The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides an overview of organometallic compounds, focusing on organolithium, organomagnesium, organozinc, and organocopper compounds. It defines organometallic chemistry as the study of chemical compounds containing carbon-metal bonds. Key applications of these compounds include forming new carbon-carbon bonds through nucleophilic addition reactions and serving as precursors for other organometallic reagents. The document discusses the structures, properties, preparations and reactions of various organometallic compounds.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Studies have shown that meditating for just 10-20 minutes per day can have significant positive impacts on both mental and physical health over time.
Zeigler Natta catalyst is an important class of chemical compounds remarfot their ability to effect the polymerization of olefin to polymers of high molecular weights and streoregular structures.
It was developed by German SCientist Karl Zeigler and Itanlian scientist Giulio Natta and they received the 1963 Nobel prize in chemistry.
It's a combination of organimetallics which consists of a complex Triethyl aluminum an transition metal halide(Titanium tetrachloride ) which analysis polymerization.
Other transition metal such as Vanadium,Zirconium,Chromium, have also proven effective.
This document discusses techniques for determining the rate of inorganic chemical reactions. It describes three main techniques: direct chemical analysis, spectrophotometric methods, and electrochemical and flow methods. Direct chemical analysis involves directly analyzing reactants or products during a chemical change. Spectrophotometric methods measure how much a substance absorbs light at different wavelengths. Electrochemical and flow methods are useful for following the progress of chemical reactions, especially in sensor applications where reaction progress can determine analyte concentration. The document provides examples and details of each technique.
The document summarizes the Reformatsky reaction, an important carbon-carbon bond forming reaction discovered in 1887. It describes the reaction mechanism and conditions, such as the use of zinc, chromium, or indium as reagents and solvents like THF, DMF, or Et2O. The document outlines exceptions to the reaction, recent advancements like one-pot or chiral auxiliary introduced versions, and applications to the synthesis of various compounds, concluding that the Reformatsky reaction allows new C-C bond formation and β-hydroxy ester or lactone generation under neutral conditions.
This document discusses the Jahn-Teller effect, which states that any non-linear molecule in a degenerate electronic state will distort in order to remove that degeneracy. It provides background on the scientists Hermann Jahn and Edward Teller, who first identified this effect. The document then explains the two types of distortions that can occur - Z-out and Z-in - and provides examples of complexes that exhibit static and dynamic Jahn-Teller distortions. It concludes by stating that the Jahn-Teller effect removes degeneracy in complexes through elongation or compression and that elongation is more energetically favorable, resulting in more stable complexes.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides an overview of organometallic compounds, focusing on organolithium, organomagnesium, organozinc, and organocopper compounds. It defines organometallic chemistry as the study of chemical compounds containing carbon-metal bonds. Key applications of these compounds include forming new carbon-carbon bonds through nucleophilic addition reactions and serving as precursors for other organometallic reagents. The document discusses the structures, properties, preparations and reactions of various organometallic compounds.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Studies have shown that meditating for just 10-20 minutes per day can have significant positive impacts on both mental and physical health over time.
Zeigler Natta catalyst is an important class of chemical compounds remarfot their ability to effect the polymerization of olefin to polymers of high molecular weights and streoregular structures.
It was developed by German SCientist Karl Zeigler and Itanlian scientist Giulio Natta and they received the 1963 Nobel prize in chemistry.
It's a combination of organimetallics which consists of a complex Triethyl aluminum an transition metal halide(Titanium tetrachloride ) which analysis polymerization.
Other transition metal such as Vanadium,Zirconium,Chromium, have also proven effective.
This document discusses techniques for determining the rate of inorganic chemical reactions. It describes three main techniques: direct chemical analysis, spectrophotometric methods, and electrochemical and flow methods. Direct chemical analysis involves directly analyzing reactants or products during a chemical change. Spectrophotometric methods measure how much a substance absorbs light at different wavelengths. Electrochemical and flow methods are useful for following the progress of chemical reactions, especially in sensor applications where reaction progress can determine analyte concentration. The document provides examples and details of each technique.
