Cryptosporidium hominis
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Cryptosporidium hominis is a parasite with an infectious oocyst containing sporozoites that infect the gastrointestinal tract. It has a life cycle involving schizogony and production of gametocytes leading to oocysts shed in feces. Infection causes self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent hosts but severe, worsening diarrhea in immunocompromised patients. Diagnosis is via stool examination and staining techniques. Treatment options include nitazoxanide and azithromycin. Cryptosporidiosis is found worldwide but prevalence is higher in developing countries, being transmitted through contaminated water and causing outbreaks where water treatment is insufficient.
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La amibiasis es una infección del intestino grueso causada por la especie de ameba Entamoeba histolytica. E. histolytica existe en dos formas, quistes y trofozoítos, siendo los quistes la forma infectante que mide entre 5 a 20 micrómetros y contiene de 1 a 4 núcleos. El quiste está recubierto por una pared muy resistente que le permite sobrevivir fuera del cuerpo y resistir cambios de temperatura, humedad, cloro y acidez.
Malaria.
Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite transmitted through mosquito bites. The most common cause in Ghana is Plasmodium falciparum, which has an incubation period of 10-15 days. Symptoms include fever, chills, sweating, nausea and vomiting. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, blood cell count and examining blood films for parasites. Nursing management focuses on psychological support, rest, nutrition, hygiene, medication administration and monitoring for complications. Prevention emphasizes reducing mosquito habitats and exposures through insecticide, bed nets and protective clothing.
Entamoeba histolytica
El documento proporciona información sobre la amebiasis causada por la Entamoeba histolytica. Describe las características del parásito, incluida su morfología y ciclo de vida. Explica los mecanismos patogénicos, los cuadros clínicos de la infección intestinal y extraintestinal, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. La amebiasis es una enfermedad común en regiones con saneamiento deficiente y puede causar diarrea, abscesos hepáticos y otras complicaciones graves.
Babesiosis (2)
Babesiosis, also known as red water fever, is transmitted by ticks and is highly prevalent during the summer months. Clinical signs include high fever, dullness, weakness, cessation of rumination, increased respiratory rate and heart rate, congested mucous membranes that later become pale and then jaundiced, dark red to brown urine, and pipe-stem diarrhea. Treatment involves specific drugs like Imizol, Acaprin, or Berenil administered via intramuscular injection, intravenous injections of analgesics for fever control, intravenous fluids, blood transfusions for severe cases, intramuscular iron injections, and vitamin B12 injections. Controlling ticks through spraying with diazinone or ivermect
Balantidium coli
Balantidium coli es un protozoo ciliado que infecta el intestino grueso del humano y otros animales. Se transmite principalmente a través del contacto con cerdos infectados o agua contaminada. Los síntomas incluyen diarrea, dolor abdominal y pérdida de peso. El diagnóstico se realiza a través del examen microscópico de las heces y el tratamiento más efectivo es el metronidazol.
Plasmodium species
The document summarizes information about Plasmodium species that cause malaria in humans. It discusses the four main species that infect humans - P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. It describes their life cycles, which involve development in both human and mosquito hosts. Symptoms in humans include febrile paroxysms and potential complications like cerebral malaria, blackwater fever, and anemia. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears microscopically to identify the parasite stages. Rapid diagnostic tests and quantitative buffy coat analysis can also be used. Treatment depends on the species but may include chloroquine, quinine, and primaquine.
