This document discusses various causes and types of water pollution, methods for measuring and controlling water pollution, and waste treatment processes. It notes that water pollution is caused by many human activities like urban development, industrial and agricultural waste, as well as natural processes. Common methods for controlling water pollution include wastewater treatment, recycling, composting, incineration, and landfills. Measurement involves physical, chemical and biological testing of water samples. The document also provides details on types of waste like plastics, chemicals and how different treatment methods work.
This document discusses lake restoration methods. It begins with an introduction to lakes and their functions. It then discusses common causes of lake degradation, including nutrients, contaminants, and sediments from nonpoint sources. Methods to restore lakes are categorized as preventive/indirect or ameliorative/direct. Preventive methods include watershed alterations and waste diversion. Ameliorative methods include in-lake physical, chemical, and biological techniques as well as outside-lake treatments. A case study on Lake Anasagar in India is presented, outlining material/methods used to assess water quality and identify degradation factors. An integrated restoration plan for the lake focuses on catchment development and lake area development through sediment removal and design plans.
This document discusses sources and impacts of industrial water pollution. It notes that industrial waste from sources like steel, food, and chemical industries introduces pollutants like heavy metals, acids, alkalies, oils, and petrochemicals into water bodies. These pollutants can harm aquatic life and contaminate fish. The document also examines offshore oil drilling as a source of water pollution through drilling fluids, oil spills, and other discharges. Oil pollution damages marine organisms and can disrupt food chains. Proper environmental assessment and use of biodegradable drilling fluids can help control pollution from offshore drilling.
The problems attract worldwide attention K/a Global Environmental Problems.
The top three environmental problems are: (1) Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming (2) Depletion of Ozone and (3) Acid Rain.
This document is a seminar presentation on control devices for gaseous air pollutants by Sourabh M. Kulkarni. It discusses sources of gaseous air pollutants from industries and natural sources. It then summarizes various methods to control gaseous pollutants including absorption, adsorption, and combustion. Finally, it describes control devices used for gaseous pollution control such as packed towers, wet scrubbers, and catalytic converters.
This document discusses wastewater and its treatment. It defines wastewater as used water from domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities. It describes the types of pollutants found in wastewater, including chemical, physical and biological pollutants. The document then discusses the objectives and various stages of wastewater treatment processes, including primary treatment techniques like screening and sedimentation, as well as secondary treatment processes like activated sludge, trickling filters and aerated lagoons. Finally, it notes that wastewater treatment aims to reduce pollutants and allow water to be safely discharged or reused.
The document discusses sources and consequences of oil pollution. It describes various sources of oil pollution including natural seeps, sea-based sources like oil spills from tankers and pipelines, and land-based sources such as urban and industrial runoff. Sea-based sources are divided into accidental discharges from incidents and operational discharges from regular shipping activities. Land-based sources also include oil in untreated sewage and stormwater. The consequences of oil spills are extensive damage to wildlife from ingestion and coating of feathers/fur, as well as long-term pollution of sediments that can impact burrowing animals for decades. Cleanup and recovery of oil spills is challenging and dependent on various environmental factors.
Water pollution is any change in water quality that harms living organisms or makes water unsuitable for use. It causes over 14,000 daily deaths worldwide. Pollution can come from natural sources like volcanoes or human sources like factories and cities. Increased nutrients cause eutrophication and hypoxia, reducing oxygen levels and harming marine life. Many pollutants accumulate up the food chain. Water quality is measured through tests of bacteria, oxygen levels, and chemical concentrations. Proper management is needed to address this global public health and environmental issue.
This document discusses oil pollution, including its sources, effects, and control measures. It notes that oil pollution endangers aquatic life and coastal environments. Major sources include cargo tanker washing, oil spills during transport, bilge dumping, and accidents. Effects range from reduced oxygen in water, harm to marine ecosystems and wildlife, and human health impacts. Control methods encompass physical removal techniques like skimming, as well as chemical dispersion and biological degradation using microorganisms. The overall document aims to raise awareness about oil pollution and the need to protect ocean environments.
This document discusses lake restoration methods. It begins with an introduction to lakes and their functions. It then discusses common causes of lake degradation, including nutrients, contaminants, and sediments from nonpoint sources. Methods to restore lakes are categorized as preventive/indirect or ameliorative/direct. Preventive methods include watershed alterations and waste diversion. Ameliorative methods include in-lake physical, chemical, and biological techniques as well as outside-lake treatments. A case study on Lake Anasagar in India is presented, outlining material/methods used to assess water quality and identify degradation factors. An integrated restoration plan for the lake focuses on catchment development and lake area development through sediment removal and design plans.
This document discusses sources and impacts of industrial water pollution. It notes that industrial waste from sources like steel, food, and chemical industries introduces pollutants like heavy metals, acids, alkalies, oils, and petrochemicals into water bodies. These pollutants can harm aquatic life and contaminate fish. The document also examines offshore oil drilling as a source of water pollution through drilling fluids, oil spills, and other discharges. Oil pollution damages marine organisms and can disrupt food chains. Proper environmental assessment and use of biodegradable drilling fluids can help control pollution from offshore drilling.
The problems attract worldwide attention K/a Global Environmental Problems.
The top three environmental problems are: (1) Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming (2) Depletion of Ozone and (3) Acid Rain.
This document is a seminar presentation on control devices for gaseous air pollutants by Sourabh M. Kulkarni. It discusses sources of gaseous air pollutants from industries and natural sources. It then summarizes various methods to control gaseous pollutants including absorption, adsorption, and combustion. Finally, it describes control devices used for gaseous pollution control such as packed towers, wet scrubbers, and catalytic converters.
This document discusses wastewater and its treatment. It defines wastewater as used water from domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities. It describes the types of pollutants found in wastewater, including chemical, physical and biological pollutants. The document then discusses the objectives and various stages of wastewater treatment processes, including primary treatment techniques like screening and sedimentation, as well as secondary treatment processes like activated sludge, trickling filters and aerated lagoons. Finally, it notes that wastewater treatment aims to reduce pollutants and allow water to be safely discharged or reused.
The document discusses sources and consequences of oil pollution. It describes various sources of oil pollution including natural seeps, sea-based sources like oil spills from tankers and pipelines, and land-based sources such as urban and industrial runoff. Sea-based sources are divided into accidental discharges from incidents and operational discharges from regular shipping activities. Land-based sources also include oil in untreated sewage and stormwater. The consequences of oil spills are extensive damage to wildlife from ingestion and coating of feathers/fur, as well as long-term pollution of sediments that can impact burrowing animals for decades. Cleanup and recovery of oil spills is challenging and dependent on various environmental factors.
Water pollution is any change in water quality that harms living organisms or makes water unsuitable for use. It causes over 14,000 daily deaths worldwide. Pollution can come from natural sources like volcanoes or human sources like factories and cities. Increased nutrients cause eutrophication and hypoxia, reducing oxygen levels and harming marine life. Many pollutants accumulate up the food chain. Water quality is measured through tests of bacteria, oxygen levels, and chemical concentrations. Proper management is needed to address this global public health and environmental issue.
This document discusses oil pollution, including its sources, effects, and control measures. It notes that oil pollution endangers aquatic life and coastal environments. Major sources include cargo tanker washing, oil spills during transport, bilge dumping, and accidents. Effects range from reduced oxygen in water, harm to marine ecosystems and wildlife, and human health impacts. Control methods encompass physical removal techniques like skimming, as well as chemical dispersion and biological degradation using microorganisms. The overall document aims to raise awareness about oil pollution and the need to protect ocean environments.
