The document discusses the 12 cranial nerves, including their origin, course, distribution, and functions. It provides details on each nerve such as the components (motor, sensory, parasympathetic), nuclei locations, and structures innervated. The cranial nerves mediate sensory and motor functions for structures in the head and neck. They originate from the brain stem and exit the cranial cavity through various foramina, carrying sensory information into the brain and motor commands out to structures like muscles and glands.
The facial nerve is one of a group of nerves called the cranial nerves (CN), 12 pairs of nerves that, with the exception of the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), originate in the brain and contribute to the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
facial nerve contains many different types of fibers, including general sensory (afferent) fibers, special sensory fibers, visceral/autonomic motor (efferent) fibers, and somatic motor fibers.
So these are also the functions of facial nerve:
Somatic sensory
Special sensory
Branchial motor
Parasympathetic motor
To remember the branches of the facial nerve, you can use the following mnemonic: "To Zambia By Motor Car", standing for:
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical branches.
Presented by: Mohammadsaleh Moallem
The facial nerve is one of a group of nerves called the cranial nerves (CN), 12 pairs of nerves that, with the exception of the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), originate in the brain and contribute to the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
facial nerve contains many different types of fibers, including general sensory (afferent) fibers, special sensory fibers, visceral/autonomic motor (efferent) fibers, and somatic motor fibers.
So these are also the functions of facial nerve:
Somatic sensory
Special sensory
Branchial motor
Parasympathetic motor
To remember the branches of the facial nerve, you can use the following mnemonic: "To Zambia By Motor Car", standing for:
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical branches.
Presented by: Mohammadsaleh Moallem
Cranial nerves.pptx by thirumurugan, MScthiru murugan
Cranial nerves
M. Thiru murugan
Cranial nerves
The cranial nerves are a set of 12 paired nerves in the back of brain.
Cranial nerves send electrical signals between brain, face, neck and torso.
Cranial nerves help to see, taste, smell, hear and feel sensations.
They also helps in facial expressions, blink eyes and movement of tongue
Each has a different function for sense or movement
Each nerve has a name that reflects its function and a number according to its location in the brain
The general functions of the cranial nerves are sensory, motor, or both (mixed)
Sensory cranial nerves help a person to see, smell, and hear
Motor cranial nerves help control muscle movements
Name of the Cranial nerves
Olfactory nerve
Optic nerve
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Abducens nerve
Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Location (origin) of the cranial nerves:
2 cranial nerve pairs originate from cerebrum. These two pairs of cranial nerves include:
Olfactory nerves responsible for sense of smell.
Optic nerves responsible for sense of vision
The other 10 pairs of cranial nerves start in brainstem.
The longest cranial nerve:
The longest cranial nerve is the vagus nerve.
Vagus nerve has both sensory and motor functions.
It runs through many parts of the body, including tongue, throat , heart and digestive system.
Cranial nerve function:
I. Olfactory nerve:
The olfactory nerve sends sensory information to brain about smells
Epithelium in nose stimulates receptors that generate nerve impulses that move to olfactory bulb.
From the olfactory bulb, nerves pass into olfactory tract, which is located below the frontal lobe of brain.
Nerve signals are then sent to areas of brain concerned with memory and recognition of smells.
II. Optic nerve:
The optic nerve is the sensory nerve that involves vision.
When light enters the eye, it comes into contact with special receptors in retina called rods and cones.
The information received by rods and cones is sent from retina to optic nerve.
Optic nerves meet to form something called the optic chiasm.
At the optic chiasm, nerve fibers form two separate optic tracts.
Through each optic tract, the nerve impulses reach visual cortex of brain for achieving vision
III. Oculomotor nerve:
The oculomotor nerve has 2 different motor functions: muscle function & pupil response.
Muscle function: oculomotor nerve provides motor function to four of the six muscles around eyes. These muscles help the eyes move and focus on objects.
Pupil response: It also helps to control the size of pupil as it responds to light.
IV. Trochlear nerve:
The trochlear nerve controls superior oblique muscle. This is the muscle that’s in charge of downward, outward, and inward eye movements.
V. The trigeminal nerve:
It has both sensory and motor functions. The trigeminal nerve has 3 divisions:
Ophthalmic: The ophthalmic division sends sensory information from
Cranial Nerve I and Olfactory pathways.pptxAtemJoshua
Students should have a thorough knowledge about the various functional components of cranial nerve(s) nuclei.
Students should be able to identify the exact locations of the cranial nerve nuclei and the origin and exits of cranial nerves .
Students should be able to explain the Course, Branches and functions of all cranial nerves.
Students should be Describe the dysfunctions associated with lesions of each cranial nerve.