The document summarizes the Reformatsky reaction, an important carbon-carbon bond forming reaction discovered in 1887. It describes the reaction mechanism and conditions, such as the use of zinc, chromium, or indium as reagents and solvents like THF, DMF, or Et2O. The document outlines exceptions to the reaction, recent advancements like one-pot or chiral auxiliary introduced versions, and applications to the synthesis of various compounds, concluding that the Reformatsky reaction allows new C-C bond formation and β-hydroxy ester or lactone generation under neutral conditions.
This document discusses the Jahn-Teller effect, which states that any non-linear molecule in a degenerate electronic state will distort in order to remove that degeneracy. It provides background on the scientists Hermann Jahn and Edward Teller, who first identified this effect. The document then explains the two types of distortions that can occur - Z-out and Z-in - and provides examples of complexes that exhibit static and dynamic Jahn-Teller distortions. It concludes by stating that the Jahn-Teller effect removes degeneracy in complexes through elongation or compression and that elongation is more energetically favorable, resulting in more stable complexes.
The Grignard reaction involves adding an organomagnesium halide (Grignard reagent) to a ketone or aldehyde. This forms a carbon-carbon bond and produces a tertiary or secondary alcohol. The Grignard reagent is prepared by reacting an organic halide with magnesium. François Grignard discovered these reactions in 1900 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work. The reaction occurs when the carbon attached to magnesium acts as a nucleophile that attacks the electrophilic carbon in the carbonyl group, typically through a six-membered ring transition state.
This document discusses organometallic chemistry and is presented by Dr. Manju Sebastian. It describes the classification of organometallic compounds based on the type of metal-carbon bond formed. The classifications include ionic compounds, compounds with sigma bonds, compounds with pi bonds, and compounds with multicenter bonds. Examples are provided for each classification. Additional topics covered include carbonyl complexes, ferrocene, applications of organometallics as catalysts including the Ziegler-Natta and Wilkinson catalysts.
This document discusses carbanions, which are negatively charged organic species where carbon carries three bond pairs and one lone pair. Carbanions are stabilized through conjugation, resonance effects, field effects, and aromaticity. They are generated through heterolytic bond cleavage or addition of a negative ion to a carbon-carbon multiple bond. As nucleophiles, carbanions undergo reactions such as alpha-halogenation of ketones, additions to carbonyls, nucleophilic acyl substitutions, substitutions with alkyl halides, and Michael additions.
Gilman reagent, also known as organocopper reagents, are prepared by reacting organomagnesium, organolithium, or organozinc reagents with copper(I) salts. Gilman reagents react with a variety of electrophiles including acid chlorides, aldehydes, ketones, epoxides, and alkyl halides. Some common reactions of Gilman reagents are: 1) reactions with acid chlorides to form ketones, 2) coupling reactions between two different alkyl halides to form C-C bonds, and 3) conjugate addition reactions of the organocopper reagent to unsaturated carbonyl compounds like enones. Gilman reagents offer advantages over Grignard reagents for
Grignard reagents are organomagnesium compounds formed by the reaction of an organic halide and magnesium. The reaction proceeds through single electron transfers where radicals are converted to carbanions. Grignard reagents are strong nucleophiles similar to organolithium reagents that can form new carbon-carbon bonds. They were analyzed by decomposing ethylmagnesium iodide with sulfuric acid and directing steam through the apparatus to drive off any ethane, proving it did not appreciably dissolve under experimental conditions.
A. 13C NMR spectroscopy provides information about carbon structures in organic compounds. It measures the small differences in magnetic field strength needed for carbon nuclei to resonate. These differences are reported in parts per million (ppm) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) as a standard. Factors like electronegativity, hybridization, and hydrogen bonding affect the chemical shift values. 13C NMR has applications in metabolic studies and industrial analyses of solids.
BASE HYDROLYSIS AND FACTOR EFFECTING EFFECTING BASE HYDROLYSISRAFIK KHAN
This document discusses base hydrolysis and factors that affect the rate of base hydrolysis. There are two types of hydrolysis - acidic and base hydrolysis. Base hydrolysis occurs when a reaction takes place in a basic medium, where a ligand is replaced by an OH- group. There are two mechanisms for base hydrolysis - dissociative and associative. Factors like chelating and steric hindrance increase the rate of the reaction, while increasing the electronegativity of the ligand decreases the rate due to reduced pi bonding and lability of the ligand.
