plantation management

1. CHAPTER 3
“PRINCIPLES AND
TECHNIQUES OF
PROPAGATION FROM
SEEDS, CUTTINGS AND
SPECIALISED PART”
NUR KARIMAH BINTI MUKHTAR

2. CONTENTS
 Principles and techniques of propagation by seeds
 The biology and techniques of propagation by cuttings
 Principles of propagation by cutting
 Types of cuttings
 The biology and techniques of propagation by specialized
vegetative structure

3. P R I N C I P L E S A N D T E C H N I QU E S O F
P RO PAG AT I O N B Y S E E D S
Propagation by seed
• Many plants are strated from seed because it is a quick
and economical method
• For successful germination, the proper environmental
and cultural conditions must be provided
• (temperature,moisture,light and medium)
• Seed can be formed as a result of a plant fertilizing it
self ( self pollination) or fertilization by another plants
(cross pollination)
• Offspring which result from cross pollination are called
hybrids and carry traits of both parents.

4. P R I N C I P L E S A N D T E C H N I QU E S O F
P RO PAG AT I O N B Y S E E D S
• Cultivars are specific individual plants that have been named
to indicate their particular traits
• Some seed have a hard seed coat that must be soaked and
scratched before the seed are able to germinate
(scarification)
• Other seed requires moist, cold rest period at temperature
below 30C for eight weeks or longer (scarification)
• Other seed must go through alternate wetting and drying,
must have light to germinate, others must have darkness

5. P R I N C I P L E S A N D T E C H N I QU E S O F
P RO PAG AT I O N B Y S E E D S
 COMPOSITION OF SEED
The basic part of a seed are
• the seed coat
• the endosperm (store plant food)
• the embryo
The seed coat is the outside covering of the seed that protects the
embryonic plant
• it makes possible to seeds to be transported and stored for long period of time
The endosperm is the food storage tissue that nourishes the embryonic
plant during germination (first start of growth in seed)
Embryo is a new plant that is developed as a result of fertilization .During
germination , it extended it roots and seed leaves to form a new plants

8. P R I N C I P L E S A N D T E C H N I QU E S O F
P RO PAG AT I O N B Y S E E D S
 Selection of seed
1. Identify which seeds are grown locally
2. Select seeds that have been tested for the current years’s growing season for
germination ability and purify. These test must comply with state regulation
3. Purchase the seeds from a reliable dealer to assure that the variety or cultivar
is true (pure) and that germination ability is acceptable
4. Choose hybrid varieties for greater vigor, uniformlity and flowering ability
5. Select uniform heavyweight or primed seeds.

9. P R I N C I P L E S A N D T E C H N I QU E S O F
P RO PAG AT I O N B Y S E E D S
 Many things have been done to improve seed germination and the
uniformity of growth such as:
 1. Seed quality has been improved and seeds have been
improved and seed have been sorted by weight.
--heavier seed s tend to grow faster and produce large
plants
--this result in all seedlings coming up at the same time,
whereby become more uniform in growth
--and ready for harvest at the same time

10.  2. Seeds are primed or enhanced .
--this is done by soaking the seeds in salt solution of
potassium chloride (KCI) or ethyl alcohol
--this treatment causes the growth hormones or
enzymes to become active and seed radical or young
roots starts to grow
--So, the purposes of seed are planted outside from
field to avoid soil insects, and disease which may
damage and kill the young seedling

11. P R I N C I P L E S A N D T E C H N I QU E S O F
P RO PAG AT I O N B Y S E E D S
 GERMINATION MEDIUM
The best medium for germination has
favorable pH level, and adequate supply
of plant nutrients.it is firm, porous,
uniform in textures, sterile, and free from
weeds, insects, and disease organisms.

