The 12 pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brain and pass through openings in the skull bones. They are categorized as sensory, motor, or mixed nerves. The document then proceeds to describe each of the 12 cranial nerves individually, detailing their origin, branches, functions, and innervations. It provides information on sensory and motor fibers for each nerve.
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
a very short and concise head and neck anatomy presentation; an overview of head and neck anatomy prepared for a mixed audience from different backgrounds
Ascending tracts
They are located in the white matter
Conduct afferent information (May or may not reach consciousness)
There are 2 types of information
Exteroceptive : Originates from outside the body (Pain, temperature & touch)
Proprioceptive : Originates from inside the body (From muscles & joints)
Normally there are 3 neurons in an ascending pathway
1st order neuron : Cell body is in the posterior root ganglion
2nd order neuron : Decussates (Crosses to the opposite side) & ascends to a higher level of the CNS
3rd neuron : Located in the thalamus & passes to a sensory region of the cortex
Thalamus-Anatomy,Physiology,Applied aspectsRanadhi Das
Thalamus is a very important relay station.
All general and special sensory impulses (except smell) & afferent impulses from RAS are integrated here.
Thalamus however is the center of pain and protopathic sensations.
It has other non sensory functions as well, like motor control, sleep, wakefulness.
It is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon, the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum.
The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of 4 parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus (formerly called ventral thalamus) and dorsal thalamus.
white fibers of the cerebrum, commissural fibers, association fibers and radiation fibers, examples of each types of cerebral fibers, corpus callosum, fornix, habenular commisure, anterior commissure, posterior commissure, superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, occipital fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, projection fibers, corona radiata, optic radiation
a very short and concise head and neck anatomy presentation; an overview of head and neck anatomy prepared for a mixed audience from different backgrounds
Ascending tracts
They are located in the white matter
Conduct afferent information (May or may not reach consciousness)
There are 2 types of information
Exteroceptive : Originates from outside the body (Pain, temperature & touch)
Proprioceptive : Originates from inside the body (From muscles & joints)
Normally there are 3 neurons in an ascending pathway
1st order neuron : Cell body is in the posterior root ganglion
2nd order neuron : Decussates (Crosses to the opposite side) & ascends to a higher level of the CNS
3rd neuron : Located in the thalamus & passes to a sensory region of the cortex
Thalamus-Anatomy,Physiology,Applied aspectsRanadhi Das
Thalamus is a very important relay station.
All general and special sensory impulses (except smell) & afferent impulses from RAS are integrated here.
Thalamus however is the center of pain and protopathic sensations.
It has other non sensory functions as well, like motor control, sleep, wakefulness.
It is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon, the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum.
The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of 4 parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus (formerly called ventral thalamus) and dorsal thalamus.
white fibers of the cerebrum, commissural fibers, association fibers and radiation fibers, examples of each types of cerebral fibers, corpus callosum, fornix, habenular commisure, anterior commissure, posterior commissure, superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, occipital fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, projection fibers, corona radiata, optic radiation
Cranial nerves.pptx by thirumurugan, MScthiru murugan
Cranial nerves
M. Thiru murugan
Cranial nerves
The cranial nerves are a set of 12 paired nerves in the back of brain.
Cranial nerves send electrical signals between brain, face, neck and torso.
Cranial nerves help to see, taste, smell, hear and feel sensations.
They also helps in facial expressions, blink eyes and movement of tongue
Each has a different function for sense or movement
Each nerve has a name that reflects its function and a number according to its location in the brain
The general functions of the cranial nerves are sensory, motor, or both (mixed)
Sensory cranial nerves help a person to see, smell, and hear
Motor cranial nerves help control muscle movements
Name of the Cranial nerves
Olfactory nerve
Optic nerve
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Abducens nerve
Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Location (origin) of the cranial nerves:
2 cranial nerve pairs originate from cerebrum. These two pairs of cranial nerves include:
Olfactory nerves responsible for sense of smell.
Optic nerves responsible for sense of vision
The other 10 pairs of cranial nerves start in brainstem.
The longest cranial nerve:
The longest cranial nerve is the vagus nerve.
