This ppt gives you the information under the broad topic "willife conservation and management". It includes the brief knowledge about 'cover construction' along with it here also discussed about 'genetic diversity' and it's preservation. Also I added a few slides about strategies to restore the degraded biodiversity.

1. PRESENTED BY :- PRADDUM KUMAR NAMDEV
17140007
IGNTU AMARKANTAK MP

2. CONTENTS
COVER CONSTRUCTION
• What is cover?
• Why wildlife need cover?
• Burrow nest
• Nest cavities
• Plant native grasses
• Build a brush pile.

3.  Wildlife species have four primary needs to survive:
Food, water, shelter and space.
 COVER (the wildlife term for “shelter”)
 It may be in all the shapes and size include;
Burrows
Ground nests
Tree cavities
Shruby thickets
Underwater root mats and much more…

4.  To find shelter from extremes of weather from
rain and snow to searing summer heat.
 To hide from predators, & predators themselves
need cover in order to successfully catch prey.
 To hide to feel safe from people, predators, &
inclement weather.

5.  Shelters within trees or the ground act as safe
havens for birds and their young ones.
 Birds use their beaks and feet to carve out
their burrows.
 Some build themselves and some uses build
by others; burrowing owls.
 Used by:- seabirds, puffins shearwaters,
motmots, kingfishers, miners and crab
plover.

6.  cavity nests are chambers found most often in trees –
living or dead- that certain birds will use to raise their
chicks.
 Cavity nesters often line their nests with leaves dried
grasses, feathers, moss or fur.
woodpeckers, Carolina wrens, chickadees, brown-
headed nuthatches, flickers, owls, titmice, warblers,
and bluebirds, as well as several species of
mammals, reptiles, and amphibians.
Good nest sites may already exist on your property,
and you should be aware of these so they continue
to benefit cavity-using wildlife species.

7.  Grasses provide cover for dashing into when an
animal feels threatened.
 More than that, many animals, including rabbits,
doves, quail, some songbirds, and rodents, live and
nest in grasses.
 In winter, snow-covered grasses have an insulating
effect and help to warm animals living beneath it.

8. Build a brush pile
 It will provide something for nearly every animal.
Woodpeckers will pick insects out of the decaying
wood.
 Butterflies may spend the night there.
 Some mammals and birds will nest there. It’s a
safety net for an animal fleeing a predator.

9.  Wooded area
 Bramble patch
 Ground cover
 Rock pile or well
 cave
 Dense shrubs or thickest
 Brush or log pile
 Water garden or pond

10. Variation of all living forms at the
genetic level: genes, alleles, or
nucleotides.
GENETIC DIVERSITY

11.  Definition
 Significance of genetic diversity
 Factors that affect genetic diversity
 Why to preserve genetic diversity
 Low genetic diversity
 Loss of genetic diversity
 In situ conservation
 Ex situ conservation
 In vitro conservation

12.  The variation in the amount of genetic
information within and among individuals of
a population, a species, an assemblage, or a
community.
UNITED NATION,1992

13.  Helps in maintaining the health of population
 Buffer against change, providing flexibility to
adapt
 Greater the genetic diversity, the greater the
opportunity for resiliency to future climate
change

14.  Mutations
 Migration
 Sexual Reproduction
 Population Size
 Selective Breeding

15. LOW GENETIC VARIATION
 Genetic variation is the raw material of evolution.
 Without genetic variation a population can’t evolve in
response to changing environment.
 For example, if a population is exposed to new
disease, selection will act on the genes for resistance
to disease if they exist on the population. But if they
do not exist- if the genetic variation is not present-
the population will not evolve and could be wiped
out by disease.

16.  Loss of genetic diversity throughout the biosphere has
implications for human welfare
 Wild population of plants closely related to our
agricultural species are genetic resources for improving
certain crop qualities through plant breeding
 Furthermore, the loss of genetic diversity within a
species can result in the loss of useful and desirable
traits (e.g. resistance to parasites).

17.  Is the ‘on site’ conservation i.e. then and
there in the natural habitat
 On farm conservation which includes:
Botanical gardens
National parks
Sanctuaries
Biosphere reserve
Marine reserves

18.  Primary/ primitive
 Inexpensive
 Conserve all plants, animals, and microbial
communities in a habitat
 Warrantees the ecological processes
 Evolution
 Conservation of ecosystem and habitat

19.  Removing a genetic resources from its natural habitat
and placing them under artificial conditions.
 Seed gene banks; dried to low moisture content and
stored at low temperature.
 Field gene banks: plants are conserved in fields as
living collections as field plots, nurseries or green
houses.
 In vitro conservation

20.  Conventionally plant germplasm is conserved
in the form of:
 Seed
 Pollen
 Embryo
 Ovule
 Bulbs
 Tubers

21.  Requires little space for maintaining large
number of plants
 Pest or pathogen free environment
 Protection against dangers of environmental
hazards
 Protection against biotic and abiotic stresses
 Genetic integrity

22.  Ex situ conservation is mainly by in vitro
approach
 It is the storage as sterile plant tissue or
plantlets/propagules under slow growth
conditions
A. On nutrient agar/gels (short time period)
B. Liquid nitrogen (long time)
 Tissues and different plant parts are conserved at very
low temp.(-196ºC) in liquid nitrogen, cryopreservation
 Genes and genomes are conserved in gene/genome/
DNA libraries. These types of collections can be called
in vitro gene banks.

23.  Four types of ex situ germplasm collections are
recognized based on the duration and importance
of conservation
A.Base collections
B.Active collections
C.Working collections
D.Core collections

24.  These are long-term collections of germplasm
(over 20 years)
 In base collections, seeds are stored in low
moisture whereas other plant parts including
cultures are stored under cryopreservation

25.  These are collections under medium-term storage
(10-15 years). In this type of collection, seeds are
stored at temperature of around 0ºC and moisture
of 8%
 Cultured materials are also conserved under
medium-term storage

26.  These are collections under short –term storage
(3-5years) and are maintained at 5- 10ºC
temperature with 8-10% moisture content
 These are breeders collections that are utilized for
different breeding purposes.

27.  This includes the entire genetic diversity of
species conserved with minimum replications
 This represents a subset of entire germplasm
with all useful characters.

28.  Typically degraded ecosystems are missing s
species, groups of species, or even whole
functional groups, such as top level predators.
 Ecological restoration is human facilitation of
repair of damaged or destroyed ecosystem
 The focus on:-
A. Species assemblages
B. Ecosystem processes
C. Disturbance regimes
D. Resiliency or the trajectory of the environment

29. STEPS TO TAKE RESTORE BIODIVERSITY
Sowing native seeds or planting individual plants
Reintroducing large vertebrates
 Bison in American prairie redevelopment
 Prairie dogs on high plains and starfish in tidal pools