This document summarizes a student's report on neighbouring group participation in organic chemistry. It defines neighbouring group participation as the interaction of a reaction center with electrons in an adjacent atom, sigma bond, or pi bond. The document notes that NGP reactions proceed through an SN2 mechanism, involving attack of an internal nucleophile in the first step followed by substitution of an external nucleophile in the second step. This can lead to unexpected retention of configuration and a first-order reaction. Examples of NGP involving pi bonds and aromatic rings are also mentioned.
Organoborane chemistry deals with organoboron compounds that contain carbon-boron bonds. Key reactions of organoboranes include hydroboration of alkenes, oxidation of organoboranes to alcohols, isomerization of organoboranes at high temperatures, protonolysis with carboxylic acids, and carbonylation with carbon monoxide. Carbonylation can produce aldehydes, ketones, or alcohols depending on reaction conditions and presence of migrating groups.
1) Organozinc compounds are less reactive than organolithium and organomagnesium compounds due to their more covalent C-Zn bond, allowing preparation of functionalized derivatives.
2) Organozinc compounds are commonly prepared by reacting primary or secondary halides with zinc metal or Rieke zinc under inert atmosphere due to their sensitivity to oxidation.
3) Organozinc reagents are useful in organic syntheses such as Reformatsky reactions, Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation reactions, and cross-coupling reactions like Negishi and Fukuyama couplings.
The document discusses distortion of octahedral complexes, specifically tetragonal distortion caused by the Jahn-Teller effect. It provides explanations of the Jahn-Teller theorem and how it predicts orbital degeneracy will cause a distortion to remove degeneracy and lower the complex's energy. The document outlines conditions for no distortion, slight distortion, and strong distortion in octahedral complexes based on orbital configurations. It provides examples of complexes like copper(II) ammonia that exhibit tetragonal distortion.
This document summarizes key concepts in organometallic chemistry. It discusses the definition of organometallic compounds as those containing metal-carbon bonds. It outlines different types of ligands that can bind to metals, including carbonyl, carbene, and cyclic π systems. It also describes principles for understanding bonding interactions between ligands and metals, such as the 18-electron rule and molecular orbital theory. Spectroscopic techniques for analyzing organometallic compounds are also summarized.
Ppt on Organometallic Compounds-Zamir ShekhZAMIR SHEKH
The document discusses various types of organometallic compounds, including their definitions, nomenclature, properties, structures, and reactions. It describes organolithium, organomagnesium, organozinc, organocopper, and other organometallic compounds. It also discusses their applications in synthesis such as additions, displacements, conjugate additions, cyclopropanation, and opening of epoxides.
Organometallic Reactions and CatalysisRajat Ghalta
Organometallic compounds undergo a rich variety of reactions (oxidative addition, reductive elimination, cyclometalization, migratory insertion, carbonylation, hydrometallation hydrate elimination, etc ) that can sometimes be combined into useful homogeneous catalytic cycles. In this presentation, I have discussed organometallic reactions of particular importance for synthetic and catalytic processes like the oxo process (hydroformylation), heck coupling reaction, Wilkinson’s Catalyst
(Hydrogenation) etc.
1) The document describes the procedure for synthesizing benzimidazole from o-phenylenediamine and formic acid.
2) Key steps include heating a mixture of o-phenylenediamine and excess formic acid at 100°C for 2 hours, then making the reaction mixture alkaline with sodium hydroxide to precipitate crude benzimidazole.
3) Benzimidazole has biological applications as an active component in anthelmintic and antiulcer drugs, and its derivatives also show antimicrobial and anticancer properties.
This document summarizes the synthesis of 7-Hydroxy-4-Methyl Coumarin via the Pechmann condensation reaction of resorcinol and ethyl acetoacetate in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid. Coumarins are an important class of compounds that are found in plants and have various medical applications such as antimicrobial and antitumor properties. The procedure involves cooling concentrated sulfuric acid to below 5°C and adding a solution of resorcinol and ethyl acetoacetate dropwise, followed by workup to obtain an impure product that is recrystallized from ethanol.