Entamoeba
This document discusses Entamoeba histolytica, a pathogenic species of amoeba that causes amebiasis in humans. It exists in two forms, the trophozoite which is the actively feeding stage, and the cyst, which is the dormant resistant stage. Transmission occurs when contaminated food or water is consumed, containing the cyst form which can survive outside the body. The trophozoites colonize the large intestine where they can invade the mucosa and cause intestinal lesions or abscesses. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples microscopically for the presence of motile trophozoites or cysts. Treatment involves medications like metronidazole which act against the amoeba at both intestinal
Cryptosporidium monitoring of Ireland's waters- Theo de Waal
Cryptosporidium monitoring of Ireland's waters- Theo de WaalEnvironmental Protection Agency, Ireland
This document discusses Cryptosporidium monitoring of surface waters in Ireland. It provides background on Cryptosporidium, including what it is, how it spreads, and impacts on humans and surface waters. It notes several waterborne outbreaks in Ireland linked to Cryptosporidium in untreated surface waters. It also discusses the development of a national reference laboratory in Ireland for Cryptosporidium monitoring of public water supplies to improve detection and risk assessment.Plasmodium
There are over 100 species of Plasmodium, some of which can infect humans and cause malaria. The four main species that infect humans are P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. falciparum. P. falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria and is responsible for over 1 million deaths per year globally. The life cycle of Plasmodium involves both sexual and asexual reproduction in humans and mosquitoes. Female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit the parasite between humans during blood-feeding. Laboratory diagnosis of malaria is usually done by examining thick and thin blood smears under a microscope to look for the parasite in red blood cells. Treatment depends on the species,
The prevalence of cryptosporidium oocysts in wild birds
This study examined 132 fecal samples from wild birds in Zaria, Nigeria to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Using staining and microscopy techniques, Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified in 7 of the samples, representing a 5.3% overall prevalence. Village weavers had the highest prevalence at 14.3%. The findings indicate Cryptosporidium infection in wild birds in the area and raise potential zoonotic concerns given bird migrations and roles in water pollution.
Malaria lecture 1
This document provides an overview of malaria, including:
1. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via Anopheles mosquitoes, causing enormous public health problems in many regions.
2. Four Plasmodium species can infect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. Each species has a unique life cycle and morphology.
3. P. falciparum is the most deadly species and a major cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa, killing an African child every 30 seconds according to WHO.
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Cryptosporidium monitoring of Ireland's waters- Theo de Waal
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The prevalence of cryptosporidium oocysts in wild birds
The prevalence of cryptosporidium oocysts in wild birds
Similar to Cryptosporidium hominis
Essay para
- Giardia lamblia is a protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis by attaching to the small intestine and multiplying. It is transmitted through ingestion of cysts from contaminated water or food. Symptoms include diarrhea, cramps, nausea and dehydration. Diagnosis is by microscopic examination of stool for cysts. Treatment is with metronidazole or tinidazole antibiotics.
- Microsporidia are fungal parasites that can cause chronic diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals. They are transmitted through ingestion or inhalation of spores from contaminated water or food. Diagnosis is by microscopic examination of stool or biopsy samples. Treatment is with albendazole
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM.pptx
Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis. It has a life cycle involving an infective oocyst stage that is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food or water. Infection results in watery diarrhea that can last 1-2 weeks. Diagnosis is made by identifying oocysts in stool samples microscopically or through antigen testing. Treatment focuses on rehydration though some drugs may help reduce symptoms. Prevention involves proper hygiene and water treatment.
Opportunistic Protozoans - Microbiology
This document discusses various opportunistic protozoans that can cause disease in humans, including Cryptosporidium, Microsporidia, Cyclospora, and Isospora. It provides details on the morphology, life cycles, transmission, clinical symptoms, and laboratory diagnosis of Cryptosporidium parvum and Isospora belli. It also discusses an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Milwaukee in 1994 and various human pathogens within the phylum Microspora.
: Parasitic water pollution in the Nile River (Schistosoma & Giardia lamblia)
Causative organism.
Geographical distribution.
Epidemiology & Risk factors.
Mode of Transmission.
Vector (if available).
Habitat.
Life cycle (including infective stage, Diagnostic stage, Final host, Intermediate host and Reservoir).
-According to your lab group assignment topic, you must mention at least two examples (Causative organisms) for the required type of parasitic infection and their prevalence in Egypt. -Then discuss briefly the mentioned examples covering all the following points:
As a pharmacist, how could you identify and confirm a patient with such disease?
(NB: Identification and confirmation include the signs and symptoms and the diagnostic tests in details)
What are the therapeutic options available (suggest a line of treatment).
How can we prevent & control such disease?
Coccidians
Cryptosporidium spp. are microscopic, spore-forming, single-celled protozoans that can infect humans and various animals. They are a common cause of diarrhea, especially in developing areas with poor sanitation. Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are the main species that infect humans. Transmission occurs through ingestion of infective oocysts from contaminated food or water. Infection may cause self-limiting diarrhea but can be life-threatening in immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool samples and treatment is generally supportive due to lack of highly effective drugs.
Cryptosporidiosis in animals and humans
Cryptosporidium exhibits a monoxenous lifecycle and affects both humans and animals. Infected domestic animals are reservoirs for susceptible humans. in the lifecycle of the cryptosporidium, Thin-wall oocyst (used for autoinfection) and Thick wall oocyst are (thrown into the environment for infecting another host). Invaginate cell membrane and forming #bi-layered membranous vacuole (parasitophorous vacuolar membrane) creates a conducive environment for the parasite for escaping the host immune system.