This slide contents
* What is Water Pollution?
* Types and sources of Water Pollution
* Water Pollutants
* Population and Water needs
* The Effects Of Water Pollution
* Solutions to Water Pollution
* Preventive Measures for Water Pollution
This document discusses various methods for removing dissolved solids from industrial wastewater, including inorganic and organic solids. It describes four key methods for removing inorganic solids: evaporation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis. For organic solids, the most common technique is adsorption using activated carbon due to its extremely large surface area. Pretreatment is important with methods like reverse osmosis to prevent membrane fouling.
Waste water treatment involves three main stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms in aerobic processes like activated sludge to break down organic waste. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients or other pollutants through chemical or biological methods. Proper treatment of effluent is necessary before discharge to reduce environmental impacts.
1) The document describes the key physical, chemical, and biological characteristics used to analyze industrial wastewater quality.
2) It covers 4 categories - physical, chemical, microbiological, and radiological - and describes parameters like turbidity, temperature, pH, and toxic substances.
3) Measurement methods for parameters like BOD, COD, and solids are also outlined to analyze wastewater contaminants and inform treatment.
Primary and secondary wastewater treatment..snehalmenon92
This document provides an overview of primary and secondary wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as applying technology to improve water quality. Primary treatment involves removing coarse solids and grit, while secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge to further break down organic matter. The document then describes various primary and secondary treatment units and processes in detail, such as grit chambers, primary clarifiers, trickling filters, and biological nutrient removal. It concludes by discussing tertiary/advanced treatment options for removing additional contaminants.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Sewage is generated from household and commercial waste water and includes waste from bathrooms, kitchens, and industry. Improper handling of sewage can spread diseases through water systems and increase biological oxygen demand, polluting the water. Sewage contains organic matter and pathogens that can transmit disease, cause odors, and make water unusable for drinking or agriculture.
Pesticides are substances used to control pests in agriculture, forestry, and residential settings. The main types are insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. Pesticides allow for increased food production but can also harm non-target species and contaminate water and food if not applied properly. After application, pesticides can move in the environment through runoff, volatilization, leaching, and degradation, potentially impacting other plants and animals if not contained in the application area. Proper application and adherence to product labels is necessary to maximize pest control and minimize environmental and health risks.
Anaerobic digestion is a microbiological process where organic matter decomposes in the absence of oxygen. Through controlled engineering, anaerobic digestion breaks down organic biodegradable matter in sealed reactor tanks to produce biogas and digestate. The four-stage digestion process involves hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis where anaerobic microorganisms biochemically digest materials like glucose into methane and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic digestion generates renewable energy as biogas and nutrient-rich digestate fertilizer.
The document discusses industrial wastewater effluents and their treatment. It describes various sources and characteristics of industrial wastewater, as well as the pollutants commonly found in it. The objectives of industrial wastewater treatment are to allow safe disposal without harming the environment. Common treatment methods include preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments using various units and processes like screening, sedimentation, and biological processes. Both advantages and disadvantages of wastewater treatment systems are provided.
The document summarizes various stages of wastewater treatment processes. It discusses preliminary treatment which removes solids, grit, and grease. Primary treatment uses sedimentation to remove 60% of suspended solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ditches to remove organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and particles through processes like filtration and disinfection. The document provides details on the treatment units and processes involved at each stage of wastewater treatment.
The document discusses various aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as a process to convert wastewater into an effluent that can safely return to the water cycle with minimal environmental impact. It then describes several specific treatment processes, including activated sludge processing, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, biofilters, aerobic and anaerobic stabilization ponds, and various anaerobic digestion methods like upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed processes.
Wastewater has physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Physically, it contains solids like total suspended solids and total dissolved solids that affect turbidity. Chemically, wastewater has parameters like pH, alkalinity, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Common methods to measure organic content include biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC). Biologically, wastewater contains organisms like bacteria, algae, protozoa, and viruses, some of which can be pathogenic.
The carbon cycle describes the movement of carbon through the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. Carbon is exchanged through processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and the weathering of rocks. Recently, the carbon cycle has become imbalanced due to human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation, which emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere faster than natural processes can reabsorb it. The excess carbon dioxide is causing global warming and has negative effects on plants, humans and the climate.
The document summarizes the wastewater treatment process. It involves three main stages - primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment removes solids and floats. Secondary treatment uses bacteria to break down dissolved organic matter. There are different approaches like fixed film and suspended film systems. Tertiary treatment disinfects the wastewater using chlorination, UV, or ozonation. Sludge is also treated to reduce water content and stabilize organic matter through aerobic digestion, anaerobic digestion, or composting. The treated effluent and sludge can be reused or disposed of safely.
The document summarizes a seminar on biological wastewater treatment processes, past, present, and future. It discusses various types of domestic and industrial wastewater and their characteristics. It then describes key biological processes involved in wastewater treatment like carbonaceous removal, nitrogen removal, and sulfate removal. Various treatment processes are discussed including pond treatment, activated sludge process, and biofilm processes. Ongoing research activities at the institute are also highlighted which include studies on nitrification kinetics, anaerobic sulfate reduction modeling, and membrane bioreactor processes.
Primary waste water treatment powerpointb presntationkanchan jadon
This ppt basically depends on primary waste water treatment. It gives brief description about what is water treatment,sources of waste water,types of waste water basically mostly focus on primary treatment like screening,types of screening,description on every type of screens, grit removal,communator,primary sedimentation.
Bioaccumulation and biomagnification refer to the increasing concentration of pollutants like pesticides, mercury, and other chemicals as they move up the food chain. Bioaccumulation is when an organism absorbs more of a substance than it eliminates, resulting in increasing concentration over time. Biomagnification occurs when concentrations increase at each trophic level, so organisms at the top of food chains face greater exposure. Pollutants like DDT, PCBs, and mercury are especially prone to bioaccumulation and biomagnification due to their persistence and ability to concentrate in fatty tissues. This can negatively impact wildlife and pose risks to human health through consumption of contaminated fish and seafood.
This document discusses chemical oxygen demand (COD) testing. COD testing measures the amount of organic matter in water by determining the oxygen required to chemically oxidize the matter. Potassium dichromate is commonly used as the strong oxidizing agent. The COD test procedure involves refluxing a water sample with dichromate and sulfuric acid, then titrating the remaining dichromate with ferrous ammonium sulfate to determine the COD level in mg/L. COD testing provides faster results than biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) testing and oxidizes a wider range of compounds, though the results do not directly correlate to 5-day BOD levels.
environmental monitoring of petroleum industrial pollutionYADAV456
The document summarizes the environmental impacts of the petroleum industry from exploration and production through to end use as fuel. It discusses various types of pollution generated at each stage, including air pollution from emissions, water pollution from oil spills and wastewater, and solid waste. It also outlines Nigerian regulations and guidelines established to minimize these environmental impacts and clean up oil spills. Overall, the petroleum industry can degrade the environment if not properly regulated and monitored.
The document discusses various fungal species that can be used in myco-permaculture systems, including oyster mushrooms, king stropharia, shiitake, lion's mane, and morels. It describes how these fungi can be grown and their functions, such as mycofiltration, wood decomposition, nutrient cycling, and providing food and medicine. The document also discusses establishing long-term mycorrhizal relationships with trees and cultivating psilocybin mushrooms in landscaping as part of living harmoniously within an ecosystem.
