UTIs are caused by bacterial infections in the urinary tract. They range from cystitis, an infection of the bladder, to pyelonephritis, a serious infection of the kidneys. The most common pathogen is E. coli. Treatment depends on the severity and location of the infection, with acute uncomplicated cystitis usually treated with a 3 day course of antibiotics like cotrimoxazole or cephalexin. More serious or complicated infections may require 7-14 days of treatment with intravenous antibiotics such as gentamicin and third generation cephalosporins. Chronic infections necessitate long term suppressive antibiotic therapy after identifying and addressing any underlying causes.
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone structure that are active primarily against gram-negative bacteria, though newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram-positive ones.
Malignancy is most familiar as a characterization of cancer.Chemotherapy is a category of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone structure that are active primarily against gram-negative bacteria, though newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram-positive ones.
Malignancy is most familiar as a characterization of cancer.Chemotherapy is a category of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen
We know a little but we try our best to make a presentation on UTI, like others we didn't go through details because a presentation should not be elaborated... so where we mention about some unknown or difficult term we give explanation about those during presentation. We are not professionals we are just beginner.
_UODA (University Of Development Alternative)
a presentation about UTI. information from various textbooks and different journals and also from many peoples presentation is accumulated in this one file. i worked very hard for this project.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
Urinary Tract Infection
1.
2. UTIs are defined by the presence of
micro organisms within the urinary tract
Difficult to distinguish between
contamination, colonization or infection
3. 150 million people per year become
infected
20% of women between ages 20-65
suffer one attack per year
Approximately 50% of women develop
a UTI at least once.
1%-6% of general practitioner visits are
for UTIs.
4. CHRONIC
General loss of health
anaemia,hypertension.
Chronic Pylonephritis-
Chronic hypertension
&renal failure.
Pus cells (+)
Significant bacteriuria
ACUTE
Infection localized to
urethra and bladder.
frequency, urgency,
dysuria, pain in perineum.
+/- fever, chills,
leucocytosis
Pus cells (+++)
Urine culture (+)–
“significant bactertiuria”
5. Urethritis- painful urination
and burning
Cloudiness in urine
Blood in urine
Micro organism counts:
100,000/ml (traditional)
1000/ml of one type
100/ml of E.coli
Cystitis- inflammation of the
bladder, but known to
patients as any UTI.
Infection caused by
bacterial infection mainly E.
coli.
Symptoms include painful,
burning, urgent urination
and WBC in urine.
Women mainly get this
because of the shorter
urethra, which puts it closer
to the anus where E.coli is
found.
6. Pyelonephritis-
Acute infection of the
kidneys caused by
progressively
untreated cystitis
Symptoms include
fever, loin pain,
increase in WBC, and
bacteraemia
Can compromise
kidney function and
require IV antibiotics
Chronic pyelonephritis-
caused by chronic
inflammation of renal and
tubular tissue with scarring
and shrinkage secondary
interstitial fibrosis.
8. 95% of UTI are due to gram –ve bacilli.
-80% E.coli (commonest)
-15% Proteus
Klebsiella
Pseudomonas
5% of UTI are due to gram +ve cocci
Enterococci
Staphylococci
Streptococci
Mixed infections are likely to be present in
chronic cases, in diabetics, obstructive
uropathies, indwelling catheters
9. Bacteriological examination of mid
stream urine.
Diabetes mellitus must be ruled out.
Men with UTI often have obstructive
lesions or a focus of infection in the
prostrate.
11. Effective against E.coli
Ineffective in-chronic, complicated
cases or mixed infections
Cheap, easily available, and effective
orally.
Bacterial resistance major problem.
DOC: Sulfisoxazole 2g initially 1g qid for
7-10 days
Prerequisite-Alkaline urine, liberal fluid
intake.
12. Rapid g.i. absorption, high urinary
concentration.
Bacteriostatic against common pathogens.
Pseudomonas, proteus resistant.
Not recommended for acute UTI.
For ‘Chronic suppressive therapy’—
50-100 mg /day for several wks.
Mainly useful for resistant infections, mixed
infections, infections associated with
obstructive uropathy.
13. Mandelic acid +methenamine
Formaldehyde (acid PH 5.5)
Active against g-ve pathogens & c.albicans
Not effective in acute ,upper UTI,aginst
proteus & pseudomonas
Dose:1 g qid
14. Used as reserved drug for occasional cases
(esp. proteus resistant to other drugs)
Dose: 1gm qid x 7-10 days
15. Highly potent and cost effective
bactericidal combination used aginst
E.coli & proteus.
Dose: Acute UTI-2 tab bd x 7-10 days
Chronic UTI-1 tab twice a wk.
Contraindicated in pregnancy.
Successful in recurrent UTI in men
(prostatic focus)
Ineffective in renal insufficiency.
16. Effective bactericidal to E.coli ,aerobacter.
Proteus, pseudomonas resistant.
Ineffective against penicillinase producing
staph. aureus.
Safe in pregnancy
Dose:.0.5 g qid x 7-10 days.
Resistant strains of E.coli esp.. hospital
acquired has been found.
17. CARBENICILLIN:
Useful in pseudomonas infection of urinary
Infection when combined with Gentamicin.
PIPERACILLIN:
-Broad spectrum activity against g-ve org.
(pseudomonas areuginosa).
-Dose:4-8 g iv daily in divided doses.
Status – use should be limited to severe life
threatening infections.
18. Gentamicin is the only aminoglycoside
used in UTI.
Effective against E.coli,proteus,pseudo.
Disadv.- parental use
renal toxicity
ototoxicity
Reserved for complicated UTI
19. Ideal agents and drug of choice.
Useful in nosocomial pylonephritis,
complicated UTI.
Present status: first line drug for all UTI.
20. Valuable in infections resistant to other
antibiotics (E.coli, Proteus,Pseudomonas)
Doc. –Klebsiella infections.
Indicated in septicemic UTI.
21. 1. Acute cases treatment immediate.
2. Chronic case treatment after investigations.
3. Drug must achieve adequate conc. In tissue
and lumen.
4. Drug may be cidal /static –former more
capable.
22. 5. Doses should be adequate for adequate
period.
6. PH of urine should be maintained at level that
permit optimum antibacterial activity.
7. Urine culture, gram staining to confirm
diagnosis, AST to guide therapy.
8. Predisposing factors must be eradicated.
24. 7-14 days treatment :
Indications:
Failure of 3 day regimen
Symptomatic men
Recurrence both in men & women
Pregnant women
Children
Patients with renal disease
25. 2.Cystitis :
Any drug to which org ,is sensitive.( listed above)
3. Chronic persistent infection :
Commonly occur with indwelling catheter.
Treatment: one of the drug from 7-14 days regimen.
4.Asymptomatic bacteruria : no treatment
5.Post coital cystitis: full coarse + 0.5% cetrimide cream.
6.Acute urethritis: Doxy 100mg bd X 7 days
26. 1.Acute uncomplicated pylonephritis:
Drug regimen :
Cotrimoxazole /Gentamicin with/ without Ampicillin /
Cephalosporins
2.Complicated UTI :
Minimal symptoms- Cipro. 500mg bd
Severe illness :
(Inj. Cefotaxime 2g qid iv & Inj.Genta 5 mg/kg od iv) x7-14 days
3.Chronic Pylonephritis : choice of drug after AST
cause to be searched.