Vagus nerve has both sensory and motor functions.
It runs through many parts of the body, including tongue, throat , heart and digestive system.
Cranial nerve function:
I. Olfactory nerve:
The olfactory nerve sends sensory information to brain about smells
Epithelium in nose stimulates receptors that generate nerve impulses that move to olfactory bulb.
From the olfactory bulb, nerves pass into olfactory tract, which is located below the frontal lobe of brain.
Nerve signals are then sent to areas of brain concerned with memory and recognition of smells.
II. Optic nerve:
The optic nerve is the sensory nerve that involves vision.
When light enters the eye, it comes into contact with special receptors in retina called rods and cones.
The information received by rods and cones is sent from retina to optic nerve.
Optic nerves meet to form something called the optic chiasm.
At the optic chiasm, nerve fibers form two separate optic tracts.
Through each optic tract, the nerve impulses reach visual cortex of brain for achieving vision
III. Oculomotor nerve:
The oculomotor nerve has 2 different motor functions: muscle function & pupil response.
Muscle function: oculomotor nerve provides motor function to four of the six muscles around eyes. These muscles help the eyes move and focus on objects.
Pupil response: It also helps to control the size of pupil as it responds to light.
IV. Trochlear nerve:
The trochlear nerve controls superior oblique muscle. This is the muscle that’s in charge of downward, outward, and inward eye movements.
V. The trigeminal nerve:
It has both sensory and motor functions. The trigeminal nerve has 3 divisions:
Ophthalmic: The ophthalmic division sends sensory information from
this presentation consist of introduction to types of nerves, structure of nerve and cranial nerves. there is a detail description about, origin , course of the trigeminal nerve and its branches and the structures supplying the nerve. it also contains applied anatomy of the nerve and its importance of the nerve in oral and maxillofacial surgeries. a detail description about the examination of the trigeminal nerve is also mentioned in the presentation. hoping that it would be useful to the students and people seeking for knowledge about the trigeminal nerve.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Introduction
• The 12 pairs of cranial nerves arise
from the brain inside the cranial
cavity and pass through various
foramina in the bones of the
cranium.
• Divides into 3 functions: Sensory
nerves, Motor nerves and Mixed
nerves.
7. CRANIAL
NERVEFIBERS
Efferent -
Motor
Afferent -
sensory
Skeletal
muscles
Visceral (smooth)
muscles
Developed from
Somatic
mesoderm
Developed from
Special visceral mesoderm
Branchial arches
General somatic Efferent
GSE
Special Visceral Efferent
SVE
General Visceral Efferent
GVE
General
sensory
Special
sensory
Somatic Visceral
Somatic Visceral
General Visceral Afferent
GVA
general somatic Afferent
GSA
Special Somatic Afferent
SSA
Special Visceral Afferent
SVA
9. Olfactory Nerve (I)
•
•
Sensory nerve
Contain axons that
conduct impulses for
olfaction, the sense of
smell.
The olfactory
epithelium occupies the
superior part of the
nasal cavity, covering
the inferior surface of
the cribriform plate and
extending down along
the superior nasal
conchae.
•
10.
11. Olfactory Nerve (I)
• The olfactory receptors
within the olfactory
epithelium are bipolar
neuron.
Each has a single odor
sensitive dendrite projecting
from one side of the cell body
and an unmylinated axons
extending from the other
side.
Bundle of axons of olfactory
receptors extend through
about 20 olfactory foramina
in the cribriform plate of the
•
•
ethmoid bone.
12. Olfactory Nerve (I)
• Olfactory nerves end in the brain in paired masses of
gray matter called the olfactory bulbs. Two extensions
of the brain that rest on the cribriform plate.
Within the olfactory bulbs, the axon terminals of
olfactory receptor form synapses with the dendrite and
cell bodies of the next neurons in the olfactory
pathway.
The axons of these neuron make up the olfactory tract,
which extend posteriorly from the olfactory bulbs.
Axons in the olfactory tract end in the primary olfactory
area in the temporal lobe of the temporal cerebral
•
•
•
cortex.