Wei Water Forum- Water Management and Pollution Control through Stakeholder ...Global Water Partnership
The document summarizes the Wei River forums that took place from 2007 to 2009 in Shaanxi Province, China. The forums focused on managing water resources and pollution in the Wei River basin. Key achievements included raising public awareness about water issues, promoting integrated water resource management, and influencing policymakers to approve management plans and strengthen pollution control efforts. Next steps discussed at the 2009 forum involved improving disaster control strategies and developing regulations and systems for integrated management of the Wei River basin.
This slide contents
* What is Water Pollution?
* Types and sources of Water Pollution
* Water Pollutants
* Population and Water needs
* The Effects Of Water Pollution
* Solutions to Water Pollution
* Preventive Measures for Water Pollution
This document discusses various methods for removing dissolved solids from industrial wastewater, including inorganic and organic solids. It describes four key methods for removing inorganic solids: evaporation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis. For organic solids, the most common technique is adsorption using activated carbon due to its extremely large surface area. Pretreatment is important with methods like reverse osmosis to prevent membrane fouling.
Waste water treatment involves three main stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms in aerobic processes like activated sludge to break down organic waste. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients or other pollutants through chemical or biological methods. Proper treatment of effluent is necessary before discharge to reduce environmental impacts.
1) The document describes the key physical, chemical, and biological characteristics used to analyze industrial wastewater quality.
2) It covers 4 categories - physical, chemical, microbiological, and radiological - and describes parameters like turbidity, temperature, pH, and toxic substances.
3) Measurement methods for parameters like BOD, COD, and solids are also outlined to analyze wastewater contaminants and inform treatment.
Primary and secondary wastewater treatment..snehalmenon92
This document provides an overview of primary and secondary wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as applying technology to improve water quality. Primary treatment involves removing coarse solids and grit, while secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge to further break down organic matter. The document then describes various primary and secondary treatment units and processes in detail, such as grit chambers, primary clarifiers, trickling filters, and biological nutrient removal. It concludes by discussing tertiary/advanced treatment options for removing additional contaminants.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Sewage is generated from household and commercial waste water and includes waste from bathrooms, kitchens, and industry. Improper handling of sewage can spread diseases through water systems and increase biological oxygen demand, polluting the water. Sewage contains organic matter and pathogens that can transmit disease, cause odors, and make water unusable for drinking or agriculture.
Pesticides are substances used to control pests in agriculture, forestry, and residential settings. The main types are insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. Pesticides allow for increased food production but can also harm non-target species and contaminate water and food if not applied properly. After application, pesticides can move in the environment through runoff, volatilization, leaching, and degradation, potentially impacting other plants and animals if not contained in the application area. Proper application and adherence to product labels is necessary to maximize pest control and minimize environmental and health risks.
Anaerobic digestion is a microbiological process where organic matter decomposes in the absence of oxygen. Through controlled engineering, anaerobic digestion breaks down organic biodegradable matter in sealed reactor tanks to produce biogas and digestate. The four-stage digestion process involves hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis where anaerobic microorganisms biochemically digest materials like glucose into methane and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic digestion generates renewable energy as biogas and nutrient-rich digestate fertilizer.
The document discusses industrial wastewater effluents and their treatment. It describes various sources and characteristics of industrial wastewater, as well as the pollutants commonly found in it. The objectives of industrial wastewater treatment are to allow safe disposal without harming the environment. Common treatment methods include preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments using various units and processes like screening, sedimentation, and biological processes. Both advantages and disadvantages of wastewater treatment systems are provided.
The document summarizes various stages of wastewater treatment processes. It discusses preliminary treatment which removes solids, grit, and grease. Primary treatment uses sedimentation to remove 60% of suspended solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ditches to remove organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and particles through processes like filtration and disinfection. The document provides details on the treatment units and processes involved at each stage of wastewater treatment.
The document discusses various aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as a process to convert wastewater into an effluent that can safely return to the water cycle with minimal environmental impact. It then describes several specific treatment processes, including activated sludge processing, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, biofilters, aerobic and anaerobic stabilization ponds, and various anaerobic digestion methods like upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed processes.
Wastewater has physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Physically, it contains solids like total suspended solids and total dissolved solids that affect turbidity. Chemically, wastewater has parameters like pH, alkalinity, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Common methods to measure organic content include biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC). Biologically, wastewater contains organisms like bacteria, algae, protozoa, and viruses, some of which can be pathogenic.
The carbon cycle describes the movement of carbon through the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. Carbon is exchanged through processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and the weathering of rocks. Recently, the carbon cycle has become imbalanced due to human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation, which emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere faster than natural processes can reabsorb it. The excess carbon dioxide is causing global warming and has negative effects on plants, humans and the climate.
The document summarizes the wastewater treatment process. It involves three main stages - primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment removes solids and floats. Secondary treatment uses bacteria to break down dissolved organic matter. There are different approaches like fixed film and suspended film systems. Tertiary treatment disinfects the wastewater using chlorination, UV, or ozonation. Sludge is also treated to reduce water content and stabilize organic matter through aerobic digestion, anaerobic digestion, or composting. The treated effluent and sludge can be reused or disposed of safely.
The document summarizes a seminar on biological wastewater treatment processes, past, present, and future. It discusses various types of domestic and industrial wastewater and their characteristics. It then describes key biological processes involved in wastewater treatment like carbonaceous removal, nitrogen removal, and sulfate removal. Various treatment processes are discussed including pond treatment, activated sludge process, and biofilm processes. Ongoing research activities at the institute are also highlighted which include studies on nitrification kinetics, anaerobic sulfate reduction modeling, and membrane bioreactor processes.
Primary waste water treatment powerpointb presntationkanchan jadon
This ppt basically depends on primary waste water treatment. It gives brief description about what is water treatment,sources of waste water,types of waste water basically mostly focus on primary treatment like screening,types of screening,description on every type of screens, grit removal,communator,primary sedimentation.
Bioaccumulation and biomagnification refer to the increasing concentration of pollutants like pesticides, mercury, and other chemicals as they move up the food chain. Bioaccumulation is when an organism absorbs more of a substance than it eliminates, resulting in increasing concentration over time. Biomagnification occurs when concentrations increase at each trophic level, so organisms at the top of food chains face greater exposure. Pollutants like DDT, PCBs, and mercury are especially prone to bioaccumulation and biomagnification due to their persistence and ability to concentrate in fatty tissues. This can negatively impact wildlife and pose risks to human health through consumption of contaminated fish and seafood.
This document discusses chemical oxygen demand (COD) testing. COD testing measures the amount of organic matter in water by determining the oxygen required to chemically oxidize the matter. Potassium dichromate is commonly used as the strong oxidizing agent. The COD test procedure involves refluxing a water sample with dichromate and sulfuric acid, then titrating the remaining dichromate with ferrous ammonium sulfate to determine the COD level in mg/L. COD testing provides faster results than biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) testing and oxidizes a wider range of compounds, though the results do not directly correlate to 5-day BOD levels.
environmental monitoring of petroleum industrial pollutionYADAV456
The document summarizes the environmental impacts of the petroleum industry from exploration and production through to end use as fuel. It discusses various types of pollution generated at each stage, including air pollution from emissions, water pollution from oil spills and wastewater, and solid waste. It also outlines Nigerian regulations and guidelines established to minimize these environmental impacts and clean up oil spills. Overall, the petroleum industry can degrade the environment if not properly regulated and monitored.
The document discusses various fungal species that can be used in myco-permaculture systems, including oyster mushrooms, king stropharia, shiitake, lion's mane, and morels. It describes how these fungi can be grown and their functions, such as mycofiltration, wood decomposition, nutrient cycling, and providing food and medicine. The document also discusses establishing long-term mycorrhizal relationships with trees and cultivating psilocybin mushrooms in landscaping as part of living harmoniously within an ecosystem.
