Counter current chromatography (CCC) is a liquid chromatography technique that
uses two immiscible liquid phases and no solid support.
2. One liquid acts as the stationary phase and the other as the mobile phase.
3. In Dual Flow CCC/CPC both liquid phases are flowing, as would be common in counter
current process extractors.
4. The liquid stationary phase(s) is held in place by gravity or by centrifugal force. The
gravity method is called droplet counter current chromatography (DCCC).
5. There are two modes of centrifugal force CCC: hydrostatic and hydrodynamic. In the
hydrostatic method.
6. The column is spun about
a brief introduction to countercurrent chromatography with its principle. working and modes of operation along with little bit of history, the types of CCC and its applications
a brief introduction to countercurrent chromatography with its principle. working and modes of operation along with little bit of history, the types of CCC and its applications
HPTLC- Principle, Instrumentation and Software (Abhishek Gupta)Abhishek Gupta
HPTLC is the improved method of TLC which utilizes the conventional technique of TLC in more optimized way
It is also known as planar chromatography or Flat-bed chromatography.
fluid chromatography (SFC) can be used on an analytical
scale.
It is a combination of High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
and Gas chromatography (GC).
It can be used with non-volatile and thermally labile analytes.
It can be used with the universal flame ionization detector.
It is important to producing narrower peaks due to rapid diffusion.
It is important for the chiral separations and analysis of high-molecularweight
hydrocarbons.
Supercritical fluids are suitable as a substitute for organic solvents in a
range of industrial and laboratory processes.
HPTLC- Principle, Instrumentation and Software (Abhishek Gupta)Abhishek Gupta
HPTLC is the improved method of TLC which utilizes the conventional technique of TLC in more optimized way
It is also known as planar chromatography or Flat-bed chromatography.
fluid chromatography (SFC) can be used on an analytical
scale.
It is a combination of High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
and Gas chromatography (GC).
It can be used with non-volatile and thermally labile analytes.
It can be used with the universal flame ionization detector.
It is important to producing narrower peaks due to rapid diffusion.
It is important for the chiral separations and analysis of high-molecularweight
hydrocarbons.
Supercritical fluids are suitable as a substitute for organic solvents in a
range of industrial and laboratory processes.
Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a
chromatographic separation technique based on the
partition of solutes between two immiscible liquid phases
as they interact in a thin tube under a centrifugal force
field [1]. The mobile and stationary phases are both
liquids and form a biphasic liquid system. Centrifugal
fields are needed to hold the liquid stationary phase when
the mobile phase is pushed through it. One source of
interest in this method is that no solid matrix is required
to retain the stationary phase. In CCC, the stationary
phase occupies up to 90% of the total volume of the
column. Due to the liquid nature of the stationary phase,
CCC is a liquid chromatography (LC) technique that uses
special columns. Indeed, the CCC machines are just
“columns”. The liquid stationary phase is stable only as
long as the centrifugal field exists, i.e., the CCC column
exists as long as the machine rotor is running.
The advantages of having a liquid stationary phase in
chromatography are: (i) a high loading capability, (ii) a
very simple solute retention mechanism (liquid-liquid
partitioning), (iii) either phase of the biphasic system can
be used as a mobile phase, (iv) no irreversible solute
adsorption, (v) no pH problem, and (vi) less biological
solute denaturation. The high loadability is possible
because the solutes reach the volume of the liquid
stationary phase and not just the surface of the solid
phase as in the classical LC.
The chromatographic selectivity in CCC is only due to
solute partition between the two immiscible liquid phases.
The solute retention mechanism depends on only one
physicochemical parameter, the liquid-liquid partition
coefficient (P). The basic equation retention is:
VR=VM + PVS (1)
where VR is the retention volume, VM the mobile phase
volume and VS the stationary phase volume. Thus, the
retention volume of a solute allows the determination of
its partition coefficient in the biphasic system used in the
CCC apparatus.
Two types of CCC machines are available, i.e.,
hydrostatic and hydrodynamic, depending on the way in
which equilibrium between the liquid stationary and
mobile phases are reached [1-4]. The main differences
between the two modes are that in hydrodynamic devices,
the centrifugal field is variable and there are at least two
rotation axes in the machine containing coiled tubing in
which both phases are in contact throughout the length of
the coiled tubes. In hydrostatic devices, the centrifugal
field is constant, there is only one rotation axis and there
are zones, ducts connecting two adjacent channels, in
which only the mobile phase is present
This Powerpoint presentation helps us to know the basic working principles, instrumentation an advantage of super critical fluid chromatography.
Contact Details:
Anbu Dinesh Jayakumar
M.Pharmacy ( Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Coimbatore
Mobile : 8838404664 / 8608890121( Whatsapp)
Email: anbudinesh007@gmail.com
HPCPC[HIGH PERFORMANCE CENTRIFUGAL PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY], WHAT IS HPCPC? ...Dr. Ravi Sankar
HPCPC[HIGH PERFORMANCE CENTRIFUGAL PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY], WHAT IS HPCPC? CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTER CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY, INSTRUMENTATION ,APPLICATIONS OF HPCPC. BY P. RAVISANKAR.
VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE VADLAMUDI
GUNTUR, A.P, INDIA.
HPLC_A practical guide for the beginner users.pdfSherif Taha
This lecture presents an introduction to the beginner user on the usage of high-performance liquid chromatography. The main topics are; selecting a buffer solution, and the stationary & mobile phases.
HPLC[ HIGH PERPROMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OR HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMAT...Dr. Ravi Sankar
GASSCHROMATOGRAPHY[GC], ADVANCED STUDY OF THE FOLLOWING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, INTRODUCTION, THEORY, COLUMN OPERATION,INSTRUMENTATION AND DETECTION,APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES OF GC,PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION IN GC, HOW GC MECHINE WORKS? COLUMN, DETECTORS.
BY P.RAVISANKAR, VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI, GUNTUR, A.P, INDIA.
Content include basic introduction to chromatography. Brief view of Liquid Chromatography. HPLC introduction, other names, types of HPLC, detailed instrumentation with image of each part, and applications. Sources of content described in 'References' entitled slide. This presentation was prepared for the partial fulfillment of Master of Pharmacy.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
1. [Department of pharmacy (pharmaceutics)] | Sagar Savale
SAGAR SAVALE 1
Counter current chromatography
Mr. Sagar Kishor Savale
[Department of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics)]
2015-016
avengersagar16@gmail.com
1. Introduction
1. Counter current chromatography (CCC) is a liquid chromatography technique that
uses two immiscible liquid phases and no solid support.
2. One liquid acts as the stationary phase and the other as the mobile phase.
3. In Dual Flow CCC/CPC both liquid phases are flowing, as would be common in counter
current process extractors.
4. The liquid stationary phase(s) is held in place by gravity or by centrifugal force. The
gravity method is called droplet counter current chromatography (DCCC).
5. There are two modes of centrifugal force CCC: hydrostatic and hydrodynamic. In the
hydrostatic method.
6. The column is spun about a central axis. These devices are marketed under the
commercial name centrifugal partition chromatography CPC).
7. Dynamic mode is often called high-speed CCC (HSCCC) and relies on the Archimedes’
screw force in a helical coil to produce the separation.
2. History
1. The inventor Yoichiro Ito (1978), named it after the countercurrent partition method of
Craig.
2. Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a liquid chromatography (LC) technique.
2. [Department of pharmacy (pharmaceutics)] | Sagar Savale
SAGAR SAVALE 2
3. Principle
1. Countercurrent chromatography or partition chromatography is liquid-liquid
chromatographic technique.
2. Separate components of a mixture based on their differing affinities for mobile and
stationary phases of a column.
3. Here stationary phase and mobile phase are both liquid. Partition of solute in two phases
is based on differences in capacity factor, k, and distribution coefficient, Kd. of the
analyte using stationary liquid and mobile liquid phase.
4. Stages of Counter Current Chromatography
1. Mixing
2. Settling
3. Separation
5. Importance
1. Distribution constant D.
2. Stationary phase retention volume.
3. Elution time.
4. Resolution.
5. Effect of column length.
3. [Department of pharmacy (pharmaceutics)] | Sagar Savale
SAGAR SAVALE 3
6. Instrumentation
7. Modes of Operation
1. Head to tail
2. Tail to head
3. Dual-Mode
4. Gradient Mode
5. pH Zone Refining
8. Types of Counter current Chromatography
1. Hydrostatic CCC columns
2. Hydrodynamic CCC columns
5. [Department of pharmacy (pharmaceutics)] | Sagar Savale
SAGAR SAVALE 5
Table 1 Comparison of the properties of hydrodynamic and hydrostatic columns.
Column Hydrodynamic Hydrostatic
Liquid retained in Coiled Teflon tubes channels
Commercial name & acronym Coil planet centrifuge, high-sped
CCC
Centrifugal partition
chromatography
Centrifugal field Variable, two axes of rotation Constant one axis of rotation
Stationary phase retention Variable Good
Efficiency Up to 4 plates per tube run Up to 1 plate per channel
Pressure Low, 0.1-10 kg/cm2 Medium, 2-70 kg/cm2
Maintenance Connecting tubes to change every
~100 h
Rotating tubes to lubricate every
~100 h
other Possible noisy gear assembly,
quieter centrifuge with belt drive
Quiet centrifuge
9. Types of Counter Current Chromatography
1. Droplet counter current chromatography.
2. Elution Extrusion Counter Current Chromatography
3. Centrifugal Partition Chromatography
4. High Speed Counter Current Chromatography.
1. Droplet counter current chromatography
1. It uses only gravity to move the mobile phase through the stationary phase.
6. [Department of pharmacy (pharmaceutics)] | Sagar Savale
SAGAR SAVALE 6
2. In descending mode, droplets of the denser mobile phase and sample are allowed to fall
through a column of the lighter stationary phase using only gravity.
3. If a less dense mobile phase is used it will rise through the stationary phase, this is
called ascending mode.
4. The eluent from one column is transferred to another; the more columns that are used,
the more theoretical plates can be achieved.
2. Elution Extrusion Counter Current Chromatography
1. When run reaches a certain point, mobile phase is stopped & stationary phase is pumped
in to extrude the column content.
