Cranial and spinal nerves
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Cranial and spinal nerves
- 3. Olfactory nerve (I.): sense of smell It is a set of fine axons that run from the nasal epithelium to the olfactory bulb so it is not really a nerve, but part of the brain. Those axons run through the ethmoid bone (cribriform plate).
- 4. Optic nerve (II.): vision Grows out from retinal ganglion cells (inner layer of the retina). Two optic nerves make optic chiasm. It is part of the brain.
- 5. Oculomotor nerve (III.): eye movements, pupillary constriction and accommodation; muscles of eyelid – Emerges from the interpeduncular fossa in the midbrain (mesencephalon). – Somatic motor component innervates muscles of the eyeball (not all of them) and muscle that elevates the eyelid. – Visceral motor component is parasympathetic preganglionic outflow that is involved in constricting the pupil.
- 6. Trochlear nerve (IV.): eye movements (intorsion, downward gaze) – Emerges from the dorsal aspect of the brain stem (midbrain). – It is only cranial nerve that exits on the dorsal side of the central nervous system. – It has only somatic motor outflow that innervates superior oblique muscle of the eyeball (inward and downward gaze).
- 7. Trigeminal nerve (V.): motor and sensory, somatic sensation from face, mouth and cornea; muscles of mastication – Only nerve emerging from the ventro-lateral aspect of the pons. – Branchial motor component is for muscles of mastication. – General somatic sensory component for somatic sensation from face, mouth and cornea.
- 8. Abducens nerve (VI.): eye movements (abduction or lateral movements) – Emerges from the junctional region between pons and medulla oblongata, close to the midline. – Single somatic motor output for lateral rectus muscle of the eyeball.
- 9. Facial nerve (VII.): controles the muscles of facial expression, taste from anterior tongue, lacrimal and salivary glands – Emerges from the junctional region between pons and medulla oblongata. – Branchial motor component supplies the muscles of facial expression. – Parasympathetic outflow for the numerous glands in the cranial region: lacrimal and salivary glands (exept for the parotid gland). – Special visceral outflow (sense of taste) from anterior two thirds of the tongue. – General somatic sensory component: small patch of skin in the ear.
- 10. Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII.): hearing, sense of balance – Emerges from the junctional region between pons and medulla oblongata. – It is the most lateral nerve emerging from the junctional region. – Special sensory nerve: hearing (cochlea) and sense of balance (labyrinth).
- 11. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX.): sensation from posterior tongue and pharynx, taste from posterior tongue, carotid baroreceptors and chemoreceptors – Emerges from the medulla oblongata. – Branchial motor component for the innervation of the muscles around the pharynx. – Parasympathetic outflow for the parotid gland. – Special visceral sense of taste from the posterior one third of the tongue. – General visceral sensory output from the carotid bodies which are important for regulating blood pressure, cardiac output and respiration rate. – Somatic sensory component: small patch of skin from the external ear.
- 12. Vagus nerve (X.): autonomic functions of gut, sensation from larynx and pharynx, muscles of vocal cords, swallowing – Emerges from the medulla oblongata. – Branchial motor component provide innervation to muscles of the posterior pharynx and the region of the larynx. – Parasympathetic outflow for the viscera in the thorax and in the upper part of the abdomen. – Special visceral sensation of taste from some taste buds in the posterior part of the oral cavity. – Visceral sensory signal for regulation of cardiovascular system (aortic arch). – Somatic general sensory innervation to a patch of skin around the external auditory meatus.
- 13. Spinal accessory nerve (XI.): shoulder and neck muscles –Emerges from the medulla oblongata. –Branchial motor output for the upper part of the trapezius muscle and the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
- 14. Hypoglossal nerve (XII.): movements of tongue –Emerges from the medulla oblongata, between medullary pyramid and olive. –Somatic motor output for tongue muscles.
- 16. Cranial nerves nuclei in the brain stem –4 somatic motor nuclei –4 branchial motor nuclei –4 parasympathetic motor nuclei –4 sensory nuclei
- 17. Somatic motor nuclei –Oculomotor nucleus –Trochlear nerve nucleus –Abducens nucleus –Hypoglossal nucleus
- 18. Branchial motor nuclei –Trigeminal motor nucleus –Facial nucleus –Nucleus ambiguus (IX. and X.) –Accessory nucleus
- 19. Parasympathetic nuclei –Endinger Westphal nucleus (III.) –Salivatory nuclei (VII. and IX.) –Nucleus ambiguus (IX. and X.) –Dorsal motor nucleus of vagal nerve (XI. and XII.)
- 20. Sensory nuclei – Nucleus of the solitary tract for special visceral and general visceral sensation (VII., IX. and X.): rostral division is for the taste and caudal division for visceral sensation. – Trigeminal nuclear complex for the somatic (general) sensory output (V., VII., IX. and X.): mechano-sensation, pain and temperature sensitivity. – Cochlear nucleus – Vestibular nucleus
- 23. Spinal nerves –8 pairs of cervical nerves –12 pairs of thoracic nerves –5 pairs of lumbar nerves –5 pairs of sacral nerves –1 coccygeal nerve
- 24. Two spinal enlargements: motor and sensory output cervical enlargement (arms) lumbosacral enlargement (legs)
- 26. Spinal roots Ventral root is a motor root and sends signals to striated muscles. Dorsal root is a sensory root. BUT spinal nerves can be mixed nerves, with motor and sensory axons.
- 29. Literature – https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical- neuroscience/lecture: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke university. – TeachMeAnatomy. Com – www.instantanatomy.net