13. Optic Nerve (II)
•
•
Sensory nerve
Contains axons that conduct nerve impulses for
vision.
In the retina, rods and cones initiate visual signals
and relay them to bipolar cells, which transmit the
signals to ganglion cells.
Axons of all ganglion cells in the retina of each eye
join to form an optic nerve, which pass through the
optic foramen.
•
•
14.
15. •
•
•
• Posterior to the eyeball, the two optic nerves merge
to form the optic chiasm.
Within the chiasm, axons from the medial half of
each eye cross to the opposite side, axons from the
lateral half is remain on the same side.
Posterior to the chiasm, the regrouped axons, some
from each eye, form the optic tracts.
Most axons in the optic tracts end in the lateral
geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
Optic Nerve (II)
16. •
•
• There, they synapse with neuron whose axons
extend to the primary visual area in the occipital lobe
of the cerebral cortex.
A few axons pass through the optic chiasm and then
extend to the superior colliculi of the midbrain.
They synapse with motor neurons that control the
extrinsic (move the eyeball) and intrinsic eye
muscles (control light intensity).
Optic Nerve (II)
17.
18. Oculomotor Nerve (III)
•
•
Motor nerve
Oculomotor nerve extends anteriorly and divides into
superior and inferior branches, both of which pass
through the superior orbital fissure into the orbit.
Axons in the superior branch innervate the superior
rectus (extrinsic eyeball muscle) and the levator
palpebrae superioris (muscles of upper eyelid).
•
19. •
•
• Axons in the inferior branch supply the medial rectus,
inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles (all
extrinsic eyeball muscles).
Theses somatic motor neurons control movements of
the eyeball and upper eyelid.
The inferior branch of the oculomtor nerve also
provides parasympathetic innervation to intrinsic
eyeball muscles, which are smooth muscles.
Oculomotor Nerve (III)
20. • They include the ciliary muscles of the eyeball and the
circular muscles (sphincter pupillae) of the iris.
Parasympatethic impulses propagate from oculomotor
nucleus in the midbrain to the ciliary ganglion, a relay
centre of the autonomic nervous system.
•
• From the ciliary ganglion, parasympathetic axons to
the ciliary muscles, which adjust the lens for near
vision.
• Other parasympathetic axons stimulate the circular
muscles of the iris to contract when bright light
stimulate the eye, causing decrease in the size of the
pupil (constriction).
Oculomotor Nerve (III)
21. •
•
•
• Proprioceptive sensory axons from the extrinsic
eyeball muscles begin their course towards the brain
in the oculomotor nerve but eventually leave the
nerve to join ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve.
They do not return to the brain in the oculomotor
nerve.
The cell bodies of the sensory axons reside in the
trigeminal ganglion, and they enter the midbrain via
trigeminal nerve.
These axons convey nerve impulses for
proprioception, the nonvisual perception of the
movements and position of the body, from extrinsic
eyeball muscles.
Oculomotor Nerve (III)
23. •
• The motor neurons originate in the trochlear nucleus
in the midbrain, and axons from the nucleus pass
through the superior orbital fissure of orbit.
These somatic motor axons innervate the superior
oblique muscles of the eyeball. (extrinsic eyeball
muscle that control movement of the eyeball)
•
•
• Proprioceptive sensory axons from the superior
oblique muscle begin their course toward the brain in
the trochlear nerve but eventually leave the nerve to
join ophtalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve.
They do not return to the brain in the trochlear nerve.
The cells body of sensory neurons reside in the
trigeminal ganglion, and they enter the midbrain via
trigeminal nerve.
Trochlear Nerve (IV)
24. • Like those of the oculomotor nerve, these axons
convey nerve impulses for proprioception, the
nonvisual perception of the movements and position
of the body, from extrinsic eyeball muscles.
Trochlear Nerve (IV)
25. Trigeminal Nerve (V)
•
•
•
Mixed nerve
Largest cranial nerve
2 roots from
venterolateral of the
pons
Have large sensory
root and small motor
root
•
26. •
• Large sensory root
– Has swelling part –
trigeminal ganglion
– Trigeminal ganglion
located in the fossa inner
surface of petrous
portion.
