This SlideShare introduces you to the concept strategy and its differences with tactics. It draws the understanding of military theory from ancient Chinese to the 20th century.

1. CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN
AFRICA.
Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences.
SPO443: Strategic and National Security
Studies.
Room TH 04.
Lecture 2
Instructor: Mr. Omondi Okwany.
January-April, 2017

2. Strategy
• Plan of action with an intended (long term) aim
• Military governor (Strategos)
• It is not the goal but the whole plan to reach the goal.
• The mind; thinking political, social and economical values.
• Ability to organise resources and bring the opponent down.

3. Strategy vs Tactics
Strategy Tactics
The blue print (road map). Individual tools to overcome the strategy.
The future (long term). The now (in the moment).
Journey. Trip.
Broad perspective. Narrow perspective.
A purpose. A task.
Anticipation of the fore thought. Reaction.
Risk. Caution.
Important. Urgent.
Why (you course, believe and purpose), what (the
extent to which, things, that is) and how(in what
manner).
How and what.

4. Sun Tzu (master Tzu)
Chinese Military Strategists
Important factors to a succesful general
• The moral law-Principle, order, rules, obedience.
• The heavens- Time; season (winter, spring, summer autumn and spring) day and night.
• The earth- terrain; mountains, distance, open ground, rivers etc.
• The general- the philosopher of war, courageous, empathetic and benevolent
commander.
• Methods and discipline- military bureaucracy, control of infrastructure, supply of
military expenditure.

5. Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527)
Book: The Prince (1532)
• Love vs Fear.
• The lion vs the fox.
• Power is the untimate goal.
• The Prince must prepare to fight.
• Citizens support is needed.
• Destructon of the enemy is key.

6. Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz Know as Carl
von Clausewitz (1780-1831).
Book: Vom Kriege (On War) (1832). Incomplete work.
A young Military at age 13 in 1793.
• Franco-Prussian war.
• He talks of the philosophy/science of war.
• He writes about strategies.
• War is the exercise of force to attain political objective.
• Friction-Violence the central theme of war.
• Military genius.
• The Centre of gravity changes/shifts over time it can be army, capital or citizen ie women and childern ).

7. Antoine-Henri, Baron Jomini (1779 – 1869)
The Art of war (1862).
• Practitioner
• Writes about tactics.
• Resources are important.
• The Battle field is the centre of gravity.
• Organizing the masses to the decisive point is key.
• The Bushes are very important (Conceptualization of Military
uniform).

8. Clausewitz Jomini
A strategist. A tactician.
Genius general wins the war. Doesn’t matter if the general is genius or
not.
Battle field shifts. Battle field is constant.
Moral support from Citizen is Key it
boosts resistance.
Moral support from citizen is not
important for the war is n the battle field.
One who takes care of the unknown
such as airspace and seascape will win.
Concentrated on land space. The Bushes
are important.

9. Sir Basil Henry Liddell Hart (1895-1970)
• World war I vs World war II.
• Technological advancement.
• Phisical and Psychological Balance.
• Antithesis of Jomini and Clausewitz.
• Using of little resources to achieve the objective (Victory).

10. Reference
• Paul D. Williams (ed) Security Studies: An Introduction (Routledge:
London 2008), Chapter 11,14,26
• Carl Von Clausewitz, On War, (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1976),
• Heinz Guderian, “Achtung Panzer! The Development of Armored
Forces, their Tactics and operational Potential", Arms and Armor Press
• Giulio Douhet (1983), Command of the Air (USAF Warrior Studies),
Office of Air Force History, United States Government Printing Office
(1983), trade paperback.