The Grignard reaction involves adding an organomagnesium halide (Grignard reagent) to a ketone or aldehyde. This forms a carbon-carbon bond and produces a tertiary or secondary alcohol. The Grignard reagent is prepared by reacting an organic halide with magnesium. François Grignard discovered these reactions in 1900 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work. The reaction occurs when the carbon attached to magnesium acts as a nucleophile that attacks the electrophilic carbon in the carbonyl group, typically through a six-membered ring transition state.
This document discusses organometallic chemistry and is presented by Dr. Manju Sebastian. It describes the classification of organometallic compounds based on the type of metal-carbon bond formed. The classifications include ionic compounds, compounds with sigma bonds, compounds with pi bonds, and compounds with multicenter bonds. Examples are provided for each classification. Additional topics covered include carbonyl complexes, ferrocene, applications of organometallics as catalysts including the Ziegler-Natta and Wilkinson catalysts.
This document discusses carbanions, which are negatively charged organic species where carbon carries three bond pairs and one lone pair. Carbanions are stabilized through conjugation, resonance effects, field effects, and aromaticity. They are generated through heterolytic bond cleavage or addition of a negative ion to a carbon-carbon multiple bond. As nucleophiles, carbanions undergo reactions such as alpha-halogenation of ketones, additions to carbonyls, nucleophilic acyl substitutions, substitutions with alkyl halides, and Michael additions.
Gilman reagent, also known as organocopper reagents, are prepared by reacting organomagnesium, organolithium, or organozinc reagents with copper(I) salts. Gilman reagents react with a variety of electrophiles including acid chlorides, aldehydes, ketones, epoxides, and alkyl halides. Some common reactions of Gilman reagents are: 1) reactions with acid chlorides to form ketones, 2) coupling reactions between two different alkyl halides to form C-C bonds, and 3) conjugate addition reactions of the organocopper reagent to unsaturated carbonyl compounds like enones. Gilman reagents offer advantages over Grignard reagents for
Grignard reagents are organomagnesium compounds formed by the reaction of an organic halide and magnesium. The reaction proceeds through single electron transfers where radicals are converted to carbanions. Grignard reagents are strong nucleophiles similar to organolithium reagents that can form new carbon-carbon bonds. They were analyzed by decomposing ethylmagnesium iodide with sulfuric acid and directing steam through the apparatus to drive off any ethane, proving it did not appreciably dissolve under experimental conditions.
A. 13C NMR spectroscopy provides information about carbon structures in organic compounds. It measures the small differences in magnetic field strength needed for carbon nuclei to resonate. These differences are reported in parts per million (ppm) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) as a standard. Factors like electronegativity, hybridization, and hydrogen bonding affect the chemical shift values. 13C NMR has applications in metabolic studies and industrial analyses of solids.
BASE HYDROLYSIS AND FACTOR EFFECTING EFFECTING BASE HYDROLYSISRAFIK KHAN
This document discusses base hydrolysis and factors that affect the rate of base hydrolysis. There are two types of hydrolysis - acidic and base hydrolysis. Base hydrolysis occurs when a reaction takes place in a basic medium, where a ligand is replaced by an OH- group. There are two mechanisms for base hydrolysis - dissociative and associative. Factors like chelating and steric hindrance increase the rate of the reaction, while increasing the electronegativity of the ligand decreases the rate due to reduced pi bonding and lability of the ligand.
This document summarizes a student's report on neighbouring group participation in organic chemistry. It defines neighbouring group participation as the interaction of a reaction center with electrons in an adjacent atom, sigma bond, or pi bond. The document notes that NGP reactions proceed through an SN2 mechanism, involving attack of an internal nucleophile in the first step followed by substitution of an external nucleophile in the second step. This can lead to unexpected retention of configuration and a first-order reaction. Examples of NGP involving pi bonds and aromatic rings are also mentioned.
Organoborane chemistry deals with organoboron compounds that contain carbon-boron bonds. Key reactions of organoboranes include hydroboration of alkenes, oxidation of organoboranes to alcohols, isomerization of organoboranes at high temperatures, protonolysis with carboxylic acids, and carbonylation with carbon monoxide. Carbonylation can produce aldehydes, ketones, or alcohols depending on reaction conditions and presence of migrating groups.
1) Organozinc compounds are less reactive than organolithium and organomagnesium compounds due to their more covalent C-Zn bond, allowing preparation of functionalized derivatives.
