This document discusses biodiversity conservation. It outlines factors threatening biodiversity like human population growth and climate change. It describes ecological, economic, and aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity. It discusses in situ conservation methods like wildlife reserves and ex situ methods like seed banks and zoos. Finally, it mentions international agreements like CITES and the Convention on Biological Diversity that were made to protect species and habitats.
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE THROUGH CAPTIVE BREEDINGNamrata Singh
An ever expanding human population is putting increased pressure on endangered species and driving many to extinction. It is for this reason that the conservation of rare and endangered species has come to the forefront of our attention over recent decades.
There are a number of strategies that exist to conserve these species out of which captive breeding is one of the efficient tools.
The document discusses the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and its protected areas. Specifically:
- The IUCN was founded in 1948 and has over 900 member organizations in 133 countries working to conserve biodiversity.
- It defines protected areas as dedicated land or sea areas managed to protect biodiversity and natural/cultural resources.
- There are six categories of protected area management defined by the IUCN, including strict nature reserves, wilderness areas, and national parks.
- In Pakistan, the three categories of protected areas are national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves.
Biodiversity conservation , principles and characteristics ( by Muhammad wasi...MuhammadWasi11
Conservation biology is an interdisciplinary field that aims to protect biodiversity by managing species and ecosystems. It arose due to increasing degradation of natural systems. Conservation biology draws on natural and social sciences to sustain species populations and preserve habitats and ecosystems from excessive extinction. Its goals are to understand threats to biodiversity and develop solutions for protection and restoration.
This document provides details about the AGR 237: Wildlife Biology course. The course covers topics like definitions of wildlife terms, justifications for wildlife conservation, status and distribution of wildlife in India, wildlife ecology, management, damage control, census methods, protected areas, and conservation strategies. Students will learn about the importance of wildlife, status of rare and endangered species, biodiversity, environmental protection, and the need for wildlife conservation. The course uses two textbooks and meets for one lecture per week.
History Of Forest Conservation In Indian Subcontinent.Muhammad Rehan
The history of forest conservation in the Indian subcontinent is divided into four periods: the pre-historic period, the middle ages, the British period, and the post-British period. During the pre-historic period, forests covered much of India and people depended on them for resources. The middle ages saw forests belonging to states but open for public use, with some areas preserved for hunting. The British period began felling trees without regulation but later established scientific forest management and conservation policies still followed today. After independence, India and Pakistan adopted British forestry policies while developing new policies for sustainable forest management.
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE THROUGH CAPTIVE BREEDINGNamrata Singh
An ever expanding human population is putting increased pressure on endangered species and driving many to extinction. It is for this reason that the conservation of rare and endangered species has come to the forefront of our attention over recent decades.
There are a number of strategies that exist to conserve these species out of which captive breeding is one of the efficient tools.
The document discusses the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and its protected areas. Specifically:
- The IUCN was founded in 1948 and has over 900 member organizations in 133 countries working to conserve biodiversity.
- It defines protected areas as dedicated land or sea areas managed to protect biodiversity and natural/cultural resources.
- There are six categories of protected area management defined by the IUCN, including strict nature reserves, wilderness areas, and national parks.
- In Pakistan, the three categories of protected areas are national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves.
Biodiversity conservation , principles and characteristics ( by Muhammad wasi...MuhammadWasi11
Conservation biology is an interdisciplinary field that aims to protect biodiversity by managing species and ecosystems. It arose due to increasing degradation of natural systems. Conservation biology draws on natural and social sciences to sustain species populations and preserve habitats and ecosystems from excessive extinction. Its goals are to understand threats to biodiversity and develop solutions for protection and restoration.
This document provides details about the AGR 237: Wildlife Biology course. The course covers topics like definitions of wildlife terms, justifications for wildlife conservation, status and distribution of wildlife in India, wildlife ecology, management, damage control, census methods, protected areas, and conservation strategies. Students will learn about the importance of wildlife, status of rare and endangered species, biodiversity, environmental protection, and the need for wildlife conservation. The course uses two textbooks and meets for one lecture per week.
History Of Forest Conservation In Indian Subcontinent.Muhammad Rehan
The history of forest conservation in the Indian subcontinent is divided into four periods: the pre-historic period, the middle ages, the British period, and the post-British period. During the pre-historic period, forests covered much of India and people depended on them for resources. The middle ages saw forests belonging to states but open for public use, with some areas preserved for hunting. The British period began felling trees without regulation but later established scientific forest management and conservation policies still followed today. After independence, India and Pakistan adopted British forestry policies while developing new policies for sustainable forest management.