Parasitology (apicomplexa)
contains Apicomplexa ( Sporozoa),
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM
CYLOSPORA CAYETONENSIS, Sarcocystis spp. and
MICROSPORIDIA
Diarrhea & Food poisoning
This document discusses diarrhea and food poisoning. It defines foodborne diseases as illnesses caused by pathogens from contaminated food. Common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrhea. Diarrhea is characterized as an increase in bowel movement frequency or volume. The document outlines various types of food contaminants including biological, chemical and physical contaminants. It describes different bacterial foodborne illnesses such as salmonellosis, staphylococcus, and E. coli. Laboratory diagnosis methods are summarized including microscopy, culture techniques and serology to identify causative agents.
Essay para
This document summarizes several protozoa that can cause diarrhea:
- Entamoeba histolytica causes amebiasis and can lead to liver abscesses. It is transmitted through contaminated food or water.
- Giardia lamblia causes giardiasis and is transmitted through contaminated water or food. It can cause diarrhea, cramps, and dehydration.
- Cryptosporidium parvum is an opportunistic infection that commonly causes watery diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
- Cyclospora cayetanensis causes gastroenteritis with watery diarrhea and is transmitted through contaminated food or water.
- Sarcocystis has a
Protozoa and Entamoeba histolytica
This document provides information about protozoology and the parasitic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. It begins with an introduction to protozoology and classifications of protozoa. It then discusses the general characteristics, life cycles, and importance of protozoa. The document focuses on E. histolytica, outlining its habitat, transmission, morphology, life cycle within the human host, virulence factors, epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptoms of infection, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. E. histolytica causes amebiasis and can lead to intestinal or extraintestinal disease such as liver abscesses if the parasite invades tissues.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES.pptx
This document provides information about cholera and malaria, two infectious diseases. It discusses the pathogens, modes of transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention for each. Cholera is caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacterium and spreads through contaminated food and water. Symptoms include severe diarrhea and dehydration. Treatment involves oral rehydration therapy. Malaria is spread by mosquitoes of the Anopheles genus and caused by Plasmodium parasites. Symptoms include fever, nausea and enlarged spleen. Treatment includes antimalarial drugs like chloroquine and artemisinin-based combination therapy. Prevention of both diseases focuses on controlling mosquito populations, avoiding bites, and providing clean water and sanitation
TYHOID ILEAL PERFORATION, COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria and spreads through contaminated food or water. It is characterized by sustained fever and bacteria invasion of organs like the liver and spleen. It remains an important cause of fever in developing countries with poor sanitation. The disease progresses from an initial bacteraemia phase with non-specific symptoms, to a septicemic phase with rose spots and hepatosplenomegaly. Treatment involves antibiotics and surgery if complications like intestinal perforation occur. Prevention relies on public health measures to ensure safe drinking water and proper sanitation.
Water borne diseases 2- Copy.pdf
This document provides an overview of foodborne diseases and toxicants. It discusses the pathogenesis and transmission of important foodborne pathogens/toxins/chemicals such as Salmonella, Clostridium, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and aflatoxins. It also covers topics like food additives, food fortification, food adulteration, the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act 1954, and examples of food poisoning outbreaks in India. Treatment involves rehydration and cause-specific therapies. Prevention involves proper food handling, storage, cooking, hygiene, and community education.
Isolation, identification and characterization of urinary tract infectious ba...
This document discusses a study on urinary tract infections (UTIs) which isolated and characterized urinary pathogens and tested their antibiotic susceptibility. The main findings were:
1. Escherichia coli was the most common urinary pathogen isolated, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus faecalis.
2. The antibiotics chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin were the most effective against the urinary pathogens, with 100% susceptibility. Tetracycline, gentamicin and kanamycin were also highly effective at 83% susceptibility.
3. Some isolates showed resistance to commonly prescribed
GASTROENTERITIS
Gastroenteritis is an infection of the small and large intestines that causes diarrhea and vomiting. In 2015, nearly 2 billion cases of gastroenteritis were observed worldwide, resulting in approximately 1.3 million deaths, with 80% of deaths occurring in India. Gastroenteritis can be caused by bacteria like E. coli and Campylobacter, parasites like Cryptosporidium and Giardia, or viruses. Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever. Treatment involves oral rehydration, antibiotics in some bacterial cases, and managing symptoms. Prevention relies on proper hygiene and sanitation.