12.  A good germination medium must contains one of the following:
1. Soil
2. Sand
3. Peat moss
4. Sphagnum moss
5. Perlite
6. Vermiculite
7. Jiffy mix

13. P R I N C I P L E S A N D T E C H N I QU E S O F
P RO PAG AT I O N B Y S E E D S
 1. Soil
• The soil should be loam
• Composed of 45% mineral matter, 5% organic matter, 25% water
 2. Sand
• The best is construction grade sand because it more porous which
allowing for better aeration and drainage.
 3. Peat moss
• Peat is partially decomposed vegetation that has been preserved under
water
• The peat is collected from marshes, bogs, swamps
• Peat has a very high capacity for holding water
• Contain about 1% of nitrogen
• Low in phosphorus and potassium

14. P R I N C I P L E S A N D T E C H N I QU E S O F
P RO PAG AT I O N B Y S E E D S
 4. Sphagnum moss
• Sphagnum moss is the dehydrated remains of acid bog plant
• Used in shredded remains form in seed germination
• Is relatively sterile, and lightweight
• Also control disease well
• Has excellent water holding capacity
 5. Perlite
• Is a grey white materials of volcanic origin that expands when it is
heated
• Commonly used to improved aeration of media
• Consist of large particles, good drainage and aereation

15. P R I N C I P L E S A N D T E C H N I QU E S O F
P RO PAG AT I O N B Y S E E D S
 6. Vermiculite
• A very light-weight minerals
• Are neutral (pH=7)
• Very high water holding capacity
 7. Jiffy mix
• Composed of equal part of shredded sphagnum moss,peat, fine
grade perlite-vermiculite
• Have enough nutrients to sustain initial plant growth

16.  Seed dormancy
• The lack of germination of a viable seed because of unsatisfactory
environment condition or certain factors inherent in the seed.
• The condition where the seed are failed to germinate
• It occurs with less frequency in domesticated crop plant seeds
• In modern crop production, seed should germinate on schedule and
have uniformity of stand

17. IMPROVING SEED GERMINATION
 Physical
• Mechanical
• Temperature
• Light
 Chemical
• Acid treatment
• Leaching with water
• Primed seed

18.  Physical- Mechanical
• Include a variety of methods adopted to scratch the surface of the
seed to loosen the covering (scarification)
• Seed may be mechanically rubbed between sheet of abrasive tissue
(sand paper)
• Also be scratched by tumbling them in a rotation drum lined with a
coarse materials (emery cloth)

19.  Physical- Temperature
• Scientist have observed that forest that have experience a fire
produce new seedling growth after rainfall
• Whereas forest that not have burn do not have such new growth
• The inference is that the heat (high temperature) weaken the seed
covering enough to enable it to imbibe moisture

20.  Physical-Light
• Light required for many small seed (lettuce, brassica)
• Small seed should be sown in loose soil and to a shallow depth to
expose them to light
• Light requirement for lettuce
• (red light-660 nm)-induces germination
• (red light-that above 660nm to 730 nm)-inhibit germination

21.  Chemical-Acid treatment
• Seed dormancy due to a hard seed covering may be overcome by soaking the
seed in concentrated H2S04
• Just soak for a few minutes to several hours
• Purpose to broken down the seed coat
 Chemical- Leaching with water
• The seed of some fleshy fruits such strawberry, tomato will not germinate in
the fruit
• It is because of the presence of chemicals germination inhibitors
• Some seed are germinated only after a rain-wash away the inhibitors
• So, leached with heavy rain to – adequate moisture for survival and
development

22.  Chemical-Primed seed
• Primed or enhanced seed are seed that have been soaked in a solution
• Solution of ethyl alcohol or potassium chloride
• To give germination process a head start by activating the enzymes
and hormones

23.  Seed treatment
• Appropriate pesticides are applied to seeds to protect against soil
borne disease
• Seed may be coated with a fungicide such as calcium hypochlorite or
cuprous oxide before planting
• Dip seed in 10% household bleach or sodium hypochlorite for five
minutes

24.  There are two methods of establishing or propagating a plant by
seed:
• Direct seeding
• Indirect seeding

25. PRINCIPL E S AND TE CHNIQUE S OF
PROPAGATION BY SE E DS
 Direct seeding
• Seeds are placed permanently in the spots in field where they will
germinate, grow, and go through the entire reproductive cycle
• Most economical method of seeding
• Plant using this methods-corn, melon, beans, beets, peas, lettuce,
carrot
• Planting medium is soil-prepared by removing all large clods or
lumps of earth so that seed are uniformly covered
• Manure, grass clipping or compost are added to the soils to improve
its structure

