. Chemical factor
3. Biological factor
Physical factor:-
Temperature :- heat temperature & cold temperature
Centrifugation
X-rays
Gamma rays
Cosmic rays
Ionizing & non-ionizing radiations
UV-radiations
Chemical factor:-
Alkylating agents:- nitrogen & sulphur mustard
Acridines
Proflavins
Nitrous acid
Colchicines[6]
Colchicines (Poisonous alkaloids):-
Biological factor
Mode of reproduction
Mode of fertilization
Breeding system present (Hybridization)
Growth habit of the plant
Size of chromosomes
Application Of Polyploidy
Mutation breeding
Seedless fruits production
Bridge crossing
Ornamental & forage breeding
Disease resistance through aneuploidy
Industrial application of polyploidy
mutation reference to medicinal plants
Type of mutations:
1. Spontaneous and induced mutations.
2. Recessive and dominant mutations.
3. Somatic and germinal mutations.
4. Forward, back and suppressor mutation.
5. Chromosomal, genomic and point mutations
Application Of Mutation:
Hybridization reference to medicinal plants
The following steps are involved in hybridization of plant:
Choice Of Parents:.
Selfing Of Parents
Emasculation:.
Bagging:
Crossing Or Cross Pollination
Labelling
Collection Of Hybrid Seeds
Significance of Hybridization
evaluation of drug by organoleptic, microscopical, physical, chemical and biological methods. spectroscopical methods, chromatography, leaf constants, linear measurements.
Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Scope Of Vegetable Seed Production Under Protected Cultivation.pptxAnusha K R
Protected cultivation provides many-fold advantages over open field seed production of vegetables. The beauty of vegetable hybrid seed production under protected conditions is that it could be implemented at a micro or macro level depending upon the need, space, and seed crop requirements. This technology is highly productive, amenable to automation, conserves water, fertilizer, and land, and provides the required environment to overcome the biotic and abiotic stress and enhance yield as well as the quality of seeds. Protected cultivation offers a very congenial environment for producing healthy, virus-free, and genetically pure hybrid seed with higher seed yield per unit area.
Cultivation and collections of drugs of natural origin..pptxMs. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-IIPart-1Cultivation and collections of drugs of natural origin.
Advantages of cultivation
Methods of Plant Propagation
1.Sexual method (seed propagation)
2. Asexual method
Methods of sowing the seeds
Broadcasting Dibbling Miscellaneous
Special treatment to seeds
Asexual method.
Asexual method of vegetative propagation consists of three types:
a) Natural methods of vegetative propagation.
b) Artificial methods of vegetative propagation.
c) Aseptic method of micropropagation (tissue-culture).
COLLECTION OF CRUDE DRUGS
HARVESTING OF CRUDE DRUGS
DRYING OF CRUDE DRUGS
(1) natural (sun drying) and (2) artificial
Artificial Drying
Drying by artificial means includes drying the drugs in
(a) an oven; i.e. tray-dryers;
(b) vacuum dryers and
(c) spray dryers.
GARBLING (DRESSING)
PACKING OF CRUDE DRUGS
STORAGE & PRESEVATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
This PPT is Second part of Hematology and covers the different concepts in Hematology. This includes functions of blood, components of blood, formation of blood cells, functions of RBC, WBC and Platelets, Eryhropoiesis, leucopoiesis and Synthesis of hemoglobin
This PPT covers the concepts of Lymphatic system and Immunity. This includes functions of Lymphatic system, components of Lymphatic system, Lymphatic organs and tissues, formation and flow of lymph and composition of Lymph
This PPT covers pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia which includes causes of thrombocytopenia, symptoms of thrombocytopenia and diagnosis of thrombocytopenia
This PPT covers leukocytosis and includes Types of leukocytosis-Neutrophilia, eosinophilia, basophilia, lymphocytosis and monocytosis, pathophysiology of leukocytosis, symptoms of leukocytosis and diagnosis of leukocytosis
This PPT covers the entire concepts in Muscular System. It includes details of 3 types of muscular tissue like Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Concepts of contraction cycle, sliding filament mechanism, neuromuscular junction, muscle metabolism, muscle tone and Different types of contraction.