This topic deals with the phenomenon of endemism and classification of endemic animals into various categories with a couple of endemic species to Indian subcontinent. This presentation is useful for the teachers teaching classes at UG and PG levels as well as for the students studying at respective classes. This is exclusively for education purpose.
The document discusses various strategies for conservation, including:
1) Wildlife managers aim to maintain animal populations at or below habitat carrying capacity to avoid damage. They also monitor breeding stock levels.
2) To manage habitats, wildlife managers consider historical trends, current conditions, breeding levels, and projections.
3) International efforts to conserve biodiversity include the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity, which entered into force in 1993 and now has 166 parties.
The document discusses ex-situ conservation, which involves protecting endangered species outside of their natural habitats, such as in zoos, aquariums, and botanical gardens. It then focuses on efforts by the Mabuwaya Foundation and Isabela State University to conserve the critically endangered Philippine crocodile through a head-starting program. Young crocodiles are collected from the wild and raised in captivity to increase survival rates before being released back into the wild. Their program in San Mariano, Isabela involves nest protection, establishing rearing facilities, and community engagement and has resulted in the successful release of 50 head-started crocodiles back into the wild.
The document discusses biodiversity and wildlife conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms on Earth, including species, ecosystems, and genes. There are three main types of biodiversity: species diversity, ecosystem diversity, and genetic diversity. Biodiversity provides both consumptive value through resources like food and medicine, and non-consumptive value through benefits like recreation and research. Wildlife faces threats from habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, climate change, and more. India is home to significant biodiversity and many endangered species. The government plays an important role in wildlife conservation through laws and programs like Project Tiger to protect threatened species and their habitats.
The document discusses biodiversity, its documentation, and India's efforts to conserve biodiversity through the Biological Diversity Act of 2002. It was established that biodiversity first needs repeatable documentation protocols. India formed the National Biodiversity Authority and state biodiversity boards to implement the Act through People's Biodiversity Registers that document local communities' traditional knowledge with their involvement. Proper documentation of biological resources and traditional knowledge is essential to respecting and safeguarding India's biodiversity.
Species are organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies species into different categories based on extinction risk. The IUCN Red List evaluates thousands of species and subspecies to convey the urgency of conservation and help reduce extinction. Species are classified into groups including Extinct, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern, Data Deficient, and Not Evaluated based on population decline, size, distribution and other risk factors.
The document discusses different types of in situ conservation and protected areas in India, including wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves, mangroves, and coral reefs. It provides examples and descriptions of some of India's most important wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, such as Gir Wildlife Sanctuary, Corbett National Park, and Kaziranga National Park. It also summarizes the zones and benefits of biosphere reserves, different types of mangroves found in India, and coral reef ecosystems.
Wildlife management - habit, habitat, territory & niche of animalsAnish Gawande
The document discusses various concepts related to animal behavior including habit, habitat, territory, niche, herbivores, carnivores, solitary animals, packs, and herds.
It defines habit as aspects of animal behavior or structure. Habitat is described as the physical area where a species lives, defined by factors like temperature and rainfall. Territory refers to the area an animal defends against others of its species. Niche is the role a species plays in its ecosystem, such as how it obtains energy.
Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores are discussed in detail. Examples of solitary animal behaviors and specific pack behaviors in species like wolves are provided. Herds are described
presenation only for exsitu conservation includes topic (Components of ex-situ conservation
Plant genetic resources conservation in gene banks, national gene banks and gene repositories
Preservation of genetic materials under natural conditions, Perma-frost conservation
Guidelines for sending seeds to network of active/ working collections
Orthodox and recalcitrant seeds- differences in handling
Clonal repositories
genetic stability under long term storage condition)
Define the following:
Normal species
Vulnerable species
Endangered species
Threaten species
Critically Endangered species
Rare species
Endemic species
Extinct species
Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and MitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
There are two approaches to combating climate change, adaptation and mitigation, and forests can contribute to both. Too often these two approaches are treated as separate strategies. In this presentation, titled “Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation”, CIFOR and CIRAD scientist Bruno Locatelli explains the possible synergies between adaptation to and mitigation of climate change.