Sensory cranial nerves: contain only afferent (sensory) fibers
Ⅰ Olfactory nerve
Ⅱ Optic nerve
Ⅷ Vestibulocochlear nerve
Motor cranial nerves: contain only efferent (motor) fibers
Ⅲ Oculomotor nerve
Ⅳ Trochlear nerve
Ⅵ Abducent nerve
Ⅺ Spinal Accessory nerve
Ⅻ Hypoglossal nerve
Mixed nerves: contain both sensory and motor fibers
Ⅴ Trigeminal nerve,
Ⅶ Facial nerve,
Ⅸ Glossopharyngeal nerve
Ⅹ Vagus nerve
Cranial nerves.pptx by thirumurugan, MScthiru murugan
Cranial nerves
M. Thiru murugan
Cranial nerves
The cranial nerves are a set of 12 paired nerves in the back of brain.
Cranial nerves send electrical signals between brain, face, neck and torso.
Cranial nerves help to see, taste, smell, hear and feel sensations.
They also helps in facial expressions, blink eyes and movement of tongue
Each has a different function for sense or movement
Each nerve has a name that reflects its function and a number according to its location in the brain
The general functions of the cranial nerves are sensory, motor, or both (mixed)
Sensory cranial nerves help a person to see, smell, and hear
Motor cranial nerves help control muscle movements
Name of the Cranial nerves
Olfactory nerve
Optic nerve
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Abducens nerve
Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Location (origin) of the cranial nerves:
2 cranial nerve pairs originate from cerebrum. These two pairs of cranial nerves include:
Olfactory nerves responsible for sense of smell.
Optic nerves responsible for sense of vision
The other 10 pairs of cranial nerves start in brainstem.
The longest cranial nerve:
The longest cranial nerve is the vagus nerve.
Vagus nerve has both sensory and motor functions.
It runs through many parts of the body, including tongue, throat , heart and digestive system.
Cranial nerve function:
I. Olfactory nerve:
The olfactory nerve sends sensory information to brain about smells
Epithelium in nose stimulates receptors that generate nerve impulses that move to olfactory bulb.
From the olfactory bulb, nerves pass into olfactory tract, which is located below the frontal lobe of brain.
Nerve signals are then sent to areas of brain concerned with memory and recognition of smells.
II. Optic nerve:
The optic nerve is the sensory nerve that involves vision.
When light enters the eye, it comes into contact with special receptors in retina called rods and cones.
The information received by rods and cones is sent from retina to optic nerve.
Optic nerves meet to form something called the optic chiasm.
At the optic chiasm, nerve fibers form two separate optic tracts.
Through each optic tract, the nerve impulses reach visual cortex of brain for achieving vision
III. Oculomotor nerve:
The oculomotor nerve has 2 different motor functions: muscle function & pupil response.
Muscle function: oculomotor nerve provides motor function to four of the six muscles around eyes. These muscles help the eyes move and focus on objects.
Pupil response: It also helps to control the size of pupil as it responds to light.
IV. Trochlear nerve:
The trochlear nerve controls superior oblique muscle. This is the muscle that’s in charge of downward, outward, and inward eye movements.
V. The trigeminal nerve:
It has both sensory and motor functions. The trigeminal nerve has 3 divisions:
Ophthalmic: The ophthalmic division sends sensory information from
Cranial Nerve I and Olfactory pathways.pptxAtemJoshua
Students should have a thorough knowledge about the various functional components of cranial nerve(s) nuclei.
Students should be able to identify the exact locations of the cranial nerve nuclei and the origin and exits of cranial nerves .
Students should be able to explain the Course, Branches and functions of all cranial nerves.
Students should be Describe the dysfunctions associated with lesions of each cranial nerve.
Sensory cranial nerves: contain only afferent (sensory) fibers
Ⅰ Olfactory nerve
Ⅱ Optic nerve
Ⅷ Vestibulocochlear nerve
Motor cranial nerves: contain only efferent (motor) fibers
Ⅲ Oculomotor nerve
Ⅳ Trochlear nerve
Ⅵ Abducent nerve
Ⅺ Spinal Accessory nerve
Ⅻ Hypoglossal nerve
Mixed nerves: contain both sensory and motor fibers
Ⅴ Trigeminal nerve,
Ⅶ Facial nerve,
Ⅸ Glossopharyngeal nerve
Ⅹ Vagus nerve
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. At the end of the lecture, students should be able to:
1. Enumerate the cranial nerves.
2. Describe the origin, course & distribution
of cranial nerves.
3.Describe the structure innervated by cranial
nerves.
4. Correlate the structure innervated with the
clinical conditions of cranial nerve palsies.
Learning outcomes
5. Nervous system has 2
components:
1.Central nervous system:
- Brain and spinal cord.
2.Peripheral nervous system:
- Nerves and ganglia
- Cranial nerves.
- Spinal nerves.
Nervous System
6. Nerves
• Nerves are bundles of either long dendrites and
or long axons.