This PPT covers drug therapy for tuberculosis. It includes classification of antitubercular drugs, chemotherapy for tuberculosis, strategies for addressing resistance and pharmacotherapy of antitubercular drugs
This PPT covers Drug therapy for Viral Infection or disease. It includes Viral replication cycle, classification of antiviral drugs, Anti-Herpes drug, Anti Influenza drugs, Anti hepatitis drugs and anti retroviral drugs
This PPT covers the Drug therapy for Malaria. This PPT includes Malaria cycle, different types of malaria , classification of antimalarial drugs and pharmacotherapy of all antimalarial drugs
This is PPT is Second part of Hematology. It covers Hemostasis, Blood Clotting, Blood Groups and blood type, Rh system, Innate immunity and Adaptive immunity
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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2. CULTIVATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
• Cultivation of medicinal plants requires
intensive care and management.
• The conditions and duration of cultivation
required vary depending on the quality of
medicinal plant materials required.
Jegan
3. ADVANTAGES OF CULTIVATION
• It ensures quality and purity of medicinal plants.
• Collection of crude drugs from cultivated plants gives a
better yield and therapeutic quality.
• Cultivation ensures regular supply of a crude drug.
• The cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants also leads to industrialization to a greater
extent.
• Cultivation permits application of modern technological aspects such as mutation,
polyploidy and hybridization.
Jegan
4. DISADVANTAGES OF CULTIVATION
• The high cost of cultivation drugs as compared to wild source
• Losses due to ecological imbalance such as storms, earthquakes, floods, droughts etc
Jegan
5. Methods of Propagation
• Sexual Method (Seed Propagation)
• Asexual Method ( Vegetative Propagation)
Jegan
6. Asexual Method ( Vegetative Propagation)
• Vegetative propagation can be defined as regeneration or formation of a new individual
from any vegetative part of the plant body.
• The method of vegetative propagation involves separation of a part of plant body, which
develops into a new plant.
• They are two types of Vegetative propagation :
A. Natural Methods of vegetative propagation
B. Artificial Methods of vegetative propagation
Jegan
7. A. Natural Methods of vegetative propagation
• It is done by sowing various parts of the plants in well prepared soil
1. Vegetative propagation by stem:
Bulb Allium, Squill
Corms Colchicum
Tubers Potato, aconite
Rhizomes Ginger and turmeric
Suckers Pineapple, banana
Jegan
10. B. Artificial Methods of vegetative propagation
• The method by which plantlets or seedlings are produced from vegetative part of the plant
by using some technique or process is known as artificial method of vegetative
propagation.
• Following methods are used:
1. Cutting:
2. Layering:
3. Grafting:
4. Micro propagation:
Jegan
11. 1. Cutting:
• These are the parts of the plant (stem, root or leaf) which, if grown under suitable’
conditions, develop new plants.
• Stem cutting are generally used to obtained new plants.
• Examples: Sugarcane and rose, etc.
Jegan
12. 2. Layering:
• Roots are induced on the stem while it is still attached to the parent plant.
• This part of stem is later detached from the parent plant and grown into a new plant.
Jegan
13. 3. Grafting:
• New variety is produced by joining parts of two different plants.
• The rooted shoot of one plant, called stock, is joined with a piece of shoot of another
plant known as scion.
• Examples: Rose, citrus and rubber, etc.
Jegan
14. 4. Micro propagation:
• This method consists of growing cell, tissue and
organ in culture.
• Small pieces of plant organs or tissues are grown in
a container with suitable nutrient medium, under
sterilized conditions.
• The tissue grows into a mass of undifferentiated
cells called callus which later differentiates into
plantlets.
• These are then transferred into pots or nursery beds
and allowed to grow into full plants
Jegan
16. Importance of asexual propagation
• It is a cheaper, easier and rapid method of multiplication
• Many fruit trees usually require 4-5 years to bear the fruits when developed from seeds.
The plants developed by vegetative methods, take only a year to bear fruits.
• Plants like roses and chrysanthemum, etc do not form viable seeds. Thus, vegetative
propagation is the only method of propagation is the only method of reproduction and
continuation of species in such plants.
• All the plants developed by these methods will be generally similar to the parent plant.