This document discusses biodiversity conservation through the establishment of protected areas like national parks, wildlife refuges, biosphere reserves, and conservation corridors. It explains that national parks protect natural landscapes and species while prohibiting activities like grazing and cultivation. Wildlife refuges provide sanctuary for species from threats. Biosphere reserves integrate biodiversity conservation with sustainable development and include core protected zones surrounded by buffer and transition areas where limited human activities are permitted. Conservation corridors help share genetic information between protected populations.
This document discusses conservation programs for endangered species, including both in situ and ex situ conservation methods. In situ conservation involves protecting species within their natural habitats, such as through nature reserves, while ex situ conservation occurs outside natural habitats, like in zoos and seed banks. Both approaches aim to preserve biodiversity but come with challenges around controlling threats, maintaining genetic diversity, and restoring degraded environments. International organizations also play an important role in regulating trade and advocating for species protection.
This document discusses biosphere reserves and forest research institutes in India. It defines biosphere reserves as protected areas where people and nature coexist sustainably. India has 18 biosphere reserves that help conserve biodiversity through a core protected zone surrounded by buffer and transition zones where controlled activities are allowed. Biosphere reserves aim to balance conservation, development, and research. The document also lists several forest research institutes in India and provides references for further information.
Biodiversity indicators: a quick guide to indicator developmentIIED
These slides, presented by Sarah Darrah from the UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, introduce biodiversity indicator development.
In the presentation, she highlights how the nature of indicators depends on what they are being used for, and explains the Biodiversity Indicator Development Framework which has been drawn up by the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership.
The presentation was given to the ‘Biodiversity mainstreaming’ workshop held in Sogakope, Ghana, from 1-3 November 2016.
More information: www.iied.org/nbsaps
This document provides an overview of wildlife conservation in India. It defines wildlife and the meaning of conservation. It outlines the benefits of wildlife conservation and threats such as habitat loss and pollution. It describes conservation efforts including national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, and legal protections. International conservation groups like IUCN are working to document endangered species and guide conservation programs to protect threatened biodiversity. The overall message is that wildlife is an essential part of ecosystems that needs to be preserved through active conservation measures.
Habitat destruction and degradation, caused by factors like infrastructure development, urbanization, deforestation, and pollution, is the primary threat to biodiversity in Pakistan. High population growth exacerbates these threats by increasing demands on natural resources. Other major threats include invasive species, unsustainable agricultural practices, overexploitation of resources through overhunting, overfishing, and overlogging, as well as pollution from industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste. Unless addressed, these human-driven threats will continue to degrade Pakistan's ecosystems and drive species extinctions.
Captive breeding involves breeding endangered animals in controlled, managed environments like zoos, wildlife reserves, and conservation facilities. It aims to conserve biodiversity by saving species from extinction and potentially reintroducing them to natural habitats. While captive breeding has successfully saved some species, it faces challenges like maintaining genetic diversity, adapting animal behavior for survival in the wild, and loss of natural habitat. New technologies studying gene expression and stem cells may help overcome some issues and further the goals of captive breeding programs.
Human populations and activities like pollution, habitat destruction, agriculture, hunting and climate change have increased extinction rates dramatically in recent history. The Convention on Biological Diversity aims to promote conservation through cooperation between governments. Conservation is important for economic, ecological and aesthetic reasons and can be achieved through in situ conservation of natural environments and ecosystems or ex situ conservation like breeding programs, seed banks, botanical gardens, and reintroduction efforts. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages in protecting endangered species and maintaining genetic diversity.
Biodiversity hotspot, threats & its conservationJagan Kumar Ojha
This document discusses biodiversity hotspots and threats to biodiversity. It defines biodiversity hotspots as regions that are exceptionally rich in endemic species yet threatened by habitat loss. Two criteria are outlined to qualify as a hotspot: containing at least 1,500 endemic plant species and having lost at least 70% of primary vegetation. 25 global hotspots are listed, including the Eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats in India. Major threats include habitat loss, poaching, and human-wildlife conflicts. Conservation approaches of in situ and ex situ are described, along with examples like protected areas, gene banks, and projects like Tiger and Elephant.
This topic deals with the phenomenon of endemism and classification of endemic animals into various categories with a couple of endemic species to Indian subcontinent. This presentation is useful for the teachers teaching classes at UG and PG levels as well as for the students studying at respective classes. This is exclusively for education purpose.
The document discusses various strategies for conservation, including:
1) Wildlife managers aim to maintain animal populations at or below habitat carrying capacity to avoid damage. They also monitor breeding stock levels.