Wei Water Forum- Water Management and Pollution Control through Stakeholder ...Global Water Partnership
The document summarizes the Wei River forums that took place from 2007 to 2009 in Shaanxi Province, China. The forums focused on managing water resources and pollution in the Wei River basin. Key achievements included raising public awareness about water issues, promoting integrated water resource management, and influencing policymakers to approve management plans and strengthen pollution control efforts. Next steps discussed at the 2009 forum involved improving disaster control strategies and developing regulations and systems for integrated management of the Wei River basin.
This document discusses environmental pollution measurement and control. It describes different types of pollution including air, water, land, and noise pollution. It outlines instruments that can be used to measure various pollution parameters like particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. It discusses pollution control norms and methodologies to measure actual pollution levels, compare them to standards, and take corrective actions when limits are exceeded. Key control methods mentioned include incinerators for solid waste and enclosing or absorbing noise sources.
The document discusses the potential for white rot fungi, such as Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 and P. chrysosporium IFO31249, to bioremediate polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs). Experiments showed that both fungi were capable of degrading between 70-75% of various PCDDs and PCDFs within 14 days when supplemented with glucose and oxygen. The degradation occurred through non-specific extracellular enzymes and showed no clear dependence on substrate structure. Care was taken to prevent evaporation and exposure during the experiments.
Phytoremediation uses living plants to remove, degrade, or stabilize contaminants in soil, sludges, sediments, and groundwater through natural processes. Key methods include phytoextraction, where plants uptake and concentrate contaminants; rhizofiltration, where contaminants are absorbed or adsorbed onto root surfaces; and phytodegradation, where plants or their associated microbes break down organic pollutants. Phytoremediation offers a low-cost, solar-powered, and aesthetically-pleasing approach to remediation of sites with lower-level contamination.
Water pollution in Dhaka City (Hatirjheel dhaka , bangladesh)Ahsan Habib
This document summarizes a presentation on water pollution in Hatirjheel Project in Dhaka City. The key points are:
1. The sources of water pollution in Hatirjheel include sewage and wastewater entering its canals from surrounding areas instead of just rainwater as intended. Industrial and residential waste are also discharged directly into the project waters.
2. Water quality testing shows several parameters like color, carbon dioxide, and biochemical oxygen demand exceed standards, indicating high levels of pollution.
3. The pollution poses health risks to visitors who swim or bathe in the contaminated waters and can cause skin irritations and waterborne diseases.
4. Solutions proposed include identifying new pollut
water pollution control and measurmentRekha Kumari
Today we all are facing the biggest problem that is scarcity of drinking water as the level of water is continually decreasing.
In many countries people die because of contaminated water as they do not have any water resources that contain pure water.
The first question comes in mind when we talk about water management is how can we manage water. For this we need some well-planned strategies like if we know the places where heavy rainfall occur, then we can put extra efforts there in order to save water for future use.
Phytoremediation is a natural process that uses plants to remove contaminants from soil and water. It involves using plants and their associated microorganisms to degrade, extract, and stabilize pollutants in the environment. The document discusses the various methods of phytoremediation including phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytotransformation. It also provides examples of plant species commonly used for different phytoremediation processes and contaminants removed.
This document discusses water pollution, its sources, effects, and control measures. It defines water pollution as the contamination of water bodies that occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged without adequate treatment. Water pollution affects the entire biosphere and damages plant and animal species and communities. The major sources of water pollution include industrial waste, sewage, mining, oil spills, agricultural runoff, and urban development. Water pollution is measured through physical, chemical, and biological indicators and can cause diseases in humans and harm aquatic animals. Control measures involve regulating industries, wastewater treatment, public education, and research.
Biodegradation is the breakdown of materials by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. It is distinct from but related to composting. Biodegradable materials like plant and animal matter can be broken down aerobically with oxygen or anaerobically without oxygen. Factors like moisture, oxygen, temperature affect the rate of biodegradation. Many plastics are now made to be biodegradable by incorporating materials like cornstarch. Bioremediation uses organisms like fungi and bacteria to remove pollutants from contaminated sites, either through natural biodegradation or by adding nutrients or microbes to stimulate the process. It has advantages over traditional chemical or physical treatment methods.
Water Pollution and its control through biotechnologyRachana Tiwari
Water pollution occurs from both point and non-point sources and can be physical, chemical, or biological in nature. It affects plants and organisms in bodies of water. Biotechnological control of water pollution uses aerobic and anaerobic treatment processes. Aerobic processes use microorganisms like Pseudomonas and algae to break down pollutants, and occur in suspended growth systems like activated sludge or attached growth systems like trickling filters. Anaerobic processes use microbes like Peptococcus anaerobus and Escherichia coli to treat waste in the absence of oxygen in digesters.
Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies from various sources such as factories, sewage treatment plants, agricultural and livestock farms, and urban settlements. Major causes of water pollution include improper disposal of sewage and industrial waste, oil spills, seepage from landfills, excess fertilizers and pesticides, and littering. Water pollution has wide-ranging negative impacts like endangering plant and animal species, causing eutrophication, contaminating food sources, and affecting human health. It also leads to significant economic losses for industries like fishing and tourism.
This document discusses various strategies for pollution mitigation through bioremediation. It begins with an introduction to bioremediation and outlines different bioremediation strategies including in situ and ex situ approaches. In situ bioremediation strategies discussed include intrinsic bioremediation, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation. Ex situ strategies include composting, land farming, and biopile systems. The document also discusses factors that influence bioremediation effectiveness such as microorganisms, environmental conditions, and contaminant type. It provides examples of contaminants that are bio-degradable, partially degradable, and recalcitrant.
Environmental biotechnology uses biological processes to protect and restore the environment. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade pollutants in air, water, and soil into less harmful substances. It can be used to treat wastewater, industrial effluents, drinking water, land, soil, air, and solid waste. Genetic engineering creates environmentally friendly alternatives by modifying microorganisms using recombinant DNA technology. Biotechnology shows potential to contribute to environmental remediation and protection.
Water pollution occurs when contaminants are released into bodies of water, compromising water quality for other uses. Common causes include industrial waste, sewage, oil pollution, and nuclear waste from improper dumping and underground storage leaks. Effects of water pollution include toxic water that can sicken humans and animals, thermal heating of water sources, and hundreds of turtle deaths in Australian waters each year from oil coatings. Individuals can help prevent water pollution by conserving water use, proper fertilizer application, participating in clean ups, and raising awareness.
Water pollution occurs when chemicals, sewage, fertilizers and other harmful substances are discharged into waterways without proper treatment. This contamination can poison drinking water and food sources for animals and humans, disrupt ecosystems, and cause health issues. The major causes of water pollution are household, industrial, and agricultural waste as well as litter and nuclear waste. To prevent further water pollution, individuals should use environmentally-friendly household products, limit pesticide and fertilizer use, avoid littering, and support education to change unsustainable habits that threaten the world's water resources for future generations.
This document provides an overview of bioremediation. Some key points:
- Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to remove or break down pollutants in the environment. It can be used to treat contamination in soil, water, and solid waste.
- There are different types of bioremediation including biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and intrinsic bioremediation. Genetically engineered microbes are also used.
- The microbes degrade pollutants through redox reactions and metabolic pathways. Bioremediation can be done on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material to another location (ex situ).