• There are no cell bodies in nerves.
Ganglia
• Cell bodies of a nerve (PNS) or nuclei (in gray
matter of the CNS).
Peripheral Nervous System
8. Features
1. Cranial nerves are part of the PNS.
2. They are attached to the part of the CNS called the
brain stem (midbrain, pons and medulla).
3. Exceptions are CN I and CN II which connect directly
to higher levels of the brain.
4. Innervate:
• Skeletal muscles
• Sensory structures
• Smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and
secretory glands (ANS)
Cranial Nerves
9. The Sensory information from the head and neck is
received and the motor information is sent out via the 12
pairs of cranial nerves.
Each cranial nerve are ..
• Referred to by a name or number !! ..
• It has at least a motor, sensory or parasympathetic
component.
• Some of them have more than one component.
• Most of the nuclei are situated in the brainstem.
All the nerves are distributed in the head and neck, except
cranial nerve X, which also supplies structures in the
thorax and abdomen.
Cranial Nerves
12. Nerve
(Component)
Function Exit from cranial
cavity
I. Olfactory
(Sensory)
Smell Cribriform plate of
ethmoid
II. Optic
(Sensory)
Vision Optic canal
III. Oculomotor
(Motor)
Raises upper eyelid,
turns eyeball upward,
downward, and medially;
constricts pupil;
accommodates eye
Superior orbital
fissure
IV. Trochlear
(Motor)
Assists in turning
eyeball downward
and laterally
Superior orbital
fissure
Cranial Nerves
13. Nerve
(Component)
Function Exit from cranial
cavity
V. Trigeminal (Mixed)
V 1. Opthalmic
(Sensory)
Cornea, skin of forehead, scalp,
eyelids, and nose
Superior Orbital
fissure
V 2. Maxillary
(Sensory)
Skin of face over
maxilla; teeth of
upper jaw
Foramen Rotundum
V 1. Mandibular
(Mixed)
Motor: Muscles of mastication Foramen Ovale
Sensory: Skin of cheek, skin over
mandible and side of head, teeth
of lower jaw
VI. Abducent
(Motor)
Lateral rectus muscle turns
eyeball laterally
Superior orbital
fissure
Cranial Nerves
14. Nerve
(Component)
Function Exit from cranial
cavity
VII. Facial
(Mixed)
Motor: Muscles of facial
expression
Internal auditory
meatus, facial canal
& stylo- mastoid
foramen
Sensory: Taste from anterior
two-thirds of tongue
Parasympathetic:
Submandibular and sublingual
salivary glands
VIII. Vestibulo-
cochlear (Sensory)
Hearing; Inner ear Internal auditory
meatus
IX.
Glossopharyngeal
(Mixed)
Motor: Stylopharyngeus muscle
assists swallowing
Jugular foramen
Sensory: General sense & taste
from posterior one-third of tongue
Parasympathetic: Parotid
salivary gland
Cranial Nerves
15. Nerve
(Component)
Function Exit from cranial
cavity
X. Vagus (Mixed) Heart and great thoracic
blood vessels; larynx,
trachea, bronchi, and
lungs; alimentary tract
from pharynx to splenic
flexure of colon; liver,
kidneys, and pancreas
Jugular foramen
XI. Accessory
(Motor)
Cranial root: Muscles of
the soft palate
Jugular foramen
Spinal root:
Sternocleidomastoid &
Trapezius muscle
XII. Hypoglossal
(Motor)
Intrinsic & Extrinsic
Muscles of Tongue.
Hypoglossal
canal
Cranial Nerves
28. GIVES ATTACHMENT TO 4 PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA
• CILIARY GANGLION, ATTACHED TO V1
• PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLION, ATTACHED TO V2
• SUBMANDIBULAR GANGLION, ATTACHED TO V3
• OTIC GANGLION ATTACHED TO V3
Preganglionic fibers for these ganglia come from other cranial
nerves and only the postganglionic fibers are conveyed by v to
the target structures.
Trigeminal has no preganglionic parasympathetic components
arising from the brain stem.
Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal
29. MAJOR FUNCTIONS: MOTOR: V3 MUSCLES OF MASTICATION*
Not shown is ..
Pterygoid Muscles
Moves jaw during
Chewing /
Mastication; under
voluntary and reflex
conditions.
Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal
30. Component: Motor
Function: Eyeball movement
Nucleus: Abducent nucleus in pons
Structure(s) Innervated: Lateral Rectus Muscle of Eye
Cranial Nerve VI: Abducent
31. Component #2: Motor
Nucleus location: Facial motor Nucleus in Pons
Function: Facial Expressions
Structure(s) Innervated: Muscles of the Face
Component #1: Sensory
Nucleus location: Medulla
Function: (1) Taste & (2) Proprioception
Structure(s) Innervated: (1) Anterior 2/3 of Tongue &(2)
Face and Scalp
Cranial Nerve VII: Facial
32. Component #3: Parasympathetic
Nucleus location: Superior salivatory nucleus in
medulla
Function: Salivation and Lacrimation
(drooling and tears)
Structure(s) Innervated: Salivary and Lacrimal Glands via
Submandibular and
Pterygopalatine Ganglia
Cranial Nerve VII: Facial
33. • Exit through the Internal acoustic meatus & stylomastoid
foramen.
