The document discusses various methods for evaluating crude drugs, including morphological evaluation, microscopic/anatomical evaluation, physical evaluation, chemical evaluation, and biological evaluation. Morphological evaluation examines the gross features, sensory characteristics, and microscopic structures of drugs. Physical evaluation determines characteristics like moisture content, viscosity, and melting point. Chemical evaluation uses instrumental methods, chemical tests, and thin layer chromatography to identify active constituents. Biological evaluation is used when drugs cannot be fully evaluated by chemical means.
Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration.Evaluation of herbal drug is an important tool in the formulation of high quality herbal products. Quality of herb is
depends upon on many factors like cultivation, collection, drying, storage, processing for market etc. Now a day’s
substitution and adulteration of herb is very common due to scarcity of drug and its high price prevailing in the
market. Owing to medicinal properties attributed to an herb, it is necessary to maintain its quality and purity in the
commercial market. A present overview covering various tool like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical
and biological employed for evaluation of herbal drugs.
Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration.Evaluation of herbal drug is an important tool in the formulation of high quality herbal products. Quality of herb is
depends upon on many factors like cultivation, collection, drying, storage, processing for market etc. Now a day’s
substitution and adulteration of herb is very common due to scarcity of drug and its high price prevailing in the
market. Owing to medicinal properties attributed to an herb, it is necessary to maintain its quality and purity in the
commercial market. A present overview covering various tool like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical
and biological employed for evaluation of herbal drugs.
it is usefull for the students of diploma in pharmacy, II.B.PHARM FIRST SEMESTER AND DOCTOR OF PHARMACY SECOND YEAR STUDENTS AND ALSO BASIC KNOWLEDGE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
Pharmacognosy is "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources".
Cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive care and management.
The conditions and duration of cultivation required vary depending on the quality of medicinal plant materials required.
Crude drugs are plant, animal or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse/ longitudinal slices pieces or peeling them in some cases. They exist in natural form.
Crude drugs may be derived from various natural sources like Plants, Animals, Minerals, Marine and Micro-organisms etc
Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugsJegan Nadar
Thus PPT covers Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugs. This ppt includes different methods of propagation, pest and pest control management, growth regulators, polyploidy, hybridization, collection of crude drugs and storage of crude drugs.
Adulteration of Crude Drug and Evaluation Methods Vandana Janghel
Different factor and cause of adulteration with common examples, different types of adulteration with examples, different types of quality control methods for detection of adulteration (physical , chemical, biological, morphological and microscopic methods of detection of adulterstion with examples of each evaluation parameter)
it is usefull for the students of diploma in pharmacy, II.B.PHARM FIRST SEMESTER AND DOCTOR OF PHARMACY SECOND YEAR STUDENTS AND ALSO BASIC KNOWLEDGE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
Pharmacognosy is "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources".
Cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive care and management.
The conditions and duration of cultivation required vary depending on the quality of medicinal plant materials required.
Crude drugs are plant, animal or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse/ longitudinal slices pieces or peeling them in some cases. They exist in natural form.
Crude drugs may be derived from various natural sources like Plants, Animals, Minerals, Marine and Micro-organisms etc
Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugsJegan Nadar
Thus PPT covers Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugs. This ppt includes different methods of propagation, pest and pest control management, growth regulators, polyploidy, hybridization, collection of crude drugs and storage of crude drugs.
Adulteration of Crude Drug and Evaluation Methods Vandana Janghel
Different factor and cause of adulteration with common examples, different types of adulteration with examples, different types of quality control methods for detection of adulteration (physical , chemical, biological, morphological and microscopic methods of detection of adulterstion with examples of each evaluation parameter)
Quality control of herbal medicines aims to ensure their consistency, safety and efficacy.
Chemical fingerprinting has been demonstrated to be a powerful technique for the quality control of herbal medicines.
important methods employed in quality control of ayurvedic drugsDhanya Renjith
the different methods employed these days to test the quality of ayurvedic drugs is summarised in the presentation. the presentation aims to give an awareness about basic procedures in quality control of ayurvedic drugs.
evaluation of drug by organoleptic, microscopical, physical, chemical and biological methods. spectroscopical methods, chromatography, leaf constants, linear measurements.
it includes various Methods to evaluate crude drugs
organoleptic,physical,chemical,biological evaluation of crude drugs
methods administer for evaluation
This topic is also covered under quality control of crude drugs.
5 methods of evaluation:
1. Morphological evaluation
2. Physical evaluation
3. Chemical evaluation
4. Pharmacological evaluation
5. Microscopic evaluation
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Crude Dugs
• Natural origin-Plants, animals, minerals,
microbes, marine, etc.
• Direct parts or excudes or products
• Unprocessed one
• Only collected, dried, storage and packaging.
• Examples:
3. Definition of Drug evaluation
• Drug evaluation may be defined as the
determination of identity, purity and quality
of a drug.
Identity: Identification of biological source
of the drug.
Purity: The extract of foreign organic
material present in a crude drug.
Quality: The quantity of the active
constituents present.