This document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, noise, land, and radioactive pollution. It provides definitions and overviews of each type of pollution, describes their causes and effects, and gives recommendations for prevention. The types of pollution covered are air pollution from industries and vehicles, water pollution from industrial and sewage waste, noise pollution from traffic, construction and airports, land pollution from mining, garbage and industrial waste, and radioactive pollution from nuclear power plants and waste. The document aims to educate about various forms of pollution and their impacts.
Water pollution occurs when contaminants are released into water sources, degrading water quality for other uses. There are two main types of water pollution: surface water pollution which impacts oceans, rivers and lakes, and groundwater pollution which impacts underground sources. Water pollution can be caused by sewage, industrial waste, marine dumping, and other sources, and has negative effects on the environment, humans, and animals, including toxic water, diseases, and animal deaths. Individual actions like conserving water, proper fertilizer use, and cleanups can help reduce water pollution.
The document discusses ecology, ecosystems, and environmental concepts. It defines ecology as the study of organisms and their environment. There are different types of ecology like autecology and synecology. An ecosystem is comprised of biotic and abiotic components that interact and exchange energy and matter. The biotic components include producers, consumers, and decomposers. The abiotic components include climatic, physical, chemical, and medium factors. Various ecosystems are described like forests, grasslands, deserts, aquatic, marine, and freshwater ecosystems. Their biotic and abiotic components and examples of organisms are provided. Environmental issues like waste management, pollution, and their impacts are also summarized.
This document discusses the role of biodegradable products in environmental sustainability. It begins by defining biodegradation as the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. It then discusses how biotechnology can produce sustainable alternatives to polluting materials through biological processes. The document also examines the three stages of biodegradation - biodeterioration, biofragmentation, and assimilation. It provides timeframes for common materials to biodegrade in both terrestrial and marine environments. Finally, it discusses the environmental and social impacts of non-biodegradable pollution, such as threats to wildlife health, increased cleanup costs, and effects on coastal economies that rely on ecotourism.
This document discusses human impact on the biosphere and various environmental issues. It covers topics like renewable and nonrenewable resources, sustainable use of resources, different types of wastes, pollution, land and water resources, air resources, biodiversity threats and conservation efforts. Key terms mentioned include deforestation, soil erosion, extinction, desertification, biological magnification, acid rain, greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, habitat destruction and more.
The document discusses bioremediation of contaminated soil and water, including degradation of pollutants like oil spills, heavy metals, and detergents. It also discusses the biodegradation of lignin and cellulose, phytoremediation, and the degradation of toxic chemicals by microorganisms. The document is about bioremediation concepts and techniques for treating municipal and industrial waste.
This document provides an overview of environmental biotechnology and bioremediation. It defines environmental biotechnology as using biotechnology to study and solve environmental problems, particularly through applying microorganisms and their products to treat waste and clean up pollution. The document outlines various bioremediation techniques like biotreatment, phytoremediation, and discusses factors that influence bioremediation like nutrients, oxygen, pH, temperature. It also provides examples of bioremediation of specific pollutants like heavy metals and hydrocarbon contaminants.
The document discusses various methods of managing solid waste including reducing, reusing, recycling, composting, incineration, pyrolysis, and landfilling. It explains the benefits of reducing pollution by recycling materials like plastic, aluminum, paper, and glass which can be recycled repeatedly. Landfilling is commonly used but can contaminate air and water if not done properly. Composting and incineration are other options to manage organic waste. Electronic waste requires special handling due to toxic materials. Plastic waste is a major global problem due to increased production and single-use items. Water and air pollution must be prevented through proper waste management.
BIOREMIDIATION & RECYCLING OF WASTE MATERIAL AND ITS IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITYLovnish Thakur
THE WHOLE PRESENTATION DESCRIBE WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF POLLUTION AND A CASE HOW CORAL REEF ARE AFFECTED BY IT .WHAT IS BIOREMEDIATION & PHYTOREMEDIATION.
Soil takes a long time to form, around 500-1000 years to form an inch of soil. Soil formation occurs in stages, starting with rocks being broken down by forces like wind and water into particles. In stage one, these particles form a mineral soil but cannot support life as they lack nitrogen. In stage two, lichens add nitrogen to the soil through nitrogen fixation. Mosses, bacteria and fungi also add nutrients and water. In stage three, larger plants that support roots can grow. Eventually, the soil supports thick vegetation in stage four. Reforestation, crop rotation, cover crops, and windbreaks can help conserve soil and prevent erosion.
Bioremediation of wastewater by microorganismsadetunjiEwa
The term bioremediation has been introduced to describe the process of using biological
agents to remove toxic waste from environment. Bioremediation is the most effective management tool to manage the polluted water and recover contaminated waste water. It is an attractive and successful cleaning technique for polluted environment; it has been used at a number of sites worldwide, with varying degrees of success.
Bioremediation of wastewater by microorganismsadetunjiEwa
ABSTRACT
The term bioremediation has been introduced to describe the process of using biological
agents to remove toxic waste from environment. Bioremediation is the most effective management tool to manage the polluted water and recover contaminated waste water. It is an attractive and successful cleaning technique for polluted environment; it has been used at a number of sites worldwide, with varying degrees of success.
Solid waste disposal and mangrove destructionsana sana
This document discusses solid waste and mangroves. It defines different types of solid waste and their impacts. It also describes mangroves' ecological functions in protecting coastlines and supporting fisheries. The causes of mangrove destruction include activities like aquaculture, infrastructure development, and harvesting. Losing these ecosystems puts coastal communities at risk by reducing regulatory services and increasing vulnerability to storms.
The USEPA defines biodegradation as a process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment.
According to the definition by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the term biodegradation is “Breakdown of a substance catalyzed by enzymes in vitro or in vivo.
The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements.
Biodegradable matter is generally organic material such as plant and animal matter and other substances originating from living organisms, or artificial materials that are similar enough to plant and animal matter to be put to use by microorganisms.
Review on Biodegradation of Plastic Waste by Micro Organismsijtsrd
Plastics are light weighted, durable, corrosion resistant materials, strong, and inexpensive. Scientists have reported many adverse effects of the plastic in the environment and human health. The plastics at room temperatures are not considered as toxic. The toxic properties are found in plastics, when heat is released from the food material in which they are covered and then they produce serious human health problems. This review article covers the list of plastics, plastic degrading efficiency by microbes and their involvement to degrade the plastic waste. Christian Venisha V | Saraf Meenu S | Thakkar Aarti V "Review on Biodegradation of Plastic Waste by Micro-Organisms" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38160.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/38160/review-on-biodegradation-of-plastic-waste-by-microorganisms/christian-venisha-v
This document discusses environmental biotechnology and traditional Indian approaches to environmental issues. It provides an overview of environmental biotechnology techniques used to treat waste and pollution. It also discusses views from ancient Indian scriptures that emphasize harmony between humans and nature. The document advocates applying insights from Indian philosophy's holistic view of the world to help address modern environmental problems through a balanced approach considering both traditional knowledge and new technologies.
Bioremediation refers to using microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and plants to remove or neutralize pollutants from the environment. There are different types of bioremediation including biostimulation, bioaugmentation and intrinsic bioremediation. Bioremediation can treat a variety of pollutants like organic wastes, hydrocarbons, heavy metals and industrial wastes through metabolic reactions carried out by microbes. It provides a natural, low-cost and environmentally friendly approach to cleanup of contaminated waste sites.
