The document discusses correlation analysis, emphasizing the relationship between two variables and the measurement of their correlation coefficient. It outlines learning objectives, including the computation and interpretation of various correlation coefficients and the significance of assumptions like homoscedasticity and normality. The reader will learn how to summarize results in APA format and the limitations of correlation interpretations.

1. FACULTY OF EDUCATION
ELZA QAZI CAMPUS
PREPAIRED BY: SAIRA NOOR MUHAMMAD
SEAT # 46
TOPIC: CORRELATION
ASSIGNED BY
DR.AMJAD ALI ARAIN

3. FREQUENCY

4. CORRELATION ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION TO CORRELATION
 If two variables are related to each other in such a way that change in one
causes change in other, then they are said to be correlated with each other.
 In correlation we measure the degree of relationship b/w variables & also
their direction.
 Measure of correlation is called correlation coefficient of correlation.

9. Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
Identify the direction and strength of a correlation between two factors.
Compute and interpret the Pearson correlation coefficient and test for
significance.
Compute and interpret the coefficient of determination.
Define homoscedasticity, linearity, and normality and explain why each
assumption is necessary to appropriately interpret a significant correlation
coefficient.
Explain how causality, outliers, and restriction of range can limit the
interpretation of a significant correlation coefficient.
Compute and interpret the Spearman correlation coefficient and test for
significance.
Compute and interpret the point-biserial correlation coefficient and test for
significance.
Compute and interpret the phi correlation coefficient and test for
significance.
Convert the value of r to a t statistic and χ2 statistic.
Summarize the results of a correlation coefficient in APA format.