• Facial muscles (five branches fan out over face from
stylomastoid foramen)
• Temporal
• Zygomatic
• Buccal
• Mandibular
• Cervical
• “chorda tympani” ( join V3 )
• Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
• Submandibular, sublingual salivary glands
• Lacrimal glands.
Cranial Nerve VII: Facial
34. Component: Sensory
Functions: (1) Balance
(2) Hearing
Nucleus: In Pons and Medulla
Structure(s) Innervated: • Vestibular Apparatus of
internal ear
•Cochlea of internal ear
auditory cortex in the temporal
lobes
Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulo-Choclear
37. Component #2: Motor
Nucleus location: medulla
Function: (1) swallowing and gag reflexes &
(2) tear production
Structure(s) Innervated: (1) throat muscles and (2) lacrimal
glands
Component #3: Parasympathetic
Function: saliva production
Structure(s) Innervated: parotid glands
Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal
38. Sensory branches to
Posterior 1/3 tongue
and pharynx
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
SENSORY
Pharynx
Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal
39. Remember the
supply of the
anterior two-
thirds???
General
sensations-V3
Taste-VII
General
sensations
and taste-IX
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal
40. • Supplies one muscle
of the pharynx, the
Stylopharyngeus
• Assists in swallowing
Stylopharyngeus
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal
42. Component #2: Motor
Nucleus location: medulla
Function(s): (1) heart rate & stroke volume; (2)
peristalsis; (3) air flow; (4) speech
& swallowing
Structure(s) Innervated: (1) pacemaker & ventricular
muscles; (2) smooth muscles of
the digestive tract (3) smooth
muscles in bronchial tubes (4)
muscles of larynx a & pharynx
Component #3: Parasympathetic
Structure(s) Innervated: smooth muscles and glands of the
same areas innervated by motor
component, as well as thoracic
and abdominal areas
Cranial Nerve X: Vagus
43. Component: Motor
Function: head rotation (& shoulder
shrugging!)
Nucleus location: accessory nucleus in medulla
Structure(s) Innervated: trapezius &
sternocleidomastoid muscles
Cranial Nerve XI: Accesory
44. Component: Motor
Function: Speech and swallowing
Nucleus location: In medulla
Structure(s) Innervated: Throat and tongue muscles
Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal
45. Controls shape and movements of the tongue and
helps in mastication, speech and swallowing
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal
47. • Bilateral anosmia can be caused by disease of the
olfactory mucous membrane, such as the common
cold or allergic rhinitis.
• Unilateral anosmia can result from disease affecting
the olfactory nerves, bulb, or tract.
• A lesion of the olfactory cortex on one side is unlikely
to produce complete anosmia, because fibers from
each olfactory tract travel to both cerebral
hemispheres.
Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory- Clinical Considerations
48. • Trigeminal Neuralgia
In trigenimal neuralgia, the severe, stabbing pain over
the face is of unknown cause and involves the pain fibers
of the trigeminal nerve.
Pain is felt most commonly over the skin areas
innervated by the mandibular and maxillary divisions of
the trigeminal nerve; only rarely is pain felt in the area
supplied by the ophthalmic division.
Condition typically affect in older population.
Antiepileptic medications are the most effective agents.
Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal- Clinical Considerations
49. • Bell’s Palsy
Bell palsy is a dysfunction of the facial nerve, as it lies within
the facial canal.
It is usually unilateral. The site of the dysfunction will
determine the aspects of facial nerve function that do not work.
The swelling of the nerve within the bony canal causes
pressure on the nerve fibers; this results in a temporary loss
of function of the nerve, producing a lower motor neuron type
of facial paralysis.
The affected side becomes flat and expressionless.
The cause of Bell palsy is not known; it sometimes follows
exposure of the face to a cold draft.
Cranial Nerve VII: Facial- Clinical Considerations
51. Cranial Nerve VIII: Auditory- Clinical Considerations
• Disturbance of Vestibular functions
Disturbances of vestibular nerve function include giddiness
(vertigo) and nystagmus.
Vestibular nystagmus is an uncontrollable rhythmic
oscillation of the eyes, and the fast phase is away from the
side of the lesion.
The causes of vertigo include diseases of the labyrinth, such
as Meniere's disease.
• Disturbance of Choclear functions
Disturbances of cochlear function are manifested as deafness
and tinnitus.