The midbrain, or mesencephalon (plural: mesencephala or mesencephalons), is the most rostral part of the brainstem and sits above the pons and is adjoined rostrally to the thalamus. During development, the midbrain forms from the middle of three vesicles that arise from the neural tube.
When viewed in cross-section, the midbrain can be divided into three portions:
tectum (posterior)
tegmentum
cerebral peduncles (anterior)
The midbrain, or mesencephalon (plural: mesencephala or mesencephalons), is the most rostral part of the brainstem and sits above the pons and is adjoined rostrally to the thalamus. During development, the midbrain forms from the middle of three vesicles that arise from the neural tube.
When viewed in cross-section, the midbrain can be divided into three portions:
tectum (posterior)
tegmentum
cerebral peduncles (anterior)
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Maxilla, Mandible & Hyoid Bone & Clinical Correlations by Dr. RIG.pptx
THYROID.pptx
1. • FROM GREEK thyreoeides=
SHIELD SHAPE
• ENDOCRINE GLAND
• REGULATES BMR
• STMULATES SOMATIC AND
MENTAL GROWTH
• PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLE IN
CALCIUM METABOLISM
2.
3.
4. • TWO LOBES JOINED BY
ISTHMUS
• PYRAMIDAL LOBE (80%)
PROJECT UPWARDS FROM
ISTHMUS OR EITHER OF THE
LOBES
• A FIBROMUSCULAR BAND
levator glandulae thyroideae
DESCEND FROM THE BODY
OF THE HYOID BONE TO
ISTHMUS OR TO PYRAMIDAL
LOBE
5. • GLAND LIES AGAINST C5,6,7
&T1 VERTEBRAE
• CLASPS THE UPPER PART OF
TRACHEA
•EACH LOBE EXTENDS FROM MIDDLE OF THYROID
CARTILAGE
TO 4TH OR 5TH TRACHEAL RING
•ISTHMUS EXTENDS FROM 2ND TO THE 3RD
TRACHEAL
29. SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT OF BERRY
• THE PRETRACHEAL LAYER IS THIN ALONG THE
POSTERIOR BORDER OF THE LOBES, BUT THICK ON
THE INNER SURFACE OF THE GLAND WHERE IT
FORMS A SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT OF BERRY
WHICH CONNECTS THE GLAND TO THE CRICOID
CARTILAGE
30. WHY THYROID MOVES WITH DEGLUTITION
• DURING 1 STAGE OF DEGLUTITION
ST
• HYOID MOVES UP
• PULLS PRETRACHEAL FASCIA UP
• THIS PULLS LIGAMENT OF BERRY UP
• THIS PULLS THYROID UP
31. ALL STRUCTURES ENCLOSED IN THE
PRETRACHEAL FASCIA MOVES UP WITH
DEGLUTITION
• THYROGLOSSAL CYST
• SUBHYOID BURSITIS
• PRE TRACHEAL LYMPH NODES
• PRE LARYNGEAL LYMPH NODES
33. • 3 VEINS
• SUP THYROID VEIN DRAINS INTO IJV OR COMMON
FACIAL V.
• MIDDLE THYROID VEIN DRAINS TO IJV
• INFERIOR THYROID VEIN INTO LEFT
BRACHICEPHALIC V.
• A 4 VEIN OF KOCHER’S
TH B/W MIDDLE AND
INFERIOR VEINAND DRAIN INTO IJV
35. Innervation
Principally from ANS
• Parasympathetic fibers –from vagus
• Sympathetic fibers –from superior, middle,
and inferior ganglia of the sympathetic trunk
Enter the gland along with the blood vessels.
36. LYMPHATICS
• PRIMARILY TO INTERNAL JUGULAR NODES
• SUPERIOR POLE & MEDIAL ISTHMUS TTO SUPERIOR
GROUP
• LOWER POLE OF THYROID TO INFERIOR GROUP
• EMPTY INTO PRETRACHEAL & PARATRACHEAL
NODES
37.
38. APPLIED ANATOMY
• RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE SUPPLIES THE
INTRINSIC MUSCLE OF LARYNX EXCEPT
CRICOTHYROID WHICH IS SUPPLIED BY
EXTERNAL LARYNGEAL NERVE
• ACIDENTAL DAMAGE TO THIS NERVE DURING
SURGERY CAUSES IPSILATERAL VOCAL CORD
PARALYSIS
• & DIFFICULTY IN PHONATION
39. • RT SIDE IT ORIGINATES FROM VAGUS
CROSSES FIRST PART OF SUBCLAVIAN.A
LOOPS UNDER IT RUNS OBLIQUE TO ENTER
LARYNX AT LEVEL OF CRICOID
40. • LEFT SIDE AFTER ORIGIN FROM VAGUS
CROSSES AORTIC ARCH LOOPS
POSTERIORLY AROUND LIGAMENTUM
ARTERIOSUS ASCENDS MEDIALLY IN
TRACHEO ESOPHAGEAL GROOVE
• SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE HAS
INTERNAL BRANCH(SENSORY) & EXTERNAL
BRANCH(MOTOR)HELPS IN VOCAL CORD
TENSION AND PITCH OF VOICE
41. • SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE RUNS IN CLOSE
PROXIMITY TO SUPERIOR POLE VESSELS, TO
AVOID INJURY SUPERIOR POLE VESSELS
SHOULD BE INDIVIDUALLY LIGATED & DIVIDED
LOW ON THYROID GLAND AND DISSECTED
LATERALLY TO CRICOTHYROID MUSCLE
42. – THE INF. PARATHYROID
DEVELOPS FROM THE
ENDODERM OF THE THIRD
PHARYNGEAL POUCH
– SUP. PARATHYROID DEVELOPS
FROM THE ENDODERM OF
THE FOURTH PHARYNGEAL
POUCH
N.B.
THE SUP. PARATHYROID
DEVELOPS FROM THE CAU
PHARYNGEAL COMPLEX AL
WITH THE PARAFOLLICULAR
CELLS
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58. THYROGLOSSAL CYST
• CAN BE FORMED IN ANY PART OF THE
THYROGLOSSAL TRACT
• SWELLING MOVES WITH PROTRUSION OF TONGUE
AS WELL AS SWALLOWING BECAUSE OF THE
ATTACHMENT TO THE FORAMEN CAECUM
• CYST >1CM WHICH PERSISTS SHOULD BE EXCISED
(SISTRUNK)
