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- 1. B.Sc. V Semester Unit 3. Bioremediation of soil and water contaminated with oil spills, heavy metals and detergents. Biodegradation of lignin and Cellulose Phytoremediation. Degradation of toxic chemicals by microorganisms Treatment of municipal wastes and industrial effluents. KLE Society’s S. Nijalingappa College Faculty Name: Mr. Rajeev R. Potadar
- 3. Biotechnology and the Environment Environment – describes everything that surrounds a particular organism • Other organisms • Soil, air, water • Temperature, humidity, radiation
- 4. Environmental Biotechnology - the development, use and regulation of biological systems for remediation of contaminated environments (land, air, water), and for environment-friendly processes. Bioremediation - the use of microorganisms to remedy environmental problems Biotechnology and the Environment
- 5. What are the events that triggered the interest in environmental biotechnology? •Rachel Carlson’s Silent Spring (DDT) •Love Canal •Burning of a River •Exxon Valdez in 1989 Biotechnology and the Environment
- 6. What do they all have in common? • The advent of the Industrial Revolution • increase in products and waste • people moved to the city • increase in human population Biotechnology and the Environment
- 7. Regulations were passed: • Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976) • Must identify hazardous waste and establish standards for managing it properly • Requires companies that store, treat or dispose to have permits stating how the wastes are to be managed • Record of its travels: Chain of Custody • EPA initiates the Superfund Program (1980) • Counteract careless and negligent practices • Environmental Genome Project • Study and understand the impacts of environmental chemicals on human diseases Biotechnology and the Environment
- 8. Waste • Solid: landfills, combustion-including waste-to energy plants, recovery • slurries, composting • Liquid: septic: sewage treatment, deep-well injection • Gas: fossil fuels, chlorofluorocarbons • Hazardous –anything that can explode, catch fire, release toxic fumes, and particles or cause corrosion Biotechnology and the Environment
- 9. Garbage Test Banana Peel Wood Scrap/Sawdust Wax Paper Styrofoam Cup Tin Can Aluminum Soda Can Plastic Carton Glass Bottles 0.5 Years 4 Years 5 Years 20 Years 100 Years 500 Years 500 Years >500 Years Biotechnology and the Environment
- 10. Biogeochemical Cycles are a major part of the recycling process Carbon Cycle: The primary biogeochemical cycle organic cmpds CO2 and back Nitrogen Cycle: proteins amino acids NH3NO2 -NO3 -NO2 -N2ON2 NH3 etc_ Sulfur Cycle: Just like the nitrogen cycle, numerous oxidation states. Modeled in the Winogradsky column Phosphorous Cycle: Doesn’t cycle between numerous oxidation states only soluble and insoluble form
- 12. Nitrogen Cycle N2 NO3 - NO2 - NO2 - NH3 Denitrification nitrobacter Nitrification nitrosomas Pseudomonas Bacillus Paracoccus leguminous decomposition Fixation ammonification cyanobacteria
- 14. Phosphorus Cycle Sea simple Phosphates Phosphate rocks Phosphates too complex for plants to absorb from the soil Microbes Breakdown complex compounds
- 15. Scientists learn from nature in the 1980’s • The concept of Gaia –the total world is a living organism and what nature makes nature can degrade (bioinfalibility); only man makes xenobiotic compounds • Clean up pollution-short and long term solutions (cost, toxicity, time frame) • Use compounds that are biodegradable • Produce Energy and Materials in less destructive ways • Monitor Environmental Health • Increase Recovery of Minerals and Oil Biotechnology and the Environment
- 16. Bioremediation finds its place • Companies begin to specialize in cleaning up toxic waste spills by using a mixture of bacteria and fungi because cleaning these spills usually requires the combined efforts of several strains. • Biotechnologists begin engineering “super bugs” to clean up wastes. • However, there are many microorganisms in nature that will degrade waste products. Biotechnology and the Environment