2. Elution extrusion makes use of the fact that compounds may be fully separated inside
the column before eluting from it. Due to the fact we are using a liquid SP, we are able
to recover the separated compounds without completing the full elution cycle.
7. [Department of pharmacy (pharmaceutics)] | Sagar Savale
SAGAR SAVALE 7
3. In elution extrusion, the separation is started in the same manner as in single-mode
CCC.
4. However, when the run reaches a certain point (e.g. D=1.0), MP will be stopped and
stationary phase pumped in to extrude the column contents (i.e. the phase initially used
as SP will be introduced in the instrument as a new MP).
3. Centrifugal Partition Chromatography
1. Invented by Sanki engineering ltd, Japan in 18th
cent.
2. CPC use CENTRIFUGAL FORCE to speed separation and achieves higher
flow rates than DCCC.
3. The centrifugal partition chromatograph is constituted with a unique rotor
(column). This rotor rotates on its central axis.
4. With less vibrations and noise, the CPC offers a wider rotation speed range
(from 500 to 2000 rpm) than HSCCC.
5. That allows a better decantation and retention for unstable biphasic system (e.g.,
aqueous aqueous systems or Butanol/water systems). Basics of CPC: The CPC
rotor is constituted by the superposition of disks engraved with small cells
connected by head / tail ducts.
6. These are the cells, where actual separation takes place.
7. Rotor is filled with the stationary phase, which stays inside the rotor, while
mobile phase is pumped through.
4. High-Speed countercurrent chromatography
8. [Department of pharmacy (pharmaceutics)] | Sagar Savale
SAGAR SAVALE 8
1. High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography (HSCCC) instruments are a modern
and popular type of Countercurrent Chromatography (CCC) apparatus. These
machines consist of:
2.Helically coiled inert tubing (Usually Teflon or sometimes stainless steel) that rotates
on its own axis.
3.A gear assembly arranged such that the helical coils revolve around a central axis to
achieve planetary motion.
10. Advantages
1. It is simple, rapid, and reproducible.
2. High sensitivity.
3. High performance.
4. Rapid process and hence time saving.
5. It is having a high resolution and separation capacity.
6. Accuracy and Precision.
7. Stationary phase was chemically innert.
8. Wide varities of stationary phase.
9. Mobile phase was chemically innert.
10. Less requirement of mobile phase in developing chamber.
11. Early recovery of separated component.
12. Easy visualization of separated components.
13. It is having Good reproducibility and repeatability.
14. It is analytical technique is important for validation of product, quality control studies
of product.
15. It is important for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
9. [Department of pharmacy (pharmaceutics)] | Sagar Savale
SAGAR SAVALE 9
11. Applications
1.Analysis of plant and different natural products.
2.Food analysis.
3.Environment analysis.
4.Inorganic ions
5.Lanthanides and actinides
6.Alkali and alkaline-earth elements
7.Platinum group metals
8.Various other elements
9.Purification of salt solutions by CCC
10. Recovery of PAHs from liquid sewage sludge and soil
12. Reference
1. Conway WD (1990) Countercurrent Chromatography, Apparatus Theory and
Applications. New York: VCH
2. Conway WD and Petroski RJ (eds) (1995) Modern Countercurrent Chromatography.
ACS Symposium Series 593. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
3. Conway WD, Bachert EL, Sarlo AM and Chan CW (1998) Comparison of
countercurrent chromatography with Sash chromatography. Journal of Liquid
Chromatography and Related Technologies 21: 53}63.
10. [Department of pharmacy (pharmaceutics)] | Sagar Savale
SAGAR SAVALE 10
4. Counter Current Chromatography: A Superior and An Advanced Analytical Technique
by Naman B. Doshi, Avani H. Sheth, Dr Dhrubo Jyoti Sen and Dr J B Dave Pharma
Times - Vol 42 - No. 01 - January 2010.
5. www.dynamicextractions.com
6. Berthod, Alain; Maryutina, Tatyana; Spivakov, Boris; Shpigun, Oleg; Sutherland, Ian
A. (2009). “Countercurrent chromatography in analytical chemistry (IUPAC Technical
Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 81 (2): 355–387. doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-08-06-
05. ISSN 0033- 4545.
7. Ito, Y.; Bowman, RL (1970). “Countercurrent Chromatography: Liquid-Liquid
Partition Chromatography without Solid Support”. Science 167 (3916): 281–283.
Bibcode:1970Sci...167..281I. doi:10.1126/science.167.3916.281. PMID 5409709.
8. Foucault, Alain P. (1994). Centrifugal Partition Chromatography. Chromatographic
Science Series, Vol. 68.CRC Press. ISBN 978-0824792572.
9. Ito, Yoichiro (2005). “Golden rules and pitfalls in selecting optimum conditions for
high-speed counter-current chromatography”. Journal of Chromatography A 1065 (2):
145–168. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2004.12.044. ISSN 0021-9673.
10. Ian A. Sutherland (2007). “Recent progress on the industrial scale-up of counter-current
chromatography” Journal of Chromatography A 1151: 6–13.