2) Organozinc compounds are commonly prepared by reacting primary or secondary halides with zinc metal or Rieke zinc under inert atmosphere due to their sensitivity to oxidation.
3) Organozinc reagents are useful in organic syntheses such as Reformatsky reactions, Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation reactions, and cross-coupling reactions like Negishi and Fukuyama couplings.
The document discusses distortion of octahedral complexes, specifically tetragonal distortion caused by the Jahn-Teller effect. It provides explanations of the Jahn-Teller theorem and how it predicts orbital degeneracy will cause a distortion to remove degeneracy and lower the complex's energy. The document outlines conditions for no distortion, slight distortion, and strong distortion in octahedral complexes based on orbital configurations. It provides examples of complexes like copper(II) ammonia that exhibit tetragonal distortion.
This document summarizes key concepts in organometallic chemistry. It discusses the definition of organometallic compounds as those containing metal-carbon bonds. It outlines different types of ligands that can bind to metals, including carbonyl, carbene, and cyclic π systems. It also describes principles for understanding bonding interactions between ligands and metals, such as the 18-electron rule and molecular orbital theory. Spectroscopic techniques for analyzing organometallic compounds are also summarized.
Ppt on Organometallic Compounds-Zamir ShekhZAMIR SHEKH
The document discusses various types of organometallic compounds, including their definitions, nomenclature, properties, structures, and reactions. It describes organolithium, organomagnesium, organozinc, organocopper, and other organometallic compounds. It also discusses their applications in synthesis such as additions, displacements, conjugate additions, cyclopropanation, and opening of epoxides.
Organometallic Reactions and CatalysisRajat Ghalta
Organometallic compounds undergo a rich variety of reactions (oxidative addition, reductive elimination, cyclometalization, migratory insertion, carbonylation, hydrometallation hydrate elimination, etc ) that can sometimes be combined into useful homogeneous catalytic cycles. In this presentation, I have discussed organometallic reactions of particular importance for synthetic and catalytic processes like the oxo process (hydroformylation), heck coupling reaction, Wilkinson’s Catalyst
(Hydrogenation) etc.
1) The document describes the procedure for synthesizing benzimidazole from o-phenylenediamine and formic acid.
2) Key steps include heating a mixture of o-phenylenediamine and excess formic acid at 100°C for 2 hours, then making the reaction mixture alkaline with sodium hydroxide to precipitate crude benzimidazole.
3) Benzimidazole has biological applications as an active component in anthelmintic and antiulcer drugs, and its derivatives also show antimicrobial and anticancer properties.
This document summarizes the synthesis of 7-Hydroxy-4-Methyl Coumarin via the Pechmann condensation reaction of resorcinol and ethyl acetoacetate in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid. Coumarins are an important class of compounds that are found in plants and have various medical applications such as antimicrobial and antitumor properties. The procedure involves cooling concentrated sulfuric acid to below 5°C and adding a solution of resorcinol and ethyl acetoacetate dropwise, followed by workup to obtain an impure product that is recrystallized from ethanol.
This document summarizes the synthesis of 1-bromo-2-naphthol from 2-naphthol. It involves selectively brominating 2-naphthol using sodium bromide and oxone. 2-Naphthol, sodium bromide, and oxone are ground together and reacted overnight. Ethyl acetate is then used to extract the crude 1-bromo-2-naphthol product, which is a dark brown solid. The theoretical and practical yields are calculated and the percentage yield is reported.
Theories of coordination compounds, CFSE, Bonding in octahedral and tetrahedral complex, color of transition metal complex, magnetic properties, selection rules, Nephelxeuatic effect, angular overlap model
This document discusses coordination chemistry and isomerism in coordination compounds. It defines molecular compounds, complex salts, and double salts formed from combinations of inorganic salts. It also discusses ligands, classifying them based on properties. Coordination number and the resulting geometries for coordination numbers 2 through 9 are described. Finally, it outlines different types of isomerism that can occur in coordination compounds, including structural, spin, and stereo isomerism.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can have mental and physical health benefits over time by helping people feel more relaxed and focused.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in medicinal chemistry. It defines medicinal chemistry as concerning the discovery, development, and interpretation of biologically active compounds at the molecular level. It then discusses the relationships between organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and pharmaceutical chemistry. The rest of the document covers topics like drug nomenclature, classification, pharmacology principles of drug action, toxicology, and assays.