2) To manage habitats, wildlife managers consider historical trends, current conditions, breeding levels, and projections.
3) International efforts to conserve biodiversity include the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity, which entered into force in 1993 and now has 166 parties.
The document discusses ex-situ conservation, which involves protecting endangered species outside of their natural habitats, such as in zoos, aquariums, and botanical gardens. It then focuses on efforts by the Mabuwaya Foundation and Isabela State University to conserve the critically endangered Philippine crocodile through a head-starting program. Young crocodiles are collected from the wild and raised in captivity to increase survival rates before being released back into the wild. Their program in San Mariano, Isabela involves nest protection, establishing rearing facilities, and community engagement and has resulted in the successful release of 50 head-started crocodiles back into the wild.
The document discusses biodiversity and wildlife conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms on Earth, including species, ecosystems, and genes. There are three main types of biodiversity: species diversity, ecosystem diversity, and genetic diversity. Biodiversity provides both consumptive value through resources like food and medicine, and non-consumptive value through benefits like recreation and research. Wildlife faces threats from habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, climate change, and more. India is home to significant biodiversity and many endangered species. The government plays an important role in wildlife conservation through laws and programs like Project Tiger to protect threatened species and their habitats.
The document discusses biodiversity, its documentation, and India's efforts to conserve biodiversity through the Biological Diversity Act of 2002. It was established that biodiversity first needs repeatable documentation protocols. India formed the National Biodiversity Authority and state biodiversity boards to implement the Act through People's Biodiversity Registers that document local communities' traditional knowledge with their involvement. Proper documentation of biological resources and traditional knowledge is essential to respecting and safeguarding India's biodiversity.
Species are organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies species into different categories based on extinction risk. The IUCN Red List evaluates thousands of species and subspecies to convey the urgency of conservation and help reduce extinction. Species are classified into groups including Extinct, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern, Data Deficient, and Not Evaluated based on population decline, size, distribution and other risk factors.
The document discusses different types of in situ conservation and protected areas in India, including wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves, mangroves, and coral reefs. It provides examples and descriptions of some of India's most important wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, such as Gir Wildlife Sanctuary, Corbett National Park, and Kaziranga National Park. It also summarizes the zones and benefits of biosphere reserves, different types of mangroves found in India, and coral reef ecosystems.
Wildlife management - habit, habitat, territory & niche of animalsAnish Gawande
The document discusses various concepts related to animal behavior including habit, habitat, territory, niche, herbivores, carnivores, solitary animals, packs, and herds.
It defines habit as aspects of animal behavior or structure. Habitat is described as the physical area where a species lives, defined by factors like temperature and rainfall. Territory refers to the area an animal defends against others of its species. Niche is the role a species plays in its ecosystem, such as how it obtains energy.
Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores are discussed in detail. Examples of solitary animal behaviors and specific pack behaviors in species like wolves are provided. Herds are described
presenation only for exsitu conservation includes topic (Components of ex-situ conservation
Plant genetic resources conservation in gene banks, national gene banks and gene repositories
Preservation of genetic materials under natural conditions, Perma-frost conservation
Guidelines for sending seeds to network of active/ working collections
Orthodox and recalcitrant seeds- differences in handling
Clonal repositories
genetic stability under long term storage condition)
Define the following:
Normal species
Vulnerable species
Endangered species
Threaten species
Critically Endangered species
Rare species
Endemic species
Extinct species
Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and MitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
There are two approaches to combating climate change, adaptation and mitigation, and forests can contribute to both. Too often these two approaches are treated as separate strategies. In this presentation, titled “Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation”, CIFOR and CIRAD scientist Bruno Locatelli explains the possible synergies between adaptation to and mitigation of climate change.
This document discusses biodiversity conservation through the establishment of protected areas like national parks, wildlife refuges, biosphere reserves, and conservation corridors. It explains that national parks protect natural landscapes and species while prohibiting activities like grazing and cultivation. Wildlife refuges provide sanctuary for species from threats. Biosphere reserves integrate biodiversity conservation with sustainable development and include core protected zones surrounded by buffer and transition areas where limited human activities are permitted. Conservation corridors help share genetic information between protected populations.
This document discusses conservation programs for endangered species, including both in situ and ex situ conservation methods. In situ conservation involves protecting species within their natural habitats, such as through nature reserves, while ex situ conservation occurs outside natural habitats, like in zoos and seed banks. Both approaches aim to preserve biodiversity but come with challenges around controlling threats, maintaining genetic diversity, and restoring degraded environments. International organizations also play an important role in regulating trade and advocating for species protection.