The document contains presentations from students of a middle school attending additional ecology project lessons. It discusses various environmental problems such as different types of pollution, their causes, and effects. It also suggests actions individuals can take to help the environment, such as reducing waste, using public transportation, planting trees, and encouraging environmentally-friendly organizations. The presentations cover topics like the definition of ecology, types of pollution like land, water, and air pollution, global environmental issues including global warming, and how to protect the natural world.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi to remove or neutralize pollutants from the environment. There are different types of bioremediation including biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and intrinsic bioremediation. Bioremediation can occur in situ at the pollution site or ex situ by removing contaminated materials to another location. Various microbes and plants are effective at bioremediating sites contaminated with hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and other organic and inorganic pollutants.
Humans have brought Earth close to a biotic crisis by damaging the environment through various issues at the global, national, and local levels. These environmental problems have socio-economic and cultural impacts. The key issues include global warming, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, pollution, desertification, and waste disposal. While some environmental changes occurred naturally in the past, humans now have the potential to disrupt the entire global ecosystem if environmental damage is not addressed.
This document discusses water pollution, including its causes, types, and effects. It defines pollution and describes when it occurs due to human activity introducing solid, liquid, or gaseous substances into natural bodies of water. The types of pollutants covered include pathogens, oxygen-depleting wastes, nutrients, chemicals, sediment, radioactive isotopes, heat, and oil. The document also examines nature's limited capacity for treating pollution and discusses water treatment methods like primary, secondary, and tertiary processes used to remove pollutants.
Instrumental and intrinsic values of biodiversitymujahid hussain
Instrumental and intrinsic values of biodiversity
Uploaded by Mujahid Hussain, Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.
mujahid.hussain7877@gmail.com
Brown algae, also known as Phaeophyta, are multicellular marine algae that contain chlorophyll and store carbohydrates like laminarin. The document provides an example species of brown algae called Laminaria, which is commonly known as kelp. In just 3 sentences, the summary captures the key points that the document discusses brown algae and provides an example species.
southern blotting (used to detect the presence of a particular piece of DNA i...mujahid hussain
The technique was developed by E.M. Southern in 1975.
The Southern blot is used to detect the presence of a particular piece of DNA in a sample
mujahid hussain, Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
chromosomal aberrations
Variation in chromosomal structure or number
changes in the number of sets of chromosomes (ploidy), changes in the number of individual chromosomes (somy), or changes in appearance of individual chromosomes through mutation-induced rearrangements. They can be associated with genetic diseases or with species differences
Mujahid Hussain, Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
The document discusses the three main types of cytoskeletal filaments in cells - microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. It describes their composition, structure, organization within cells, and important functions. Microfilaments are composed of actin proteins and are involved in cell movement, anchoring membrane proteins, and cell division. Microtubules are hollow tubes composed of alpha and beta tubulin subunits and help with intracellular transport and chromosome segregation. Intermediate filaments provide structural support and are made of keratin in epithelial cells. The cytoskeleton overall maintains cell shape, internal organization, transport within cells, tissue assembly, and cell movement.
The plasma membrane is a thin, semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. It is composed of phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates. The plasma membrane acts as a barrier that separates the cell's interior from its external environment. It functions as a gatekeeper, allows for compartmentalization within the cell, and enables cell-to-cell communication through surface receptors.
Comparison between Replication of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes mujahid hussain
The document compares DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, replication starts from a single origin of replication site, while in eukaryotes there are many origins of replication since the genome is much larger. Replication in prokaryotes involves fewer proteins that attach to the origin of replication, while in eukaryotes it involves multiple protein complexes. The replication process and proteins involved are also more complex in eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes.
physical methods of waste disposal, mujahid hussainmujahid hussain
This document discusses various physical methods for waste disposal, including crushing, compaction, recovery, sedimentation, flotation, and landfilling. It notes that physical treatment processes are often simple and low-cost, and the choice of method depends on the physical form and characteristics of the waste. Specific processes like crushing, compaction, and recovery are used to break up, compress, and separate recyclable materials from waste.
Physical methods of waste disposal. mujahid hussain (12)mujahid hussain
The document discusses various types of waste produced by food processing plants, including solid wastes like peels, seeds and trimmings, as well as wastewater. It outlines characteristics of food waste and various treatment methods that can be used, such as composting, animal feeding, and physical or biological treatment of wastewater. Common food processing wastes include materials from fruit, vegetable, meat and dairy operations. Proper treatment and disposal of these wastes is important.
This document provides a review of the flora of Sargodha Division in Pakistan. It begins with background information on Sargodha District, including its population, administrative divisions, and most widely spoken languages. It then lists 67 plant species found in the region with their botanical names, families, and ethnobotanical uses as reported by local people. The ethnobotanical uses include use as vegetables, fruits, medicines, fodder, and other purposes. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the useful plant species in the region's flora and the traditional knowledge of their uses.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ASCORBIC ACID CONCENTRATION IN TWO VARIETIES OF CITRU...mujahid hussain
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ASCORBIC ACID CONCENTRATION IN TWO VARIETIES OF CITRUS (CITRUS SINENSIS, CITRUS LIMETTA) COLLECTED FROM DIFFERENT TEHSILS OF DISTRICT SARGODHA
Spatial variation in Morphological, physiological, biochemical and elemental attributes of Citrus sinensis (Musambi) collected from different tehsils of District Sargodha
one day seminar on biodiversity and conservation and awareness walk mujahid hussain
one day seminar on biodiversity and conservation and awareness walk organized by department of botany, university of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
At MBA hall University of Sargodha
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
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water pollution is caused by
Humans (Anthropogenic activities)
Urban development
Mining activities
Marine dumping
Burning of fossil fuel
Pesticides
Industrial waste
Agricultural waste
Fertilizers applications
animals waste
Leakage from sewer lines
Sewage disposal
Textile mils
Nuclear waste
Oil spills
Household waste water generation
Food/Vegetable waste
Underground storage leakage
Inorganic (NH3) and organic factors (VOCs)
Plastics
Alien species
Brown waste
E-waste
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Control remediation’s of water pollution includes
Plastic treatment
Recycling
Anaerobic digestion
Biodegradation
Compost
Incineration
Landfills
Sewage treatment
Muncipal solid waste
Electronic waste treatment
Supercritical water oxidation
Alien species
Bioremediation
Mycoremediation
Phytoremediation
Rhizofiltration
Energy from waste
Biomedical waste treatment
Autoclave
Life saver bottles
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Measurement of water pollution
a) Physical testing
b) Chemical testing
c) Biological testing
Physical testing
Water Temperature
Specifics Conductance or EC, Electrical Conductance, Conductivity
Total suspended solids (TSS)
Transparency or Turbidity
Total dissolved solids (TDS)
Chemical testing
pH
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Dissolved oxygen (DO)
Pesticides
Metals
Nutrients
Oil
Grease
Petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH)
Biological testing
Related to organisms testing in water
Ephemeroptera
Plecoptera
Mollusca
Trichoptera
Biological testing involves the use of plant, animal, and/or microbial indicators to monitor the health of
an aquatic ecosystem. One example of a group of bio-indicators are the copepods and other small
water crustaceans that are present in many water bodies. Such organisms can be monitored for changes
(biochemical, physiological, or behavioral) that may indicate a problem within their ecosystem.
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Control remediation include
Control of Water pollution (proactive)
Treatment or remediation of polluted water (reactive)
Water pollution can be controlled if we control the causes of water pollution that cause water pollution.
Plastics
It is estimated that global production of plastics is approximately 225 mt yr−1. These plastics are disposed off into
ocean by most of the countries and when they enter into the ocean, affect the marine ecosystem for decades, it
causing death of marine life like fishes, seals and other marine life who often mistake it for food so use avoid
using plastic bags and bottles.