Entamoeba Coli.pptx
This document discusses medical protozology and various protozoan parasites. It provides details on Entamoeba coli, including its transmission via the fecal-oral route, epidemiology in areas with poor sanitation, lifecycle between trophozoite and cyst forms, and diagnosis via iodine stained stool samples. Treatment involves self-care like hygiene and antibiotics if needed, to prevent reinfection. Education is important for controlling and preventing the spread of such epidemiological diseases.
Rotavirus
Rotavirus is a common cause of diarrhea in infants and children worldwide. It is spread through fecal-oral transmission and causes gastroenteritis. Nearly all children have been infected by rotavirus by age 5. The virus attaches to and damages cells lining the intestines, causing watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration. Replacing lost fluids and electrolytes is the primary treatment for rotavirus diarrhea. Vaccines are available to help prevent rotavirus infection in children.
Epidemiology of amoebiasis
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING I, EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, AMOEBIASIS, UNIT IV, II YEAR BSC NURSING STUDENT
Parasites and Drinking water
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Balantidium coli
Balantidium coli is the largest protozoan parasite that infects humans. It has two stages - the trophozoite stage, which is actively motile, and the cyst stage, which is the infective stage found in feces. B. coli's natural host is pigs, but it can infect humans through ingestion of contaminated food or water containing cysts. In humans, it causes the disease balantidiasis through invasion and ulceration of the large intestine. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloody stool. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool samples for trophozoites or cysts. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline or metronidazole.
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: Parasitic water pollution in the Nile River (Schistosoma & Giardia lamblia)
: Parasitic water pollution in the Nile River (Schistosoma & Giardia lamblia)
TYHOID ILEAL PERFORATION, COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
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Isolation, identification and characterization of urinary tract infectious ba...
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Cryptosporidium hominis
- 1. CRYPTOSPORIDIUM HOMINIS By Stephanie Chiong BSBI3A Parasite Biology Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Epidemiology Prevention and Control
- 2. PARASITE BIOLOGY Oocysts are found in feces of human and animals (each oocyst contains four sporozoites) The oocysts are infectious and when ingested, sporozoites attach to the gastrointestinal tract Sporozoites develop into trophozoites and become intracellular but extracytoplasmic The trophozoites divide by schizogony, producing mesozoites Macro and microgametocytes are eventually produced A zygote develops and later, an oocyst Oocysts pass in the feces and contaminate food and water
- 4. PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Self-limiting diarrhea(2-3 weeks), abdominal pain, anorexia, fever, nausea, weight loss for immunocompetent hosts Severe and progressively worse diarrhea for immunocompromised patients Bile duct and gall bladder heavily affected acute and gangrenous cholecystitis Respiratory infections chronic coughing, dyspnea, bronchiolitis and pneumonia Villi of intestines become blunted and infiltration of inflammatory cells Varying degrees of malabsorption and excessive fluid loss DEATH
- 5. DIAGNOSIS Stool exmination methods Sheather’s sufar flotation Formalin-ethyl-acetate concentration technique Kinyoun;s modified acid-fast stain Indirect fluorescent antibody Enzyme immunoassay and DNA probes specific for C. hominis Acid-fast stain preferred
- 6. TREATMENT NO ACCEPTABLE TREATMENT Nitazoxanide proven effective in preliminary trials Bovine colostrum, Paramomycin and Clarithromycin severe diarrhea Azithromycin
- 7. EPIDEMIOLOGY Universal distribution Infections reported worldwide Unusual in North America over many cases in Wisconsin, USA due to faulty water purification system Mostly associated with water, in many cases, contaminated with calf feces Other sources of infection: unpasteurized milk and apple cider Nosocomial infections in health workers
- 8. Crptosporidium parvum bovines Cryptosporidium hominis humans Prevalence in developing countries: 3-20% Philippines 2.6% Study in San Lazaro Hospital: 8.5% Study in Philippine General Hospital: 1.7%
- 9. PREVENTION AND CONTROL Water-borne transmission = synergystic effect of multiple disinfectants and combined WATER TREATMENT processes Chlorination no effect on parasite Natural water and swimming pool water NOT TO BE SWALLOWED Contamination of drinking water NO NO
- 10. ~End~