This document discusses biosphere reserves and forest research institutes in India. It defines biosphere reserves as protected areas where people and nature coexist sustainably. India has 18 biosphere reserves that help conserve biodiversity through a core protected zone surrounded by buffer and transition zones where controlled activities are allowed. Biosphere reserves aim to balance conservation, development, and research. The document also lists several forest research institutes in India and provides references for further information.
Biodiversity indicators: a quick guide to indicator developmentIIED
These slides, presented by Sarah Darrah from the UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, introduce biodiversity indicator development.
In the presentation, she highlights how the nature of indicators depends on what they are being used for, and explains the Biodiversity Indicator Development Framework which has been drawn up by the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership.
The presentation was given to the ‘Biodiversity mainstreaming’ workshop held in Sogakope, Ghana, from 1-3 November 2016.
More information: www.iied.org/nbsaps
This document provides an overview of wildlife conservation in India. It defines wildlife and the meaning of conservation. It outlines the benefits of wildlife conservation and threats such as habitat loss and pollution. It describes conservation efforts including national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, and legal protections. International conservation groups like IUCN are working to document endangered species and guide conservation programs to protect threatened biodiversity. The overall message is that wildlife is an essential part of ecosystems that needs to be preserved through active conservation measures.
Habitat destruction and degradation, caused by factors like infrastructure development, urbanization, deforestation, and pollution, is the primary threat to biodiversity in Pakistan. High population growth exacerbates these threats by increasing demands on natural resources. Other major threats include invasive species, unsustainable agricultural practices, overexploitation of resources through overhunting, overfishing, and overlogging, as well as pollution from industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste. Unless addressed, these human-driven threats will continue to degrade Pakistan's ecosystems and drive species extinctions.
Captive breeding involves breeding endangered animals in controlled, managed environments like zoos, wildlife reserves, and conservation facilities. It aims to conserve biodiversity by saving species from extinction and potentially reintroducing them to natural habitats. While captive breeding has successfully saved some species, it faces challenges like maintaining genetic diversity, adapting animal behavior for survival in the wild, and loss of natural habitat. New technologies studying gene expression and stem cells may help overcome some issues and further the goals of captive breeding programs.
Human populations and activities like pollution, habitat destruction, agriculture, hunting and climate change have increased extinction rates dramatically in recent history. The Convention on Biological Diversity aims to promote conservation through cooperation between governments. Conservation is important for economic, ecological and aesthetic reasons and can be achieved through in situ conservation of natural environments and ecosystems or ex situ conservation like breeding programs, seed banks, botanical gardens, and reintroduction efforts. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages in protecting endangered species and maintaining genetic diversity.
Biodiversity hotspot, threats & its conservationJagan Kumar Ojha
This document discusses biodiversity hotspots and threats to biodiversity. It defines biodiversity hotspots as regions that are exceptionally rich in endemic species yet threatened by habitat loss. Two criteria are outlined to qualify as a hotspot: containing at least 1,500 endemic plant species and having lost at least 70% of primary vegetation. 25 global hotspots are listed, including the Eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats in India. Major threats include habitat loss, poaching, and human-wildlife conflicts. Conservation approaches of in situ and ex situ are described, along with examples like protected areas, gene banks, and projects like Tiger and Elephant.
Wildlife refers to organisms that live and grow in nature without human intervention. Wildlife is found in all ecosystems and provides many important benefits. It is an integral part of ecosystems, as plants and animals rely on wildlife for pollination, seed dispersal, and nutrient recycling. Wildlife is also economically and scientifically important. It contributes to industries like tourism, medicine, and wood products. Wildlife is also used for agricultural research, as experimental animals, and to study disease. Maintaining biodiversity and wildlife is crucial for balanced natural systems and human well-being.
Biodiversity conservation is important as the Earth is home to millions of plant and animal species. Biodiversity can be conserved through both in-situ and ex-situ methods. In-situ conservation involves protecting habitats and ecosystems within protected areas like national parks, sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, and sacred forests. Ex-situ conservation involves protecting species outside their natural habitats in facilities like seed banks, gene banks, tissue culture banks, zoos, and botanical gardens. With increasing threats from habitat loss, poaching, and human-wildlife conflict, both in-situ and ex-situ conservation efforts are needed to prevent the extinction of endangered species and maintain Earth's biodiversity.