• Micro propagation is useful in raising disease free plants
Jegan
17. Sexual Method ( Seed Propagation)
• Incase of sexual reproduction, the plants are raised from seeds and such plants are known
as seedlings.
• For propagations the seeds must be of good quality
Jegan
18. METHODS OF SOWING SEEDS
• Numerous methods of sowing seeds are in
practice. Few of them are-
1. BROADCASTING
2. DIBBLING
3. MISCELLANEOUS
Jegan
19. BROADCASTING
• In this method the seeds are scattered freely in well prepared soil for cultivation.
• The seeds only need raking.
• If they are sown deep or covered by soil, necessary thinning of the seedlings is done by
keeping a specific distance
• Examples: isapgol linseed, sesame
Jegan
21. DIBBLING
• When the seeds of average size and
weight are available.
• They are sown by placing in holes.
• Number of seeds to be put in holes vary
from 3 to 5 Depending upon the vitality
Jegan
23. MISCELLANEOUS
• Many a times the seeds are sown
in nursery beds.
• The seedling thus produced are
transplanted to farms for further
growth.
• Such as cinchona, cardamom,
clove, etc.
Jegan
25. Pre – germination Seed Treatments to improve germination rate
1. Chemical (Acid scarification)
2. Mechanical (Scarification)
3. Boiled Water Treatment
4. Soaking in Water
5. Moist Chilling
Jegan
26. 1. Chemical (Acid scarification)
• The purpose is to modify hard or
impermeable seed covering by soaking seed in
concentrated sulphuric acid
• The time of treatment may vary from 10
minutes to 6 hour according to species
Jegan
27. 2. Mechanical (Scarification)
• Seeds of a few species with impermeable seed coat. i.e. hard seed coat can be rendered
permeable to water and gases
• Their germination is greatly improved by mechanical scarification in taking care that
seeds should be injured (not be injured heavily).
• This can be achieved by
i) Placing the seeds between two sand paper
ii) Passing seeds through machine that scratches the surface.
iii) Filling and notching to make the seed coat permeable to water.
Jegan
29. 3. Boiled Water Treatment
• Pouring boiling water over seeds and getting it to cool
gradually for about 12 hour to soften hard shelled
seeds. E.g. Coffee
Jegan
30. 4. Soaking in Water
• The purpose of soaking seeds in water is to modify hard seed coats, to remove growth
inhibitors, to soften seed and to reduce the time of germination.
• The time of soaking seeds in cold water depend upon the hardness of the seed coat. E.g
beans
5. Moist Chilling:
• Seed of many woody trees or shrubs are exposed to low temperature to bring about
prompt and uniform germination
Jegan
32. Advantages of Sexual Propagation
• Simplest, easiest and the most economical process
• Some plants, trees, vegetables or fruits species can propagate only through sexual propagation.
E.g. – marigold, papaya, tomato.
• This type of propagation leads to better crop species that are stronger, disease- resistant and have
longer life-span.
• Viral transmission can be prevented in this type of propagation.
• It is the only propagation process in which resultant offspring have genetic variation and exhibit
diversity of characters from parent crops.
• This genetic variation is responsible for continuous evolution that keeps on producing better & better
offspring. Jegan
33. Disadvantages of Sexual Propagation
• Seeds take a long time to turn into mature plants i.e. time interval between sowing and
flowering is longer.
• Seedlings propagated through sexual propagation are unlikely to have same genetic
characteristics as that of parent plants
• Some plant species do not produce viable seeds through sexual propagation and hence are
unsuitable to propagate for the same.
• Plants that do not have seeds can’t be propagated through this process.
• There are many factors that can affect the viability of seeds, including moisture, air,
temperature, and light.
Jegan
36. LIGHT
• Light is the only external source of energy for the continuation of life of the plant.
• It influences photosynthesis, opening and closing of stomata, plant movements, seed
germination, flowering and vegetative growth like tuber formation.
• Dry sunny weather increases the
proportion of glycosides in digitalis
and of alkaloids in belladonna
Jegan
37. TEMPERATURE
• Temperature is the major factor influencing the cultivation of the medicinal plant.
• The sudden decrease in temperature cause the formation of the ice crystals in intercellular
spaces of the plant.