26. PRINCIPL E S AND TE CHNIQUE S OF
PROPAGATION BY SE E DS
 Advantages of Direct Seeding
• Convenient to use
• Readily adaptable to mechanization
• Easy to plant
• Lack of bulk

27. PRINCIPL E S AND TE CHNIQUE S OF
PROPAGATION BY SE E DS
 Disadvantage of Direct Seeding
• Species with tiny seed are difficult to seed directly. Tiny seeds
required a much finer tilth of soil and should not be planted deep in
the soil
• Even with 100% germination, 100% stand is not assured. A seed may
be likely to fail in germination because, for example it was not
planted at the right depth or did not have good contact with the soil
to imbibe water

28. PRINCIPL E S AND TE CHNIQUE S OF
PROPAGATION BY SE E DS
 Indirect Seeding
• Is a two stage process of establishing plants in the field
• Instead of placing seeds where they will grow to maturity
• They are started in a nursery, where they are grown to seedling stage
• Healthy are then seedling transplanted to their permanent location in
the fields

29. P R I N C I P L E S A N D T E C H N I QU E S O F
P RO PAG AT I O N B Y S E E D S
• When growing seeds, horticulturists often
select flat
• Flats are made of plastic and comes in many
shapes used when growing seeds.

30. P R I N C I P L E S A N D T E C H N I QU E S O F
P RO PAG AT I O N B Y S E E D S

31. P R I N C I P L E S A N D T E C H N I QU E S O F
P RO PAG AT I O N B Y S E E D S
• Site selection should be determined by the numbers of seed to be
sown
• The medium selected is placed by in the flat and leveled off about ½
to ¾ inches below the top of the flat and done with skew.
• After flat is fillet, rows are made in which to sow the seeds
• Nowadays, the new flat (seed tray)-small pot, 2@3 seed planted, later
thinned

32.  To sow seeds, the following instruction must be used
1. Take the packet of seeds and shake the seeds to the bottom of
the packet
2. Hold the seed packet with the open end slightly lower than the
rest of the packet and gently tap the pocket. The seed will move
out slowly and gradually, making it easy to sow the seed property
spaced in row

33. PRINCIPL E S AND TE CHNIQUE S OF
PROPAGATION BY SE E DS
3.Follow direction on the package for determining the distance
apart the seeds should sown. In flat, placed one or two seeds in each
cell
4. Sown seed, covered them with shredded sphagnum moss, fine
perlite, sane
5. Labeled the name, variety and date

34. PRINCIPL E S AND TE CHNIQUE S OF
PROPAGATION BY SE E DS

35.  Transplanting seedlings
• After seed germinated, they develop seed leaves (first leaves appear)
• Allowed plant to grow until the first true leaves develop
• Hold seedling by their true leaves
• Use a pot label to reach under the roots and lift, pushing the seedling out from
the germinating medium
• Watering plant before transplanting make the operation easier
• Seedling should have some soil around the root – aids in establishment
• Placed seedling in holes to a depth of at least that used in nursery
• Gently press the medium around the roots
• Watered with a gentle stream after transplanting

39. PRINCIPL E S AND TE CHNIQUE S OF
PROPAGATION BY SE E DS
 Advantage of Indirect Seeding
• Good establishment
• Only healthy seedlings are transplanted
• To make sure 100% initial establishment
• With direct seeding, some seed may not germinate even if the highest
quality of seed used
• Early maturity
• To hasten maturity
• Shortened field growing period
• Can raise the seedling indoor (greenhouse)
• Even the outside condition remain too cold
• Later will transplant the seed to field when favorable condition

40. P R I N C I P L E S A N D T E C H N I QU E S O F
P RO PAG AT I O N B Y S E E D S
 Disadvantage of Indirect Seeding
• Nursery management need high cost
• Seedling are not as readily amenable as seed to mechanized planting
• Seedling are bulky to handle
• Seedling should be planted promptly
• More immediate post planting care is needed

41. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF
PROPAGATION BY CUTTING
 Cuttings
• Are pieces of vegetative materials
• Obtained from any of the three primary plant organs- stem, leaf, roots
• They are removed from the parent plant
• Then placed in an environment that promotes their development into total
plants
• New plants are genetically identical to the parent plant
• Most widely used methods of reproducing ornamental plants asexually

42. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF
PROPAGATION BY CUTTING
 Continue..
• The reason why is widely practices because this technique is quick,
easy and expensive
• There are various kind of cutting that are taken from :
• different parts of the plants
• different stages of plant maturity (age)
• They may be taken when the plant tissue is (softwood cutting) or
when the plant tissue is hardened and more woody
(hardwoodcutting)

43. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF
PROPAGATION BY CUTTING
 Types of Cutting- Stem
• Softwood cutting
• Herbaceous cutting
• Hardwood cutting
• Semiharwood cutting
• Deciduos hardwood cutting
• Conifer cutting

44. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF
PROPAGATION BY CUTTING
 Types of Cutting-Stem
• Softwood cutting
• Made from soft tissue
• Are taken from the new growth of the current season
• The parent source should be actively grown and have leaves
• Example: roses, plum, lilac

45. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF
PROPAGATION BY CUTTING
 Types of Cutting- Stem
• Softwood cutting
• Herbaceous cutting
• Numerous potted succulent greenhouse plant
• Example: carnation, chrysanthemum, ivy, spider plant

47. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF
PROPAGATION BY CUTTING
 Types of Cutting-Stem
• Hardwood cutting
• Semiharwood cutting
• Derived from tissue that are more woody than softwood cutting
• More mature than softwood cutting
• Example: Azalea, holy, broadleaves evergreean ornamentals

49.  Types of Cutting-Stem
• Hardwood cutting
• Deciduous hardwood cutting
• Made from part that are more hardened and woody
• Taken before plant produce a flush of spring growth
• These cutting do not have leaves and are about 6-12 inches long
• Cutting are inserted vertically into the rooting hormones
• Example: grape,, rose,

51. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF
PROPAGATION BY CUTTING
 Types of Cutting -Stem
• Hardwood cutting
• Conifer cutting
• Conifer cutting have needles on the upper part
• Conifer cutting root slowly
• Preferable rooting environment is cool and humid
• Examples: juniper, spruce, pine

53. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF
PROPAGATION BY CUTTING
 Types of Cutting –Leaves
• Full or Partials Leaf Cuttings
• Leaf Veins Cutting
• Lead Bud Cutting

54. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF
PROPAGATION BY CUTTING
 Types of Cutting –Leaves
• Full or Partials Leaf Cuttings
• The use of either a piece or entire leaves
• Leaf is picked with a leaf stalk attached-dipped in rooting hormones before insert to
medium
• Examples: begonia, gloxinia,

56. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF
PROPAGATION BY CUTTING
 Types of Cutting –Leaves
• Leaf Veins Cutting
• May be used to raise plantlets by cutting through the veins
• The leaf is then face down so that the cut parts touch the propagation medium

58. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF
PROPAGATION BY CUTTING
 Types of Cutting –Leaves
• Lead Bud Cutting
• Obtained from soft or hardwood
• A leaf bud cutting consist of a short piece of stem with an attach leaf and a
bud in the leaf axil.

60. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF
PROPAGATION BY CUTTING
 The environment need for rooting
 1. Moisture
 2. Temperature
 3. Nutrition
 4. Acidity/Alkalinity
 5. Light quality
 6. Oxygen contents

61. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF
PROPAGATION BY CUTTING
 STEPS IN TAKING CUTTING
 1. Collect the cutting wood of proper maturity from a
selected parent plant
 2. Label the cutting wood
 3. Fill the propagating container with rooting medium
 4. Make the cutting
 5. Treat the cutting with rooting hormones
 6. insert the cutting in the rooting medium
 7. Insert the label in the rooting container
 8. Control the atmosphere

62. THANK
YOU