- 17. Bioremediation Basics Naturally occurring marshes and wetlands have been doing the job! What Needs to be Cleaned UP? • Everything! • How do pollutants enter the environment? • Runoff, leachates, air • SO How bioremediation is used depends on 1) what is contaminated? (locations) 2) on the types of chemicals that need to be cleaned up 3) the concentration of the contaminants (amount and duration)
- 18. Chemicals in the environment • Sewage (by products of medicines and food we eat such as estrogen (birth control pills) and caffeine (coffee) • Products around the house (perfumes, fertilizers, pesticides, medicines) • Industrial • Agricultural Bioremediation Basics
- 20. Bioremediation Basics Fundamentals of Cleanup Reactions • Microbes can convert many chemicals into harmless compounds HOW? • Aerobic or anaerobically • Both involve oxidation and reduction reactions
- 21. Bioremediation Basics Fundamentals of Cleanup Reactions • Oxidation and Reduction Reactions • Oxidation involves the removal of one or more electrons • Reduction involves the addition of one or more electrons • Oxidizing agents gain electrons and reducing agents lose electrons • The rxns are usually coupled and the paired rxns are known are redox reactions
- 22. Example: Na + Cl2 NaCl 0 0 +1 -1 oxidized reduced Bioremediation Basics
- 23. Bioremediation Basics Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation • Aerobic • Oxygen is reduced to water and the organic molecules (e.g. petroleum, sugar) are oxidized • Anaerobic • An inorganic compound is reduced and the organic molecules are oxidized (e.g. nitrate is reduced and sugar is oxidized) • NOTE: Many microbes can do both aerobic and anaerobic respiration; the process which produces the most ATP is used first!
- 24. The Players: Metabolizing Microbes • Site usually contains a variety of microbes • Closest to the contaminant: anaerobes • Farthest away: aerobes • The most common and effective bacteria are the indigenous microbes (e.g. Pseudomonas in soil) • Fungus and algae are also present in the environment and do a good job of “cleaning up” chemicals (fungi do it better than bacteria) Bioremediation Basics
- 25. Bioremediation Genomics Programs • Stimulating Bioremediation • Add fertilizers (nutrient enrichment) to stimulate the growth of indigenous microorganisms • Adding bacteria or fungus to assist indigenous microbes is known as bioaugumentation or seeding Bioremediation Basics
- 26. Phytomediation • Utilizing plants to clean up chemicals • Ex: cottonwoods, poplar, juniper trees, grasses, alfalfa • Low cost, low maintenance and it adds beauty to the site Bioremediation Basics
- 27. Cleanup Sites and Strategies Do the chemicals pose a fire or explosive hazard? Do the chemicals pose a threat to human health including the health of clean-up workers? (what happened at Chernobyl to the workers?) Was the chemical released into the environment through a single incident or was there long-term leakage from a storage container? Where did the contamination occur? Is the contaminated area at the surface of the soil? Below ground? Does it affect water? How large is the contaminated area?
- 28. Cleanup Sites and Strategies Soil Cleanup • Either remove it (ex situ bioremediation) or in situ (in place) • In place: • If aerobic may require bioventing • Most effective in sandy soils • Removed: • Slurry-phase, solid phase, composting, landfarming, biopiles
- 29. Cleanup Sites and Strategies Bioremediation of Water • Wastewater treatment
- 30. Cleanup Sites and Strategies Bioremediation of Water • Groundwater Cleanup
- 31. Aquatic Microbiology & Sewage Treatment The freshwater and seawater habitats of microorganisms. How wastewater pollution is a public health problem and an ecological problem. Discuss the causes and effects of eutrophication. Explain how water is tested for bacteriological purity. Describe how pathogens are removed from drinking water.
