facial nerve is the 7th cranial nerve. it supplies the parts of the face and also the muscles of mastication. it helps in the expression of the face too.
facial nerve is the 7th cranial nerve. it supplies the parts of the face and also the muscles of mastication. it helps in the expression of the face too.
Development of tongue
Anatomy of tongue
Parts and surfaces of the tongue
Muscles of the tongue
Vascular supply of the tongue
Lymphatic drainage of the tongue
Innervation of the tongue
Examination of the tongue
Clinical considerations and diseases of the tongue
Development of tongue
Anatomy of tongue
Parts and surfaces of the tongue
Muscles of the tongue
Vascular supply of the tongue
Lymphatic drainage of the tongue
Innervation of the tongue
Examination of the tongue
Clinical considerations and diseases of the tongue
Cranial nerves.pptx by thirumurugan, MScthiru murugan
Cranial nerves
M. Thiru murugan
Cranial nerves
The cranial nerves are a set of 12 paired nerves in the back of brain.
Cranial nerves send electrical signals between brain, face, neck and torso.
Cranial nerves help to see, taste, smell, hear and feel sensations.
They also helps in facial expressions, blink eyes and movement of tongue
Each has a different function for sense or movement
Each nerve has a name that reflects its function and a number according to its location in the brain
The general functions of the cranial nerves are sensory, motor, or both (mixed)
Sensory cranial nerves help a person to see, smell, and hear
Motor cranial nerves help control muscle movements
Name of the Cranial nerves
Olfactory nerve
Optic nerve
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Abducens nerve
Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Location (origin) of the cranial nerves:
2 cranial nerve pairs originate from cerebrum. These two pairs of cranial nerves include:
Olfactory nerves responsible for sense of smell.
Optic nerves responsible for sense of vision
The other 10 pairs of cranial nerves start in brainstem.
The longest cranial nerve:
The longest cranial nerve is the vagus nerve.
Vagus nerve has both sensory and motor functions.
It runs through many parts of the body, including tongue, throat , heart and digestive system.
Cranial nerve function:
I. Olfactory nerve:
The olfactory nerve sends sensory information to brain about smells
Epithelium in nose stimulates receptors that generate nerve impulses that move to olfactory bulb.
From the olfactory bulb, nerves pass into olfactory tract, which is located below the frontal lobe of brain.
Nerve signals are then sent to areas of brain concerned with memory and recognition of smells.
II. Optic nerve:
The optic nerve is the sensory nerve that involves vision.
When light enters the eye, it comes into contact with special receptors in retina called rods and cones.
The information received by rods and cones is sent from retina to optic nerve.
Optic nerves meet to form something called the optic chiasm.
At the optic chiasm, nerve fibers form two separate optic tracts.
Through each optic tract, the nerve impulses reach visual cortex of brain for achieving vision
III. Oculomotor nerve:
The oculomotor nerve has 2 different motor functions: muscle function & pupil response.
Muscle function: oculomotor nerve provides motor function to four of the six muscles around eyes. These muscles help the eyes move and focus on objects.
Pupil response: It also helps to control the size of pupil as it responds to light.
IV. Trochlear nerve:
The trochlear nerve controls superior oblique muscle. This is the muscle that’s in charge of downward, outward, and inward eye movements.
V. The trigeminal nerve:
It has both sensory and motor functions. The trigeminal nerve has 3 divisions:
Ophthalmic: The ophthalmic division sends sensory information from
This presentation was developed by me and another classmate to present some of the major features and characteristics of the nervous system as relating to orofacial structures. We also focused on learning how to make adjustments and adaptations for individuals with nervous system disorders.
FACIAL NERVE AND IT'S APPLIED ANATOMY AND IT'S SIGNIFICANCE FOR A DENTIST ALONG WITH THE CAUTIONS TO AVOID AN IATROGENIC INJURY TO FACIAL NERVE AND THE MANAGEMENT OF A PATIENT OF FACIAL NERVE DISORDER DURING ENDODONTIC PROCEDURES
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
3. Cranial Nerves
• Cranial nerves are the 12 nerves of the peripheral nervous system that emerge
from the foramina and fissures of the cranium .
• All cranial nerves originate from nuclei in the brain .
• Two originate from the forebrain (olfactory and Optic ) , one has a nucleus in the
spinal cord (accessory) , while the remainder originate from the brainstem .
• List of cranial nerves are :-
1. Olfactory 2. Optic
3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear
5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens
7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear
9. Glossopharyngeal 10. Vagus
11. Accessory 12.Hypoglossal
4. Olfactory Nerve (CN I)
• Cranial nerve 1 is a special somatic afferent nerve which innervates the olfactory mucosa
within the nasal cavity .
• Function :- It carries information about smell to the brain .
• Pathway
Bipolar cells in neuro epithelium in upper nose
Olfactory nerves
Pass through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Anterior perforated substance and uncus
Medial and lateral olfactory striae to uncus and anterior commissure
6. Optic Nerve (CN II)
• Cranial nerve 2 is a special somatic afferent nerve which innervates retina of the eye
.