Germplasm conservation refers to maintaining plant genetic material, such as seeds or living plants, in a way that minimizes the risk of loss. This allows the material to be used in the future if needed. There are two main approaches: in-situ conservation keeps germplasm in its natural habitat through methods like biosphere reserves and national parks, while ex-situ conservation stores germplasm outside its natural habitat using techniques like seed banks, field gene banks, and botanical gardens. The goal of both is to preserve genetic diversity and protect endangered plant species and economically important varieties.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, types, benefits, threats, and importance. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity within species, between species, and among ecosystems. It notes that biodiversity provides both consumptive value through resources like food and medicine, and non-consumptive value through benefits like recreation. However, biodiversity faces threats like habitat loss and degradation, pollution, overexploitation, invasive species, and climate change. The document emphasizes the importance of conservation efforts like protected areas and ex situ conservation to preserve biodiversity and ecosystem functions for future generations.
This document discusses several key issues related to biodiversity conservation. It begins by defining biodiversity and explaining its importance for ecological balance. It then outlines some of the main threats to biodiversity, known as the "HIPPO factors" - habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, population growth, and overexploitation. The document also discusses reasons for maintaining biodiversity from both biological and human perspectives. It provides examples of endangered species like African elephants and orangutans and reasons for their endangerment. Finally, it outlines several methods used to protect endangered species, including zoos, botanic gardens, seed banks, and national parks.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, levels, hotspots, and importance. It also covers threats to biodiversity like habitat loss and methods of conservation, both in-situ (within natural habitats like protected areas) and ex-situ (outside habitats, including seed banks, zoos, and botanical gardens). India is highlighted as one of the most biodiverse countries with two biodiversity hotspots, the Western Ghats and Eastern Himalayas, that face serious threats and support many unique and endangered species.
The document outlines the five-kingdom classification system used to categorize Earth's biodiversity. It discusses the importance of maintaining biodiversity, including benefits such as ecosystem services, genetic resources, and economic benefits. The document also describes the major threats to biodiversity like habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, overharvesting, and climate change. It examines approaches to conservation like protected areas, international agreements, captive breeding programs, and community-based conservation efforts.
This document discusses biodiversity conservation issues and reasons for protecting endangered species. It notes that biodiversity is essential for ecological balance and species survival. Habitat loss and human activities like hunting have endangered many species. Conservation methods mentioned include captive breeding in zoos, botanic gardens, seed banks, and protected areas like national parks which restrict access and development to protect wildlife.
The document discusses various strategies for biodiversity conservation, including maintaining intact landscapes, controlling threats like habitat destruction and overexploitation, and approaches such as establishing protected areas like national parks and biosphere reserves. It also covers ex situ conservation methods like cryopreservation, seed banks, botanical gardens, and cloning endangered species. The primary goals are to reverse species declines, recover threatened species, and control emerging threats to biodiversity.
Cape biology unit 2 -_conservation_biologyHilton Ritch
Conservation biology aims to protect biodiversity by studying species and ecosystems. There are two main conservation methods - in situ conservation preserves species in their natural habitats such as protected areas, while ex situ conservation preserves species outside their habitats in facilities like zoos, seed banks, and botanic gardens. Protected areas cover about 5% of the world's land and play a key role in maintaining representative ecosystems, but traditionally excluded local people which could harm biodiversity. Conservation now takes a more holistic approach involving local communities.
Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the economy and society depend. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and resource use continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system and sustainable development can be classified as development that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generation.
Biodiversity and its Conservation methodsNishat Fatima
The document provides information about biodiversity and its conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. It notes that biodiversity is being lost due to factors like habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. The document then discusses approaches to conserving biodiversity, including both in-situ conservation methods like protected areas as well as ex-situ conservation methods like seed banks, gene banks, botanical gardens, and zoos. Overall, the document emphasizes the importance of biodiversity for human life and the need to balance development with conservation through sustainable practices and policies.
loss of biodiversity is the most important in biodiversity and conservation.it is useful to reduce the activities which are responsible for extinction and endangering of living organisms.
2. Learning Objectives
the factors affecting biodiversity
To include human population growth, agriculture (monoculture) and climate change.
the ecological, economic and aesthetic reasons for maintaining
biodiversity
Ecological, including protecting keystone species (interdependence of organisms) and
maintaining genetic resource • economic, including reducing soil depletion
(continuous monoculture) • aesthetic, including protecting landscapes
in situ and ex situ methods of maintaining biodiversity
In situ conservation including marine conservation zones and wildlife reserves • ex
situ conservation including seed banks, botanic gardens and zoos.
international and local conservation agreements made to protect
species and habitats.