• As a result, water comes out of the cells and ultimately plants die due to drought and
desiccation.
• Water absorption decreases
at low temperatures.
• The rate of photosynthesis is
affected by change in temperature
Jegan
38. ALTITUDE
• The altitude is the most important factor influencing cultivation of medicinal plants.
• As the altitude increases, the temperature and atmospheric pressure decreases while the
wind velocity, relative humidity and light intensity increases.
• Thus, as the climatic conditions change
with height, they also produce change
in the vegetation pattern.
Jegan
39. • The bitter constituents of Gentiana lutea increase with altitude, whereas the alkaloids of
Aconitum nacelles and Lobelia inflate and oil content of thyme and peppermint decrease.
• Pyrethrum gives the best yield at high altitude.
• Examples: Tea- 9500-1500 meters; cinnamon- 300-1000 meters and saffron- up to 1250
meters
Jegan
40. RAINFALL
• The rainfalls are most important factor influencing cultivation of medicinal plants. The
main source of water for the soil is rain water.
• Rainfall and snowfall have a large effect the climate condition.
• The water from rainfall flows into the rivers and lakes, percolates into the soil to form
ground water and remaining is evaporated.
• The minerals in the soil get dissolved in water and are
then absorbed by plants.
• Water influences morphological and physiology of plant
Jegan
41. SOIL
• Soil is defined as surface layer of the earth, formed by
weathering of rocks.
• The soil should contain appropriate amounts of
nutrients, organic matter and other elements to ensure
optimal medicinal plant growth and quality.
• Optimal soil conditions, including soil type, drainage,
moisture retention, fertility and pH, will be dictated by
the selected medicinal plant species and/or target
medicinal plant part.
Jegan
42. The soil made of five components:
1.Mineral matter.
2.Soil air.
3.Soil water.
4.Organic matter or humus.
5.Soil organisms
• Plants depend on soil for nutrients, water supply
and anchorage.
• Soil influences
Seed germination,
Capacity of plant to remain erect,
Form, vigor and woodiness of the stem,
depth of root system,
Number of flowers on a plant,
Drought,
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44. 1. CLAY SOIL
• Clay particle are very small.
• These fit together very closely and therefore, leave very less pore space. These spaces get
filled up with water very easily.
• Hence, the clay soil becomes quickly waterlogged.
• Such soil have practically no air, therefore, the plants growing in these soil are not able to
absorb water
• It cracks and shrinks when conditions are dry the soil
• Rich in nutrient elements
Jegan
45. 2. SANDY SOIL
• Sand particles are large sized.
• These leave large pore spaces which do not have capillary action and therefore, water is
not retained by them.
• Most of the water is quickly drained off and reaches deep into the soil.
• As a result, roots spread and also reach a great depth.
• The sandy soil is poor in nutrient elements; it is less fertile and plants growing in this soil
have less dry weight.
Jegan
46. 3. LOAMY SOIL
• The mixture of clay, silt and sand is known as loam.
• Loam is very useful for growth.
• It is fertile soil because it contains available nutrient elements in sufficient amounts.
• It has a high water retention capacity and appropriate amount of soil air is also present.
• The plants growing in loam are vigorous and have very high weight.
Jegan
47. 4. SANDY LOAM
• The amount of sand particles is more than other types of loam.
5.SILT LOAM
• Silt loam is considered to be the most fertile as it contains more amount of organic
substances than others.
Jegan
49. 1. BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN FERTILIZER
• Soil is generally poor in organic matter and nitrogen.
• The substances of biological origin used as fertilizer are thus selected if these could
provide the elements required.
• These are two types:
Manures:
Bio-fertilizer:
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50. MANURES
• Manure is material, which are mixed with soil.
• These supply almost all the nutrients required by the crop plants.
• This results in the increase in crop productivity.
• Manures are three types:
Farmyard manure
Composited manure
Green manure
Jegan
51. Farmyard manure:
• This is a mixture of cattle dung and remaining unused parts of plants like straw and
stalks fed to cattle.
Composited manure:
• This consists of a mixture of rotted or decomposed and useless parts of plants and
animals.