The document discusses stereochemistry and provides examples of different representations used to depict three-dimensional molecular structures in two dimensions. It defines stereochemistry as the study of different spatial arrangements of atoms in a molecule. It also defines key terms like stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, and chiral centers. The document then explains different representations like dashed wedge, Fischer projection, Sawhorse formula, and Newman projection that are used to depict the 3D orientation of groups in chiral molecules on a 2D surface. It provides examples of interconversions between these different representations.
The document is a scanned copy of a contract for the sale of real estate. It outlines the terms of sale for a residential property located in California, including the purchase price, down payment, financing terms, contingencies, and closing date. The buyer and seller signatures indicate they agree to all terms and conditions as outlined in the multi-page contract.
This document describes the preparation of p-nitro acetanilide from acetanilide. Acetanilide is nitrated using nitric and sulfuric acid. This produces p-nitro acetanilide as the major product along with a minor amount of o-nitro acetanilide. The p-nitro acetanilide product is purified by recrystallization from ethanol, yielding colorless crystals. Percent yield of the product is calculated and the melting point is obtained and compared to literature values.
This document describes the preparation of p-bromoaniline from acetanilide. It involves a two step process:
1. Bromination of acetanilide using potassium bromate and potassium bromide in the presence of tartaric acid yields p-bromoacetanilide as the major product.
2. Hydrolysis of p-bromoacetanilide using hydrochloric acid and heat produces p-bromoaniline. The product is isolated by adjusting the pH to basic and cooling.
Yields, melting points and reactions are calculated and mechanisms are provided for both steps. Chemical tests to identify the products are also outlined.
This document provides information on the structure and composition of nucleic acids. It discusses that nucleic acids are biopolymers composed of nucleotide subunits containing a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The 5' carbon of the sugar is attached to the phosphate group via a phosphodiester bond. The nitrogenous bases are either purines (adenine or guanine) or pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, or uracil). RNA contains ribose and the base uracil, while DNA contains deoxyribose and the base thymine. Nucleic acids can be single stranded or double stranded polymers known as polynucleotides.
Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with unpaired electrons that can participate in chemical reactions. Common examples include hydroxyl (HO·) and methyl (H3C·) radicals. Free radical reactions typically occur by initiation, propagation, and termination steps in a chain reaction mechanism. The stability of free radicals is determined by factors such as conjugation, hyperconjugation, and hybridization. Radicals can be detected using techniques like electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.
This document provides an overview of asymmetric synthesis and strategies for achieving asymmetric induction. It defines asymmetric synthesis as a reaction that yields predominantly one chiral stereoisomer. It discusses different strategies for asymmetric induction, including using a chiral auxiliary, chiral reagent/catalyst, or starting with a chiral pool substrate. Specific examples are provided of chiral reagents like BINOL-H and Alpine borane that can be used to selectively reduce prochiral ketones. Chiral ligands like DIOP and CHIRAPHOS that are used with metal catalysts for asymmetric hydrogenation are also described.
This document provides procedures for preparing several transition metal complexes. It describes preparing hexaamminecobalt(III)chloride from cobaltous chloride hexahydrate and ammonium chloride. It also describes preparing hexaamminenickel(II)chloride from nickel chloride hexahydrate and aqueous ammonia, as well as potassium tris(oxalato)ferrate(III) trihydrate from ferrous ammonium sulfate and oxalic acid. The document gives the name, structure, properties and theoretical yield calculations for each complex prepared.
This document provides guidance on qualitative organic analysis, including:
- An overview of the systematic process for identifying unknown organic compounds, from preliminary tests to determining functional groups.
- Details on specific preliminary tests to determine physical properties and the presence of elements like nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens.
- Instructions for conducting solubility tests to group compounds and indicate probable functional groups for further analysis.
The document describes a two-step process to prepare benzocaine from p-nitrobenzoic acid. The first step involves reducing p-nitrobenzoic acid to p-aminobenzoic acid using tin and hydrochloric acid. The second step is a Fischer esterification of p-aminobenzoic acid with ethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid to form benzocaine. The procedure provides details of the reaction conditions and calculations to determine the theoretical and percent yield of benzocaine produced.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.