Historic and/or current agreements, including the Convention on International Trade
in Endangered Species (CITES), the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
and the Countryside Stewardship Scheme (CSS).
3.
4. Discuss how the biodiversity of the two
neighbouring areas within a managed woodland
will vary from one another.
Area A
Natural woodland, some coppicing and felling but it has
reached its climax community of mixed indigenous
species(eg oak, birch, beech yew etc)
Area B
Conifer plantation containing rows of commercially
grown species suitable for paper pulp (sp of pine)
5. Conservation
The main questions
• Why are species becoming
endangered?
• Why should we conserve species?
• How we can protect endangered species and
maintain diversity?
6. Why are species becoming endangered?
Extinctions have always occurred for a variety of reasons.
As the environment changes species will need to adapt or
they will become less fit and may disappear. The sabre
tooth tiger has evolved and become extinct several times
independently of humans. The fossil record is rich in
species that are long gone.
However the rate of extinction has increased
dramatically in recent history.
At least 784 recorded extinctions since 1500
Other undiscovered species are likely to be
disappearing without ever being recorded
7. Population Growth
• Pollution (linked with climate change)
• Habitat destruction e.g. rainforests needed for land and
resources
Agriculture
• Farming. Introduction of monoculture, land clearance
• Hunting e.g. Over-fishing, English wolf(1486) hunted
to stop it killing livestock
Climate change
This is likely to be linked with human activity.
Causes loss of habitat
Changing environmental conditions eg water.
Spread of diseases to other regions.
8. Convention on Biological Diversity
Rio Earth Summit (1992)
Signed by over 150 world leaders with the aim of promoting
sustainable development.
• Their aims concentrate on cooperation between
governments eg. IVF breeding programmes . Sharing of
seed banks
• Countries must try to develop ex situ and in situ
conservation strategies
• Environmental Impact Assessments must be carried out
prior to major developments
10. Reasons for Conservation
• Economic
Reducing soil depletion by monoculture
• Ecological
Maintaining a genetic resource eg for
medicinal uses
• Aesthetic
Protecting landscapes/species that are
admired
12. In Situ Strategies
This aims to reduce the causes of extinction so that
biodiversity is maintained.
Laws to minimise activities that lead to problems. These can
be difficult to enforce.
Designate protected areas.
National Parks e.g. Lake District
National Nature Reserves
Local Nature Reserves
SSSI
These can be protected, managed, studied, repaired, but
can be unpopular with the people who live there.
14. In Situ Conservation
A Healthy Natural Environment. (Balanced Ecosystem, Biologically diverse /
Biodiversity)
Sustainable use of the Natural Environment. (Link to the Rio Earth Summit)
Reducing the causes of extinction.
Leads to a more secure environmental future which can be enjoyed.
Conservation in the natural environment which provides all species
resource requirements, and should take into account of the needs of the
indigenous people.
Species are natural & well adapted to habitat & should feed and breed
successfully. No special provisions need to be made.
Legislation is not always needed to establish Conservation Areas for the
prevention of unacceptable species or habitat loss.
The Benefits
15. Human Activity in Conservation
Reserves –Conflicts;
Historically reserve creation without consideration of the local
people has caused conflict for the following reasons
Protected Reserve animals ‘escaping’ to raid crops (e.g.
Primates often raid farms for maize, mangoes & sugar cane).
Continued hunting / poaching of protected animals for food,
sport, research.
Illegal harvesting of timber & other plant products.
Tourists feeding protected animals, leaving litter, etc.
16. EX SITU CONSERVATION
• CONSERVING AN ENDANGERED SPECIES
BY ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN OUTSIDE
ITS NORMAL ENVIRONMENT i.e.IN
CAPTIVE SURROUNDINGS.
18. ANIMAL CONSERVATION / BREEDING
PROGRAMMES;
Advantages Disadvantages
Prevents imminent extinction of
endangered species
Can increase the population size
quickly
Potential to repopulate areas by
reintroduction programmes
Filter out genetic defects and poor
genes.