Jegan
52. Green manure
• It is a herbaceous crop ploughed under and mixed with the soil while still green to enrich
the soil.
• The plants used as green manure are often quick growing.
• These add both organic as well as nitrogen to the soil.
• It is also forms a protective soil cover that checks soil erosion and leaching.
• Thus, the crop yield increases by 30-50%.
Jegan
53. BIO-FERTILIZER
• It can be defined as biologically active products or bacteria, algae and fungi which useful
in bringing about soil nutrient enrichment.
• These mostly include nitrogen fixing microorganisms.
• Eg. Rhizobium symbiosis, Cyanobacteria, Mycorrhiza
Jegan
56. PESTS AND PEST CONTROL MANAGEMENT
• A pest is an organism that
causes epidemic disease
associated with high
mortality.
• Hence pest are harmful to
man physically and to his
crop causing economic
losses.
Jegan
57. Types of pest- The different types of pests infecting medicinal plant are
• Fungi and Viruses
• Insects
Flying (moths / flies & larvae)
Crawling (beetles / weevils / cockroaches)
• Rodents: Mice (field / house) Rats: (roof / Norway)
• Birds: Pigeons / crows / starling
• Other mammals: Snakes / cats & dogs
Jegan
59. 1. Mechanical Methods
• It employs manual labour along with different
devices for collection and destruction of pest.
• Examples include:
1. Hand picking to remove insects
2. Pruning
3. Burning
4. Trapping of pests
Jegan
60. 2. Agricultural Methods
• Agricultural control is ploughing which should be
sufficiently deep so as to eradicate weeds, as well as
early stages of insects.
• By Crop rotation
• It also covers advance plant breeding techniques
capable of inducing genetic manipulation resulting in
production hybrid varieties, which are resistant to
fungal and bacterial attack
Jegan
61. 3. Chemical Methods
• Pests are controlled by using chemical pesticides.
• Examples:
1.Insecticides: to control insect (DDT, gammaxine, parathione, malathione)
2.Fungicides: to control fungus diseases (Bordeaux mixture, chlorophenols, antibiotics)
3. Herbicides: to control weeds (2,4-di chlorophenoxy acetic acid, Sulphuric acid)
4.Rodenticides: to control rodents (Warfarin, Strychnine, Red squill)
Jegan
62. 4. Biological Control methods
• This method is practiced by combating the pests, mostly the insects, with other living
organisms.
• If this method is properly designed, it may emerge as an effective, safe and economical
method of pest control.
• The chemical substances produced and released by some female insects are capable to
elicting (reaction) a sexual response from the opposite sex, which could be exploited for
biological control of pests called sex pheromones .
• Example : 7, 8-epoxy 2- methyloctadecane from gypsm moth.
Jegan
63. 5. Natural pest control agents
• Natural pest control agents : Example of natural agents acting as pesticide:
Tobacco
Nux-vomica
Pyrethrum
Neem
Citronella
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64. Neem:
• Biological sources: It consist of fresh
or dried leaves of Azadirachta indica
belonging to family Meliaceae
• Chemical Constituents: Azadirachtin ,
Nimbin , Nimbidin , Nimbidol , Sodium
nimbinate , Gedunin , Salannin and
Quercetin .
Jegan
65. GROWTH REGULATOR
• It is a hormone like synthetic organic compound.
• In small amounts, it modifies the growth and development either by promoting or
inhibiting the growth.
Jegan
66. General plant hormones: The phyto-hormones are broadly grouped under five major
classes namely
Auxins (cell elongation)
Gibberellins (cell elongation + cell division - translated into growth)
Cytokinins (cell division + inhibits senescence)
Abscisic acid (abscission of leaves and fruits )
Ethylene (promotes senescence, epinasty , and fruit ripening)
Jegan
67. AUXIN (Indole acetic acid)
• Auxin increases the plasticity of plant cell walls and is involved in stem elongation.