4. Importance of evaluation of crude drugs
• To find out the standard and substandard drugs
• To check or to report the presence of
impurities, substituention and adulteration, as
result of careless, ignorance and fraud
• Determination of biochemical variation in the
drugs
• Identification of deterioration due to treatment
and storage
• To avoid the harmful effects getting after
consumption of crude drugs
7. 1. Morphology/Organoleptic Evaluation
• This refers to drug evaluation by means of
our organs of sense and includes other
sensory organs like odour, colour, taste and
texture.
• It includes the study of morphology and
other sensory characters.
8. • Study of Gross Morphology:
• It includes the visual examination of drug.
• These drugs are classified into the following
groups.
Barks
Underground structures
Leaves
Flowers
Fruits
Seeds
Herbs
9. Barks:
• It includes all the tissues in a woody stem outside
the interfascicular cambium which constitutes to
the drug.
• Barks are collected from the trunk or branches of
the trees a narrow strips.
• During drying the drug, it undergoes unequal
contractions and assumes different shapes.
• Example: Cinnamon, Cinchona, Ashoka, Kurchi.
10.
11. Underground Structures:
• Rhizomes, Roots, Bulbs and Tubers are the
underground structures of the plant.
• They are swollen due to the storage of food
material like carbohydrates and other
chemicals.
• Examples: Ginger, Turmeric, Jatamansi.
13. Leaves:
• The shape, margin, base, apex and venation of
leaves help in the identification of the drugs.
14. Flowers:
• These are the reproductive organs of a plant
and possess different shapes, size and colour.
15. Fruits:
• Fruits arise from the ovary and contain seeds.
• They be globular, oblong or ellipsoidal in
shape.
16. Seeds:
• Seeds are developed form the ovules in the
carples of the flowers. They are characterized
by the hilum-Nox vomica etc.
17. (b) Study of Sensory Characters:
• Colour, Texture, Odour and Taste are useful in
the evaluation of drugs.
Colour
Odour
Taste
Texture
18. Colour:
• Some drugs are green in colour when dried in
shade.
• But they become pale and bleached when
dried in sunlight.
19. Odour:
• The odour of the drug may be either distinct or
indistinct.
• The terms used for the drugs are aromatic,
balsamic, spicy etc.
• Mentha, clove are some of the examples for
the drugs which have a distinct odour.
20. Taste:
• The drugs may be evaluated by drugs taste also.
• The taste may be saline, sour, salty, sweet,
bitter, alkaline etc.
• The substances without taste are regarded as
tasteless.
• Examples: Ginger, Capsicum.
21. Texture:
• Sometimes drugs can be examinated by their
consistency, texture and nature of fracture.
• Example:
- Colocynth can be compressed easily since its
parenchyma is loose.
22. 2. Microscopic or Anatomical Evaluation:
• This method allows a more detailed
examination of a drug and it can be used to
identify organized drugs by their known
histological characters.
• Before examination through a microscope the
material must be suitably prepared.
• This can be done by powdering, cutting thin
sections(T.S or L.S) of the drug or preparing a
macerate.
23. • Microscope can also be used for a quantitative
evaluation of drugs and adulterated powders.
• This is done by counting a specific histological
feature such as:
Stomatal Number
Stomatal Index
Vein-islet Number
Palisade Ratio
Quantitative Microscopy
Refractive Index
24. Stomatal Number:
• The average number of stomata present per
square millimeter of the epidermis is known
as stomatal number.
• Stomatal number is relatively a constant for a
particular species of same age and hence, it is
taken into consideration as a diagnostic
character for identification of a leaf drug.
• Example: Datura – 141 (upper epidermis)
25. Stomatal Index:
• It is the percentage proportion of the number
of stomata to the total number of epidermal
cells.
• Stomatal number varies considerably with the
age of the leaf but stomatal index is relatively
constant for a given species.
• Example: Atropa belladona– 20.0-23.0 (lower
epidermis)
26. STOMATA
• A stoma (also stomate; plural stomata) is a tiny
opening or pore that is used for gas exchange.
27.
28. Vein-islet Number:
• The term “vein-islet” is used for the minute
area of photosynthetic tissue encircled by the
ultimate divisions of the conducting strands.
• Vein-islet number is defined as the number of
vein-islets per sq.mm. of leaf surface.
• It is constant for a given species of the plant. It
is irrespective with the age factor.
• Example: Cassia angustifolia-senna (26).
29.
30. • Palisade ratio:
• It represents the average number of palisade
cells present within one epidermal cell, using
four continuous epidermal cells for the count.
• It is determined from powdered drugs with
the help of camera lucida.
• Example: Atropa belladona – 06-10
31. Quantitative Microscopy:
• It is an important analytical technique for
powdered drug, especially when chemical and
other methods of evaluation of crude drug fail
as accurate measure of quality.
• Example: Lycopodium- spores are very
characteristic in shape and appearance.
32.
33.
34. 3. Physical Evaluation:
• Physical contents such as elasticity in fibres,
viscosity of drugs containing gums, selling
factor for mucilage containing materials, froth
number of saponin drugs, congealing point of
volatile and fixed oils, melting and boiling
points and water contents are some important
parameters used in the evaluation of drugs.