Opportunity for research
Possible to store gametes for the
future and use for IVF
Failure to breed
Lack of space limits number of
individuals involved so this
reduces genetic diversity leading
to less variation
Reintroduction programmes don't
always succeed because they fail
to adapt or may not be accepted
into a wild community
19. Repopulation
It is possible to rebuild biodiversity through
reintroductions.
Examples of successfully recreated wildlife habitats;
UK reed beds -Bittern & Otter increases.
Conifer clearance- wildlife habitat recovery.
Grazing land reversion to traditional meadow grassland.
Phinda Reserve, South Africa, livestock clearance & natural fauna
reintroduction; (1990-1992; 1,000+ wildebeest, zebra, giraffe, other
ungulates) (1992; 13 lions, 17 cheetah).
Yellowstone National Park- Wolves reintroduced (Deer eaten, willow
shoots grow, beaver make dams, lakes form, improved irrigation,
forests grew).
20. SPERM BANKS
Modern techniques make the freezing of genetic material in
sperm or eggs possible.
From The Times November 7, 2006:
Sperm bank to save rare breeds from extinction
A plan to save 100 of Britain’s 130 native breeds of farm animal from extinction
was announced yesterday. Sperm and egg banks are to be created to save cattle,
sheep, horses, goats, poultry and pigs from the growing specialisation of farming
in which high-yield breeds dominate the food chain. A database will be
established that will list every breed, the number of animals and where they are
kept. The move is not only about the historic importance of keeping traditional
breeds with their genetic diversity, but also because of the enormous
contribution these animals make to the national economy.
21. Frozen Noah's Ark Singapore Zoological
Gardens
• Some experts estimate that one animal species is wiped off the face of the Earth every hour.
With the ravages of pollution, shrinking habitats and the ever-expanding human population,
the situation is likely to get worse.
• Zoos are turning to cryogenics in their efforts to stockpile genetic material and
preserve a Noah's Ark for future generations.
• Noah's Ark provides a bank of animal sperm and tissue samples of its captive wildlife.
• Ultimate aim of cloning exotic animals.
• Provide a safety net against extinction (i.e. using more common species as surrogate
mothers to endangered ones). (E.g. with the common long-tailed macaque, which would be
implanted with the embryo of other highly-endangered macaque species).
• Combat infertility in animals.
• Recreate animals which died prematurely.
Techniques that have been used to impregnate Singapore zoo animals.
• Frozen sperm can be used in assisted reproduction techniques, such as artificial
insemination, in-vitro fertilisation and intro-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).which is
when a single sperm is fused with an egg, and the embryo is implanted in the animal.
22. PLANT CONSERVATION / BREEDING PROGRAMMES
ADVANTAGES
• As part of their life cycle, most plants naturally have a dormant
stage - the seed.
• Seeds are produced in large numbers and can be collected from
the wild without disturbing the ecosystem or damaging the wild
population.
• Seeds can be stored and germinated in protected surroundings.
• Plants can often be bred asexually.
• Botanical gardens can increase individual numbers quickly,
providing ample supply for research.
• Captive-bred plants can be replanted in the wild.
23. • Any collection of wild seeds will cause some disturbance.
• Collected samples may not hold a representative selection of
genetic diversity.
• Seeds collected from the same species from another area will
be genetically different and may not succeed in a different area.
• Seeds stored for a length of time may not be viable.
• Plants bred asexually will be genetically identical - reducing
genetic diversity further.
• Conclusions from research on a small sample may not be valid
for a whole species.
PLANT CONSERVATION / BREEDING PROGRAMMES
DISADVANTAGES
24. Seed Banks
The Kew Millennium Seed Bank Project aims to store a
representative sample of seeds from every known species of
plant, including the rarest, most useful and most threatened
species.
Seed banks contain seeds that can remain viable for many years.
They are being stored but also being used to provide benefits to
humanity:
• food and building materials for rural communities
• disease-resistant crops for agriculture
• habitat reclamation and repopulation
25. ‘NORWAY’S ARK’-SEED VAULT
• SET UP BY THE GLOBAL CROP DIVERSITY TRUST
MARCH 2008.
• FUNDED FROM NORWAY.
• NATIONS ACROSS THE GLOBE ARE
CONTRIBUTING SEEDS OF LOCAL CROPS.
• LOCATED IN LONGYEARBYEN, SPITSBERGEN,
NORWAY.
• COLD STORAGE VAULT CARVED INTO ROCK
BENEATH THE ARCTIC PERMAFROST.
• STORE UP TO 3 MILLION SEEDS.