• Function :- It brings visual information to the brain .
• Pathway
Bipolar cells of retina synapse with ganglion cells Optic nerve leaves through optic
canal Optic chiasma
Superior colliculus Optic tract Pre tectal nucleus
Lateral geniculate body
Optic radiation
Visual cortex
8. Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
• Cranial nerve 3 is both a somatic and visceral efferent motor nerve . It
has two nuclei and carries two types of efferent fibers .
• Function :- It innervates eye muscles and enables eye movement ,
constriction of the pupil and lens .
• Pathway
Emerges through midbrain (ventrally) between posterior cerebral and
superior cerebellar branches of basilar artery Lateral wall of cavernous
sinus Divides into superior and inferior division Superior orbital
fissure Orbit Muscles of orbit except lateral rectus and superior
oblique (branch to inferior oblique carries parasympathetic fibers )
10. Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)
• Cranial nerve 4 is a general somatic motor nerve .
• Function :- It supplies one extraocular muscle thus playing a role in eye movement .
• Pathway
Emerges dorsally from midbrain just inferior to the inferior colliculi
Curves around cerebral peduncles between posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar branches of basilar
artery
Enters lateral wall of cavernous sinus below 3rd nerve
Superior orbital fissure
Orbital cavity
Superior oblique muscles
11. Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
• Cranial nerve 5 is a mixed nerve ,containing both special visceral and
general somatic fibers .
• Function :- It supplies sensation to the facial skin .
• Pathway
Emerges from pons ventrally by a large sensory and smaller motor root
Traverses post. Cranial fossa Reaches apex of petrous part of
temporal bone in middle cranial fossa Trigeminal ganglion
Divides into 3 division
13. Abducens Nerve (CN VI)
• Cranial nerve 6 is a general somatic efferent nerve .
• Function :- It innervates the lateral rectus muscle .
• Pathway
Emerges from anterior aspect of junction of pons and medulla
Posterior cranial fossa Cavernous sinus in middle cranial fossa
Superior orbital fissure Orbital cavity Lateral rectus muscle
15. Facial Nerve (CN VII)
• Facial nerve 7 is a multimodal nerve carrying both general and special fibers .
• Function :- it is motor to muscles of facial expression , sensory to pre sulcal area of
tongue and secretomotor to submandibular and sublingual glands .
• Pathway
Two roots emerge from ponto medullary junction
Posterior cranial fossa internal acoustic meatus petrous part of temporal
bone facial canal stylo mastoid foramen
in the neck
pierces parotid gland
divides into five terminal branches
17. Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)
• Cranial nerve 8 is a special somatic afferent nerve . It is composed of two parts :
the vestibular nerve and the cochlear nerve .
• Function :- cochlear component enables hearing and vestibular component mediates
balance and motion .
• Pathway
Vestibular component arise from vestibular nuclei complex in pons and medulla
cochlear component arise from ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei in the inferior
cerebellar peduncle
Both sets combine in pons to form vestibulocochlear nerve
Nerve emerge from brain at cerebellopontine angle and exit cranium via internal acoustic
meatus at the distal end of internal acoustic meatus nerve splits forming
vestibular and cochlear nerve
19. Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
• Cranial nerve 9 is a multimodal mixed nerve .
• Function :- It supplies stylopharyngeus muscle , secretomotor fibers to
parotid gland and sensory fibers to tonsil , pharynx and posterior 1/3 of
tongue .
• Pathway
Glossopharyngeal nerve originates in the medulla oblongata of the brain
It emerges from the anterior aspect of medulla , moving laterally in the
posterior cranial fossa
The nerve leaves the cranium via jugular foramen
21. Vagus Nerve (CN X)
• Vagus nerve is a multimodal mixed nerve . It is the longest cranial nerve and only one which leaves head
and neck region .
• Function :- Vagus nerve controls number of functions including gland secretions , peristalsis , phonation ,
taste , visceral and general sensation of head , thorax and abdomen .
• Pathway
Emerges from upper medulla through posterolateral fissure (8-10 rootlets)
Posterior cranial fossa
Jugular foramen
Carotid sheath
Lies ant. to 1st part of subclavian artery thorax
23. Accessory nerve (CN XI)
• Cranial nerve 11 is an efferent nerve . It has two roots spinal and cranial .
• Function :- It innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle .
• Pathway
Spinal portion arises from neurons of upper spinal cord specially C1-6 spinal
nerve roots
These fibers coalesce to form spinal part of accessory nerve , which runs
superiorly to enter cranial cavity via foramen magnum
Cranial portion arises from medulla oblongata and leaves the cranium via
jugular foramen
25. Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
• Cranial nerve 12 is a general somatic efferent nerve .
• Function :- It supplies all the tongue muscles except palatoglossus.
• Pathway
Medulla oblongata
Posterior cranial fossa
Hypoglossal canal
Inferiorly to the angle of mandible
Tongue muscles