- 32. Compare primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage treatment. List some of the biochemical activities that take place in an anaerobic sludge digester. Define biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), activated sludge system, trickling filter, septic tank, and oxidation pond. Aquatic Microbiology & Sewage Treatment
- 34. Freshwater Microbiota Littoral zone: Along shore Producers: Plants Limnetic zone: Surface of open water along shore Producers: Algae and cyanobacteria Profundal zone: Deeper water, under limnetic zone Producrs: Anaerobic purple and green photosynthetic bacteria Benthic zone: Bottom sediment
- 35. Freshwater Microbiota Benthic zone: Bottom sediment, often no light and little O2 Desulfovibrio Methanogens Clostridrium
- 37. Seawater Microbiota Phytoplankton in top 100 m Photosynthetic cyanobacteria fix carbon Prochlorococcus Synechococcus And fix nitrogen Trichodesmium Decomposed by Pelagibacter ubique
- 38. Seawater Microbiota Archaea dominate below 100 m Crenarchaeota Bioluminescent bacteria are present
- 39. FMNH2 FMN + photon Luciferase Bioluminescence
- 40. Microbial Water Pollution Microbes are filtered from water that percolates into groundwater Some pathogens are transmitted to humans in drinking and recreational water
- 42. Chemical Water Pollution Resistant chemicals may be concentrated in the aquatic food chain Mercury is metabolized by certain bacteria into a soluble compound, which is concentrated in animals
- 43. Eutrophication Overabundance of nutrients in lakes and streams Caused by Addition of organic matter Or inorganic matter Phosphates Nitrogen Which cause algal blooms
- 44. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Bacterial decomposition of organic matter uses up O2 in water
- 45. Algal Blooms
- 46. Water Purity Tests Indicator organisms Used to detect fecal contamination Coliforms Enterococcus MPN: Most probable number/100 ml of water
- 47. Coliforms Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, gram- negative, non–endospore forming rods that ferment lactose to acid plus gas within 48 hours, at 35°C
- 51. ONPG causes E. coli to make -galactosidase MUG fluorescent compound - galactosidase The ONPG and MUG Coliform Test
- 52. Water That Passed Quality Test
- 53. Which disease is more likely to be transmitted by polluted water, cholera or influenza? Name a microorganism that will grow in water even if there is no source of organic matter for energy or a nitrogen source—but does require small inputs of phosphorus. Coliforms are the most common bacterial indicator of health-threatening water pollution in the United States. Why is it usually necessary to specify the term fecal coliform?
- 56. Wastewater Treatment: Oxidation Ponds For small communities Pond 1: Settle solids, pump water to pond 2 Pond 2: Bacterial decomposition of dissolved organic matter in water
- 57. Municipal Sewage Treatment Primary treatment Removal of solids Disinfection Secondary treatment Removal of much of the BOD Disinfection Water can be used for irrigation Tertiary treatment Removal of remaining BOD, N, and P Disinfection Water is drinkable
- 63. Anaerobic Sludge Digestion CO2 + 4 H2 CH4 + 2 H2O CH3COOH CH4 + CO2
- 65. Tertiary Sewage Treatment Secondary effluent contains Residual BOD 50% of the original nitrogen 70% of the original phosphorus Tertiary treatment removes these by Filtration through sand and activated charcoal Chemical precipitation
- 66. Environmental Diagnostics A promising new area of research involves using living organisms to detect and assess harmful levels of toxic chemicals.
- 67. Daphnia magna Transparent Thorax and Abdomen Environmental Diagnostics
- 68. When healthy Daphnia are fed a sugar substrate (- galactoside attached to a fluorescent marker), they metabolize the sugar and fluoresce under UV light. When Daphnia are stressed by toxins, they do not have the enzymatic ability to digest the sugar and therefore do not fluoresce under UV light. Environmental Diagnostics
- 69. Toxicity reduction involves adding chemicals to hazardous waste in order to diminish the toxicity. • For example, if the toxicity results from heavy metals, EDTA will be added to the waste and the effluent will be tested again to determine if the toxicity has been acceptably reduced. • EDTA chelates (binds to) metals, thereby making them unavailable to harm organisms in a particular body of water. Environmental Diagnostics
- 70. Petroleum eating bacteria • Ananda Chakrabarty at General Electric Heavy metals (bioaccumulation) • Bacteria sequester heavy and radioactive metals Biosensors • lux genes Applying Genetically Engineered Strains to Clean Up the Enviroment
- 71. The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill • In the end, the indigenous microbes did the best job Oil Fields of Kuwait • Poses a problem due to the environmental conditions Environmental Disasters: Case Studies in Bioremediation
- 72. Microbial genetics New types of microbes (from the ocean etc) Radioactive materials DO A BETTER JOB OF DETERMINING RISK and ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING SITES Future Strategies and Challenges for Bioremediation
- 73. Biodegradation • Wastewater treatment plants, organic farming Bioremediation • Environmental clean-up companies, labs developing super bugs Biocatalysis • Plastics, degradable and recyclable products Other • Mining companies, oil companies Careers in Environmental Biotech
Editor's Notes
- Some are known to be potential carcinogens and mutagens