• Production of auxin occurs at shoot tips, developing seeds
Physiological effects of Auxin
• Cell elongation and expansion
• Initiation of adventitious roots
• Abscission - loss of leaves
• Flower initiation, fruit development
• Apical dominance
• Lateral branch growth are inhibited near the shoot apex, but less so farther from the tip.Jegan
71. GIBBERELLIN / GIBBERELLIC ACID (GA)
• Produced in roots and young leaves
• Now known to be essential for stem elongation
Physiological effects of Gibberellins
• Cell division
• Cell elongation
• Stimulate seed germination
• Stimulate flowering
• Stimulate fruit development Jegan
72. COMMERCIAL USE OF GA
Without GA With GA
Larger fruits that are easier to clean are attractive in markets
Jegan
73. CYTOKININ
• These are either natural (Zeatin) or Synthetic (Kinetin) compounds with
significant growth regulating activity
Physiological effects of Cytokinin
• Promotion of cell division.
• External application of cytokinin promotes the growth of lateral buds
• Cytokinin breaks the dormancy of many seeds and also promotes germination.
• Application of cytokinin delays the process of ageing in plants
Jegan
76. ABSCISIC ACID
• Abscisic acid is produced chiefly in mature green leaves and in fruits
• Produced in Mature leaves (especially under stress), roots then transported to shoots
Physiological effects of Abscisic acid
• Stress response
• Stimulate stomatal closure
• Inhibit premature germination of seeds
• Induces bud dormancy in a variety of plants
• Seed dormancy maintenance Jegan
78. ETHYLENE
• Ethylene is a simple gaseous hormone. It is usually present in a minute quantity.
• It is synthesized in large amounts by tissues undergoing ageing
Physiological effects of ethylene
• Fruit ripening
• Leaf and flower senescence
• Leaf and fruit abscission (controlled separation of plant part from the main body)
• Flowering - Ethylene inhibits flowering in most species, but promotes it in a few plants
such as pineapple, bromeliads, and mango
Jegan
81. POLYPLOIDY
• Plants whose cells contain two sets of chromosomes, derived at fertilization from the
union of one set from the pollen and one set from the egg cells, are described as diploids
and denoted by “2n”.
• The term polyploidy is applied to plants with more than two sets of chromosomes in the
cells
• when four sets are present the plants are described as tetraploids and denoted by “4n”.
Jegan
82. • Tetraploidy is induced by treatment with colchicine, which inhibits spindle formation
during cell division, so that the divided chromosomes are unable to separate and pass to
the daughter cells.
• The two sets of chromosomes remain in one cell and this develops to give tetraploids
plant.
• Treatment with colchicine may be applied in various ways
• The seeds may be soaked in a dilute solution of colchicine, or the seedlings, the soil around
the seedling or the young shoot treated with colchicine solution
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83. • The average increase in alkaloids content compared with diploid plants of Datura
stromonium and Datura tatula was 68%, with a maximum increase of 211.6%
• Polyploidy increases cell size. The large cell size can result in thicker leaves, stems, and
wider branch angles. Flowers can be larger with thicker petals resulting in longer lasting
flowers, and fruit that can be bigger than normal
• Some polyploid plants exhibit greater pest resistance, drought tolerance, increased
nutrient uptake, and increased cold tolerance
Jegan
86. MUTATION
• Sudden heritable change in the structure of a gene on the chromosome or change in the
chromosome number is known as mutation
• Mutations can be artificially produced by certain agents called mutagens or mutagenic
agent.
• They are two types:
a. Physical mutagens:
b. Chemical mutagens:
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88. Example:
• Penicillin, as an antibiotic was first obtained from Penicillium.
• However, the yield was very poor and the preparation was commercially expensive.
• Since then mutants with higher yield of penicillin have been selected and produced.
• Penicillium chrysogenum used in the production of penicillin yielded about 100 units of
penicillin per ml of culture medium.
• By single-spore isolation, strains were obtained which yielded up to 250 units per ml of
medium, X-ray treatment of this strain gave mutants which produce 500 units per ml and
ultraviolet mutants of latter gave strain which produced about 1000 unit per ml
Jegan
91. HYBRIDIZATION
• It is mating or crossing of two genetically dissimilar plants having desired genes or
genotypes and bringing them together into one individual called hybrid.
• The process through which hybrids are produced is called hybridization.
• Hybridization particularly between homozygous strains, which have been inbred for a
number of generations, introduces a degree of heterozygosis with resultant hybrid vigour
often manifest in the dimensions and other characteristic of the plants.