– The trigeminal ganglion
contain cell bodies of
most of the primary
sensory neurons.
Small motor root
– Originate from nucleusin
the pons
Trigeminal Nerve (V)
28. • Ophthalmic Branch
– Smallest branches of T.N
– Enter orbit through superior orbital fissure
– Contain sensory axon from; (1) skin over upper
eyelid, (2) eyeball, (3) lacrimal gland, (4) upper part
of nasal cavity, (5)side of the nose, forehead,
anterior half of the scalp.
Trigeminal Nerve (V)
29. • Maxillary Branch
– Intermediate in size
– Enter the foramen rotundum of sphenoid
– Contain sensory axon from; (1)mucosa layer of the
nose, (2) palate, (3) part of the pharynx, (4) upper
teeth, (5) upper lips, (6) lower eyelid.
Trigeminal Nerve (V)
30. •
•
• Mandibular Branch
– Largest T.N
– Exits through the foramen ovale of sphenoid
– Contain sensory axons from : (1) anterior 2/3 tongue,
(2) cheek and mucosa deep into it, (3) lower teeth, (4)
skin over the mandible and side of the head anterior
to the ear, (5) mucosa of the floor of the mouth.
The sensory axons from 3 branches enter the
trigeminal ganglion and terminate in the nuclei in the
pons.
The trigeminal nerve also contain sensory fiber from
proprioceptors located in the muscles of the
mastication
Trigeminal Nerve (V)
31. •
•
• Somatic motor axons of the trigeminal nerve are part of
the mandibular nerve and supply muscles of
mastication.
Masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid,
anterior belly of digastric, mylohyoid and tensor
tympani.
Important control chewing movements.
Trigeminal Nerve (V)
32. • Trigeminal Nerve Nuclei: It has four
nucleus:
• (1) Main sensory nucleus.
• (2) Spinal nucleus.
• (3)Mesencephalic nucleus.
• (4) Motor nucleus.
• Main sensory nucleus lies in posterior part of pons
lateral to the motor nucleus.
• Spinal nucleus continuous superiorly with main
sensory nucleus and extends inferiorly through
medulla oblongata and into upper part of
spinal cord as far as second cervical segment.
• Mesencephalic Nucleus composed of unipolar cells
situated in lateral part of gray matter around cerebral
aqueduct.
• It extends inferiorly into pons as far as main
sensory nucleus.
• Motor nucleus is situated in pons medial to main
sensory nucleus.
53. • Somatic motor axons
extend from the nucleus to
the lateral rectus muscle of
the eyeball, through the
superior orbital fissure of
the orbit.
Nerve impulses cause
abduction of the eyeball
•
Abducens Nerve (VI)
54. •
•
•
• Proprioceptive sensory axons from the lateral rectus
muscle begin their course toward the brain in the
abducens nerve but eventually leave the nerve to
join ophtalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve.
They do not return to the brain in the abducens
nerve.
The cells body of sensory neurons reside in the
trigeminal ganglion, and they enter the midbrain via
trigeminal nerve.
These axons convey nerve impulses for
proprioception, the nonvisual perception of the
movements and position of the body, fro extrinsic
eyeball muscles.
Abducens Nerve (VI)
55. Facial Nerve (VII)
•
•
Mixed nerve
Sensory axons extend from the taste buds of the
tongue (anterior 2/3) through the geniculate ganglion
(a cluster of cell bodies of sensory neuron that lies
beside facial nerve, and end in the pons)
Sensory portion of the facial nerve also contain axons
from proprioceprors in muscles of the face and scalp
and from skin in the ear canal.
•
56. • Axons of somatic motor
neurons arise from nucleus in
the pons, pass through petrous
portion of temporal and
innervate facial, scalp and neck
muscles.
Innervations this axons cause
contraction of facial
expression muscles, plus
stylohyoid, posteriorbelly of
•
digastric, and stapedius in the
ear.
Facial Nerve (VII)
57. •
Axons of parasymapthetic
neuron that are part of the
facial nerve end in 2
parasymapthetic ganglia;
pterygopalatine and
submandibular ganglion.