• Ultraviolet light is also used for determing the
fluorescence of extracts of some drugs.
35. • Physical constants are extensively applied to the
active principles of drugs, such as alkaloids, volatile
oils, fixed oils etc.
• A few of them are:-
Moisture Content
Viscosity
Melting point
Optical Ratation
Refractive Index
Ash Content
Extractive values
Volatile oil Content
Rf Values
36. Moisture Content:
• Presence of moisture in a crude drug can lead
to its deterioration due to either activation of
certain enzymes or growth of microbes.
• Moisture content can be determined by
heating the drug at 150⁰C in an oven to a
constant weight and calculating the loss of
weight.
37. Viscosity:
• Viscosity of a liquid is constant at a given
temperature and is an index of its
composition.
• Hence, it is used as a means of standardising
liquid drugs.
• Example:
Liquid paraffin – less than 64 centistokes.
38. Melting Point:
• It is one of the parameters to judge the purity of
crude drugs containing lipids as constituents.
• They may of animal or plant origin and contain fixed
oils, fats and waxes.
• The purity of the following crude drugs can be
ascertained by determining their melting points in the
range shown against each of them.
• Example: Coca butter (30⁰ - 33⁰C)
39. • Solubility:
• The presence of adulterant in the crude drug
could be indicated by solubility studies.
40. Optical Rotation:
• Many substances of biological origin, having a
chiral centre, can rotate the plane of polarised
light either to right or to the left.
• The extent of rotation is expressed in degrees,
plus(+) indicating rotation to the right and
minus(-) indication rotation in the left.
• Such compound are optically active and hence
called optical rotation.
41. Refractive Index:
• When a ray of light passes from one medium
to another medium of different density, it is
bent from its original path.
• Thus, the ration of velocity of light in vaccum
to its velocity in the substance is said to the
Refractive index of the second medium.
• It is measured by means of refractometer.
• Example: Arachis oil - 1.4678-1.4698
42. Ash value:
• The residue remaining after incineration of a
known quantity of the air dried crude drug, is
known as the ash content of the drug.
• Ash simply represents the inorganic salts
naturally occuring in drug or adhering to it or
deliberately added to it as a form of
adulteration.
• Example: Ashoka – 11.00
Ginger – 6.00
43.
44. Extractive values:
• In crude drugs, sometimes the active chemical
constitutes cannot be determined by normal
procedures.
• In such cases, water, alcohol or ether soluble
extractive values are determined for
evaluation of such drugs.
• Example: Water soluble extracts like Aloe vera
Alcohol soluble like Ginger
45. Volatile oil content:
• Efficiency of several drugs is due to their
odorous principle (volatile oils).
• Such crude drugs are standardised on the
basis of their volatile oil contents.
• Weighed quantity of the drug is boiled with
water in a round bottomed flask fitted with
clevenger apparatus. The distillate collected is
graquated into volatile oil.
• The amount thus obtained is recorded from
the tube.
46. Rf Values:
• Thin layer chromatography(TLC), has become
increasingly popular for both qualitative and
quantitative evaluation of drugs.
• Rf values refers to the ration of distance
travelled by the solute to the distance moved
by the solvent on a thin layer adsorbent.
Distance travelled by the compound(solute)
Rf = Distance travelled by the solvent
47. 4. Chemical Evaluation:
• Determination of the active constituent in a drug
by chemical tests is referred to as chemical
evaluation.
• The following are various methods of chemical
evaluation:
Instrumental methods
Chemical Constants
Individual chemical tests
Micro chemical tests
48. Instrumental methods:
• They make use of various instruments for
evaluation like colorimetry, flourimetry
spectrophotometry etc.
Chemical constants tests:
• These are like acid value, iodine value and
ester value, etc are used for the identification
of fixed oils and fats.
49. Individual chemical tests:
• These are the tests which are used for identifying
particular drugs.
• Examples:
Halpher’s test for cotton seed oil.
Molsch’s test for carbohydrate
Fische’s test for honey
Millon’s test for protein
Microchemical tests:
• These are the tests which are carried on slides.
• Example: Euginol in clove oil is precipitated as
potassium euginate crystals.
50. • Qualitative phytochemical constituents of hydromethanol (HMPB) and
petroleum benzene extract ofMicrocos paniculatabarks (PBMPB)
51. 5. Biological Evaluation
• It is employed when the drug cannot be evaluated
satisfactorily by chemical and physical methods.
• In this method, the response produced by the test
drug on a living system is compared with that of the
stranded preparation.
• Such an activity is represented in units as
International Units (I.U).
52. Indication of Biological Evaluation:
• When the chemical nature of the drug is not
known but is has an biological action.
• When chemical methods are not available.
• When the quantity of the drug is small and so it
cannot be evaluated chemically.
• Drugs which have different chemical
composition but same biological activity.
• Example: Cardiac glycosides are evaluated by
this method on cats, frogs or pigeons.