• A hybrid is an organism which results from crossing of two species or varieties differing at
least in one set of characters
Jegan
95. COLLECTION OF CRUDE DRUGS
• Collection is the most important step which
comes after cultivation
• Drugs are collected from wild and cultivated
plant
• Task for cultivation depends on the collector ,
whether he skilled or unskilled labor
• Drugs should be collected when they contain
maximum amount of constituents
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96. • The season at which drug is collected is important as amount of active constituents change
throughout the year
*Example:
Rhubarb- It is collected only in summer season because anthraquinone derivatives level is
more in summer season and less in winter season
• Leaves are generally collected just before the flowering season Example:
*Example:
Vasaka and digitalis- leaves contains maximum constituents before the plant bears
flowers Jegan
97. • Flowers are collected before they expand fully
*Example: Clove and Saffron
• The underground organs like tubers and roots
are collected before plant cell die
*Example: Liquorice and Rawoulfia
• Some fruits are collected after their full maturity
and some are collected when they are ripe
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98. • Barks are usually collected during spring season as they are easy to separate from the
wood during this season
*Example: Ashoka bark, Cinchona bark and Kurchi bark
• The unorganised drug has to be collected as soon as they oozes out
*Example: Resin, Latex and Gums
Jegan
99. DRYING OF CRUDE DRUGS
• Before marketing a crude drug it is necessary to process it properly so as to
Preserve it properly
Acquire better pharmaceutical elegance
• Drying consist of removal of sufficient moisture so as to
Improve quality
Make it resistant to microorganism
Inhibit enzymatic reactions
Jegan
101. NATURAL DRYING
1. SUN DRYING
• In sun drying, it may be either direct sun drying or in the shed
• If the natural color of the drug (Digitalis, Clove, Senna) and the volatile principle of the
drug (peppermint) are to be retained, drying in the shed is preferred
• If the contents of the drug are quite stable to the temperature and sunlight the drugs
can be dried directly under sun (gum acacia, seeds, fruits)
Jegan
102. ARTIFICIAL DRYING
1. TRAY DRYERS
• The drug which do not contain volatile oil and are quite
stable to heat are dried in tray dryers
• In this process, hot air of the desired temperature is
circulated through the dryers and this facilitates the
removal of water content of the drugs
• Drugs dried by this methods are belladonna roots,
cinchona bark, tea leaves, gums Jegan
103. 2. VACUUM DRYERS
• The water is removed by applying vacuum
• The drugs which are sensitive to higher temperature are dried by this process
• Example: Digitalis leaves
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104. 3. SPRAY DRYERS
• Some drugs are highly sensitive to atmospheric conditions and also to temperature of
vacuum drying are dried by spray drying method
• This technique is followed for quick drying of economically important plant or animal
constituents rather than the crude drugs
• Examples of spray drying are
papaya latex, resins, tannins etc
Jegan
105. STORAGE OF CRUDE DRUGS
• Preservation of crude drug needs sound knowledge
of their physical and chemical properties
• If drugs are improperly stored, quality can be
affected
• All drugs should be preserved in well closed and air
tight containers
• They should be stored in premises which are
water-proof, fire proof and rodent proof
Jegan
106. • Many drug absorb moisture during their
storage and become susceptible to microbial
growth
• Moisture can affect the quality of drug
• Moisture also facilitates enzymatic reaction
eg. Digitalis leaves
• Moisture also leads to growth of moulds eg.
Gentian root and ergot
• Radiation due to direct sunlight also cause
destruction of active chemical constituents
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107. • Atmospheric oxygen also act as a destructive agents to several drugs hence drugs are filled
completely in well stored container or the air in the container is replaced by an inert gas
like nitrogen. Eg. Shark liver oil, papain etc
• Temperature is also a very important factor in preservation of drugs, as it accelerates
several chemical reaction leading to decomposition of chemical constituents
• Hence most of the drugs are stored at low temperature
• It is essential to preserve the drugs against insect or mould attack
• This can be achieved by giving treatment of fumigants
• The common fumigants used for storage of crude drugs are methyl bromide, carbon
disulphide and hydrocyanic acid. Jegan