From this 2 ganglia, other
parasympathetic axons
extends to the lacrimal gland,
nasal gland, palatine gland,
sublingual and submandibular
gland.
•
67. • Vestibular branch
– Carry impulses fro equibilirium
– Sensory axons in the vestibular branch arise from semicircular
canals, the saccule, and the utricle of the inner ear.
– Then extend to the vestibular ganglion, where the cell bodies
are located.
– And end in the vestibular nuclei in the medulla oblongata.
– Some sensory axons enter the cerebellum via the inferior
cerebellar peduncle.
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)
68. • Cochlear Branch
– Carry impulses for hearing
– Sensory axons in the cochlear branch arise in the spiral
organ (Organ of Corti) in the cochlea of the inner ear.
– The cell bodies of cochlear branch sensory neurons are
located in the spiral ganglion of the cochlea.
– From there axons extend to cochlear nuclei in the medulla
oblongata.
69. Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
•
•
Mix nerve
Sensory axons of GN arise from :
– Taste buds and somatic sensory receptor on the
posterior 1/3 of tongue
– Proprioceptors in swallowing muscles supply by
motor portion
– Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus
– Chemoreseptor in the carotid body
70. Hermizan Halihanafiah
•
• The cell bodies of these sensory neurons are
located in the superior and inferior ganglia.
From these ganglia, sensory axons pass through
the jugular foramen and end in the medulla
oblongata.
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
71. • Axons of motor neurons in GN arise in nuclei of the
MO and exit the skull through the jugular foramen.
Somatic motor neuron innervate the stylopharyngeus
muscle and autonomic motor neurons
(parasympathetic) stimulate the parotid gland to
secrete saliva.
Some of the sell bodies of parasymapthetic motor
•
•
neuron are located in the otic ganglion.
72. Vagus Nerve (X)
•
•
Mixed nerve
Sensory axon arise from:
– Skin of the external ear
– A few taste bud in the epiglottis and pharynx
– Proprioceptors in muscles of the neck and throat
– Baroreceptor in the arch of aorta
– Chemoreceptor in the aortic bodies
– Visceral sensory receptors in the most organs of thoracic and
abdominal cavities.
73. • These axons pass
through the jugular
foramen and end in
the MO and pons
The somatic motor
neurons, arise from
nuclei in the MO
and supply muscle
of the pharynx,
larynx, and soft
palate that used in
swallowing and
vocalization.
•
74. • Axons autonomic motor neuron (parasympathetic) in
the vagus nerve originate in nuclei of MO and end in
the lungs and heart.
Vagal parasympathetic axons also supply gland of GIT
and smooth muscles of respiratory tract, esophagus,
stomach, gallbladder, small intestine and most of the
large intestine.
•
75. Accessory Nerve (XI)
•
•
Motor nerve
Motor axons arise in the anterior gray of the 1st 5
segments of the cervical portion of the spinal cord.
The axons from the segment exit the spinal cord
laterally and come together, pass through the foramen
magnum and exit through the jugular foramen along
with the vagus nerve.
•
76. • The AN convey motor impulses to the
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles to
coordinate head movement.
Sesnory axons in the AN originate from proprioceptors
in the muscles supplied by its motor neurons begins
their course toward the brain in the AN but eventually
leave the nerve and to join the cervical plexus.
•
77. • From cervical plexus, they enetr the spinal cord via the
posterior root of the cervical spinal nerve to pass to
and end in the MO.
The sensory axon do not return to the barin in the AN
and, like all sensory axon, have their cell bodies in
posterior root ganglion.
•
78. Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
•
•
Motor nerve
Somatic motor axons originate in the hypoglossal
nuclei in the MO, pass through the hypoglossal canal,
and supply the muscles of the tongue.
These axons conduct impulses for speech and
•
swallowing.
79. • Sensory axons that originate from proprioceptors in
the tongue muscles begin their course towards the
brain in the hypoglossal nerve.
They leave the nerve and join cervical spinal nerve and
end in the MO, again entering the CNC via posterior
root of cervical spinal nerve.
The sensory axons do not return to the brain in the
•
•
hypoglossal nerve.