Three major forms of plastic that contribute to plastic pollution:
a) Micro-plastics
b) Meso-plastics
c) Macro-plastics
Plastic debris is categorized as
a) Primary
b) Secondary.
Plastic debris include
a) Micro-debris
b) Macro-debris
Primary plastics
Are in their original form when collected. Examples of these would be
bottle caps
cigarette butts
microbeads.
Secondary plastics
Account for smaller plastics that have resulted from the degradation of primary plastics.
Micro-debris
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2um to 5mm
Micro-debris is more commonly referred to as nurdles
Nurdles are recycled to make new plastic items
Macro-debris
larger than 20mm
These include items such as plastic grocery bags, fishing Nets( they continue to trap marine organisms )
Macro-debris are often found in ocean waters, and can have a serious impact on the native organisms
Decomposition of plastics
In 2012, it was estimated that there was approximately 165 million tons of plastic pollution in the world's oceans
Polymer degradation takes much longer time while on the other hands Starch, cellulose based plastic take less
time to degrade.
The Marine Conservancy has predicted the decomposition rates of several plastic products. It is estimated that a
foam (Table: 1.1)
Table. 1.1: Decomposition time of different types of plastics
Plastics Decomposition time (years)
Plastic Cup 50
Plastic beverage holder 400
Disposable diaper 450
Fishing line 600
Biodegradation of plastics
There are many microorganisms which speed up the biodegradation of plastics. The microorganisms include
bacteria such as Pseudomonas, nylon eating bacteria, and Flavobacteria. These bacteria break down nylon through
the activity of the nylonase enzyme. When biodegradable plastics are broken down, methane is released, which
is a very powerful greenhouse gas that contributes significantly to global warming and also a fuel as well as.
Control/Treatment (What you can do?)
Reduce the use of plastics
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Promote plastic recycling.
Some communities and businesses have put a ban on some commonly used plastic items, such as bottled water
and plastic bags.
Download your own music instead of buying CDs.
Cut disposable plastics out of your routine
Control/ Treatment of water pollutions
Anaerobic Digestion
Anaerobic digestion is a collection of processes by which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in
the absence of oxygen.
The process is used for industrial or domestic purpose waste to manage waste and to produce fuels.
It also occurs naturally in some soil and in lake and oceanic basin sediments, where it usually referred to as
anaerobic activity.
Process
It begins with bacterial hydrolysis of the input material include: insoluble organic polymers, such as
carbohydrates are broken down to soluble derivatives such as simple sugars, amino acids and fatty acids. that
become available for other bacterial. Acidogenic bacteria then convert the sugars and amino acids into carbon
dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia and organic acids. These bacteria convert these resulting organic acids into acetic
acid, along with additional ammonia, hydrogen and carbon dioxide and than finally, methanogens convert these
products to methane and carbon dioxide. The methanogenic-archea populations play an indispensable role in
anaerobic wastewater treatment.
Products Use
Power generation
Grid injection (Injection of Biogas into natural gas grid)
IMPORTANT: Anaerobic digestion is also a source of marsh gas (methane)
IMPORTANT: Overall plastic recycling was approximately 8% in the united state and approximately 2.7
million tons of plastics were recycled in the U.S.
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Vehicle fuel
Fertilizers and soil conditionars
Cooking gas
Biodegradation
Biotransformation (transformation of chemicals/organic waste into other chemicals or products)
Biodegradation is biotransformation of an organic pollutant into other compounds with the help of
microorganisms like fungi, bacteria. Breaking carbon bonds to get energy.
Biodegradation usually respiration by microbes (fungi + bacteria)
Fungi Bacteria
Good at biodegradation of complex carbon Better at biodegradation of Simple carbon
Require O2 Don’t require O2
Plerotus, Rhizopus, penicillium, Ganoderma,
Lentinula, Armillaria, Trametes
Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Arthrobacteria,
bacillus, Serratia, Flavobacterium, Mycobacterium
Where the biodegradation will be fastest and where the slowest?
What is Fast biodegradation of pollutant or where
the biodegradation will be fast
What is the Slow biodegradation of pollutants or
where the will be slow
Where more oxygen is present (Aerobic) Where less oxygen is present (Anaerobic)
Low molecular weight compounds are present High molecular weight compounds are present
Simple compounds Complex compounds
Need Met: N, P, right water, temperature, light Limiting conditions: N, P, Water, Temp., light
Like sugars, Amino acids, cellulose Like Lignin, Vitamins, Xenobiotic compounds
Takes less time to degrade Takes long time to degrade
IMPORTANT: Pesticidesare the onlytoxicsubstancesreleasedintentionallyintoourenvironmenttokill living
things.Thisincludessubstancesthatkill weeds(herbicides),insects(insecticides),fungus(fungicides),rodents
(rodenticides)andothers
IMPORTANT: Xenobioticcompoundsare those compoundsthatare neveroccur innature.Theyare made,for
example likepesticidesherbicides,plastics,chlorinatedcompounds
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Chlorinated organic compounds, which include chlorinated solvents (TCE and PCE), industrial chemicals
(PCBs and polyvinyl chloride), pesticides (DDT and its derivatives, chlordane, and dieldrin), and by-products of
manufacturing and combustion processes (dioxins andfurans), are global pollutants.
Degradation Time:
Product Time to Biodegrade
Paper towel 2–4 weeks
Newspaper 6 weeks
Apple core 2 months
Cardboard box 2 months
Wax coated milk carton 3 months
Cotton gloves 1–5 months
Wool gloves 1 year
Plywood 1–3 years
Painted wooden sticks 13 years
Plastic bags 10–20 years
Tin cans 50 years
Disposable diapers 50–100 years
Plastic bottle 100 years
Bioplastics (cellulose, starch based) 90 days – 180 days in lab
Aluminium cans 200 years
Glass bottles Undetermined
Detergents (linear) Take lesser time to degrade
Detergents (Branched) Take too much time to degrade
Compost
INFORMATION:Chlorinatedcompounds,whichinclude chlorinatedsolvents(TrichloroethyleneasTCE and
PerchloroethyleneasPCE),industrial chemicals( polychlorinatedbiphenylsasPCBsandPolyvinyl chloride),
Pesticides(Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane asDDTand its derivatives,chlordane anddieldrin) andby-productsof
manufacturingandcombustionprocesses(dioxinsandfurans).Andtheyare global pollutants.
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It is organic matter that has been decomposed and recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment. Compost is a key
ingredient in organic farming.
Process
At the simplest level, the process of composting simply requires making a heap of wetted organic matter known
as green waste (leaves, food waste) and waiting for the materials to break down into humus after a period of
weeks or months.
Human, animals waste can also put into compositing process. Urine contain N, P, K. so it can be good source of
fertilizer directly or put into compost. But it can be used of a fresh healthy person not diseased and including in
toilets compositing.
Importance
Compost is rich in nutrients.
It can be used in gardens, landscaping, horticulture (cultivation of plants) and agriculture (cultivation of land).
Benefits includes as a soil conditioner, a fertilizer, addition of vital humus or humic acids, and as a
natural pesticide (chemical used to kill pest) for soil. Useful for erosion control, land and stream reclamation,
wetland construction, and as landfill cover (see compost uses). Organic ingredients intended for composting can
alternatively be used to generate biogas through anaerobic digestion.
Animals manure and bedding, poultry manure, Human waste can be fixed. That is dissolved with water and
pollutes land and water.
Illegal Dumping
Illegal dumping is the dumping of waste illegally not on a proper place.
Waste contain batteries, chemicals and many other hazardous substances…etc that contain toxic chemicals and
pollute water and spread different kinds of diseases.
Dumping of wastes into ocean is also hazardous for us because it will rising the ocean level and also harmful to
marine life because damage marine ecosystem and causing death of marine life.
IMPORTANT: Free large bulkdumpsiteswill be providebyourGovt. to clean
our citiesas well asPakistan.
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Incineration
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste
materials. Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment".
Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat. The ash is mostly formed by
the inorganic constituents of the waste, and may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue
gas. The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into
the atmosphere. In some cases, the heat generated by incineration can be used to generate electric power.
Process
Little by little, the waste is slowly pushed into the burning chamber
The incinerator burns the waste at a temperature of about 750oC
The heat produced is used to heat a boiler, which produces great steam
The steam is used to propel turbines to generate electricity
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Ash with heavy debris is collected in a basement chamber
An electromagnet is passed over it to collect all the metal debris from ash for recycling
Gases containing acid pollutants such as SO2 and dioxins are treated in a scrubber reactor
The gases go through a fine particulate removal system, where finer pollutants are trapped.
Clean gases are then released through the chimney stack
Landfills
The disposal of waste material by burying it
It is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment. Historically,
landfills have been the most common method of organized waste disposal and remain.
Advantages
Gases are produced in the landfill due to anaerobic activity of microbes which are used for the generation of
electricity.
Sewage treatment
Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater, primarily from household sewage.
It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove these contaminants and produce
environmentally safe treated wastewater.
Municipal solid waste (MSW)
Commonly known as trash or garbage in the United States and as refuse or rubbish in Britain
It is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public. "Garbage" can also refer
specifically to food waste.
Sewage treatment process ( a short summary)
First is the screening of larger particles through filtration
Second is the screening of smaller particles though filtration
Grit chamber used to remove organic particles (waste)
IMPORTANT: In US more than850 lanfills,have active landfill gasrecoverysystem
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Primary sedimentation tank, removal of organic solids, retention of floating substances, oil grease, temporary
storage of sludge that are removed
Bioreactor designed on two nitrification and one aeration tank to degrade the biological content of the sewage
which are derived from human waste, food waste, soaps and detergent.
Secondary sedimentation tank Further sludge is removed and further improve the water quality
Brown waste
Brown Waste is any biodegradable waste that is predominantly carbon based.
The term includes such items as grass cuttings, dry leaves, twigs, hay, paper, sawdust, corn cobs, cardboard, pine
needles or cones, etc. Carbon is necessary to composting (organic matter degrade and recycled as a fertilizer),
which uses a combination of green waste and brown waste to promote the microbial processes involved in the
decomposition process.
The composting of brown waste sustainably returns the carbon to the carbon cycle.
Electronic Waste
Electronic waste or e-waste is describes as discarded/unwanted electrical or electronic devices.
These are not further recycled, reuse, resale.
Electronic waste in developing countries may cause serious health and pollution problems.
Electronic scrap components, such as CPUs, mobile phones, Laptops, Tabs, Video games, entertainment devices,
television sets, refrigerators, may contain contaminants such as lead, Copper, cadmium, beryllium, other heavy
metals or brominated flame retardants.
E-Waste Component Potential Environmental Hazard
Cathode ray tubes (used in TVs, computer
monitors, ATM, video cameras, and more)
Lead, barium and other heavy metals leaching into the
ground water and release of toxic phosphorus
Printed circuit board (a thin plate on which
chips and other electronic components are
placed)
Air emissions as well as discharge into rivers of glass dust,
tin, lead, brominated dioxin, beryllium cadmium, and
mercury
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Chips and other gold plated components Hydrocarbons, heavy metals, brominated substances
discharged directly into rivers acidifying fish and flora. Tin
and lead contamination of surface and groundwater. Air
emissions of brominated dioxins, heavy metals and
hydrocarbons
Plastics from printers, keyboards,
monitors, etc.
Emissions of brominated dioxins, heavy metals and
hydrocarbons
Computer wires Hydrocarbon ashes released into air, water and soil.
SO first way is to recycle it.
Radioactive waste
Radioactive waste is waste that contains radioactive material.
Management
Disposal into space
Ocean disposal
Disposal in ice sheets
Supercritical water oxidation
It was foundthat these radioactive organic materialscouldbe decomposedintogaseousproductsinsupercritical water
mixed with RuO2, at 450C and 43 MPa, without adding any oxidizing reagent.When this method was applied to the
decomposition of radioactive organic wastes such as fire resistant sheeting and rubber gloves, and other widely used
organicmaterialsinnuclearpowerplantsorothernuclearfacilitiesandanionexchangeresin,onlyasmall amountof oil-
like product was obtained like water becomes fluid with a unique properties.
Alien Species
Comes from outside
Change the habitat for the already existing species
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These species can cause secrete toxic chemicals into the water and pollute the water.
So identified these species and remove them.
Bioremediation
Bioremediation is a waste management technique.
It involves the use of organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated sites.
Or bioremediation is a “treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances
into less toxic or non toxic substances
Some examples of bioremediation related technologies are Mycoremediation, Mycofiltration,
phytoremediation, bioventing,
bioleaching, landfarming, bioreactor, composting, bioaugmentation, rhizofiltration, and biostimulation.
Mycoremediation
Mycoremediation is a form of bioremediation in which fungi are used to decontaminate the area.
Like mycelium that secrete extracellular enzymes and acids that break down the lignin and cellulose, long chains
of carbons, chlorinated compounds.
Mycofiltration
It is a similar process to the mycoremediation, using fungal mycelia to filter toxic waste and microorganisms from
water in soil
Phytoremediation
It is the removal of contaminants (toxic material especially heavy metals) from the contaminated soil, surface and
ground water with the help of potential plants.
This technique is applied where the environment is polluted (contaminated water or soil)
Many plants such as mustard plants, alpine pennycress, hemp, and pigweed have proven to be successful at
hyperaccumulating contaminants at toxic waste sites.
Advantages
Remove contaminants from water and soil
Cost effective, cheap
Nature technique
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Environment friendly
Increase soil fertility
Enhance other plants growth
Also helpful for that Chemicals that are also leached down into soil or into water and pollute the water as
a result of mining activity
Disadvantages
Time consumed
Safe disposal of affected plants is necessary.
Toxics and heavy metals may not enter into the environment by through consumers
Rhizofiltration
Rhizofiltration filtering water through a mass of roots to remove toxic substances or excess nutrients. The
pollutants remain absorbed in or adsorbed to the roots.
Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EtW)
It is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste.
WtE is a form of energy recovery. Most WtE processes produce electricity and/or heat directly through
combustion, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such as methane, methanol, ethanol or synthetic fuels
BioMedical waste
Biomedical waste is waste that is potentially infectious.
Biomedical waste may be solid or liquid. Examples of infectious waste include discarded blood, sharps, unwanted
microbiological cultures and stocks, identifiable body parts, other human or animal tissue, used bandages and
dressings, discarded gloves, other medical supplies that may have been in contact with blood and body fluids,
and laboratory waste that exhibits the characteristics described above. Waste sharps include potentially
contaminated used (and unused discarded) needles, scalpels, lancets and other devices capable of penetrating
skin.
Treatment
An autoclave (pressure chamber used in medical applications to perform sterilization), heat, alkaline digesters
and the use of microwave may also be used to treat biomedical waste.
Biomedical waste companies also degrade biomedical waste.
Life saver bottles