2. Try to define
Security
Security policy
What do you perceive as the main security
threats?
Make a scale from the most dangerous ones to
least dangerous ones.
3. Conceptualisation of
security
I. Conceptualisation based on the three traditions of
the INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS theories:
A. realist
B. rationalistic
C. revolutionary
II. Conceptualisation based on the (non) acceptance
of the existence of the plurality of the referent objects
– 1990s.
4. International Relations
Traditions
A. REALIST
Machiavelli, Hobbes. The international relations is the
state of war of everyone against everyone. International
relations is a zero sum game, they mean the conflicts
among states, the interest of one state rules out the
interest of another state. The state does not bear any
responsibility for its actions. There is no international
community, the international politics has anarchist
character. Everything heads towards the securing of the
own state security and strengthening of the own power.
The only rules and principles which can limit the state
acting are the rules of self-profit and sagacity.
International community (norms, institutions and
international law) reflect the power politics of the most
powerful states.
5. International Relations
Traditions
B. RATIONALISTIC
Grotius. Internationalistic tradition. Supports the existence
of the international community. The constitutive
elements of the international community are not
individuals, but sovereign states. Their activity is not
limited to the power and wars – they create institutions,
norms, rules, diplomacy which transform the hostile
relations between states and create the international
community. The international politics is the sphere
where conflict is mixed with cooperation, because there
in international relations there is neither absolut conflict
of all against all, nor the interest harmony among actors
of the international relations.
6. International Relations
Traditions
C. REVOLUTIONARY
Kant, universalistic. The substance of the international
relations are social relations which connects the
individuals, civilians and state. The main actors of the IR
are not states, but individuals and human communities.
Humankind shares the same interests which enables
them to create from IR the game with not zero sum
game. The state acts is limited by the moral imperatives.
There is a presupposition of international anarchy but it
is possible to overcome this anarchy. The rules in the
international systems are deduced from the higher
morality of the world civilian society.
7. International Relations
Traditions and the
conceptualisations of security
REALISTIC TRADITION – basis for the state-centric
concept of security, where security means the security
of my state and all other states mean threat.
REVOLUTIONARY TRADITION – basis for the
individual and global security – security of human being
and security of world community.
RATIONALISTIC TRADITION – position in-between
realistic and revolutionary tradition – security is the state
responsibility and comes from the relations among state
(relational security). States create framework of relations
as the source of conflicts or source for the security
cooperation and regimes.
8. Security in the 1990s
Conceptualisation based on the (non)
acceptance of the existence of the plurality of the
referent objects.
Key analysis for this approach – David Baldwin
analysis The concept of security published in
1997 in Review of International Studies:
1. Whose security?
2. Security of which values?
3. Security from what?
9. Security Studies??
Security studies as the subdiscipline of the IR.
Security studies as the study of threat, use and
control of military power. (Walt 1991)
Security studies study insecurity and its sources
more than security. (Krause- Williams 1997)
10. Security Studies
Presupposed the conflict among states and
communities and recently the conflicts in the
community itself.
Security studies study even non-state actors and
the security threats whose sources is difficult to
determine – organized crime, international
terrorism, lack of food, HIV, global warming, birds
flue, poverty
11. Security studies vs. Strategic studies
vs. Military science vs. Peace and
Conflict Research (Betts 1997)
Security studies examine everything what deals with security of the community
And its political system.
Strategic studies – analyze the interactive effects of the political aims
and military means in the context of social, economical and other limitations.
Military science – technologies,
organization, tactics for the victory in the war.
Peace and Conflict Research Studies is the subdiscipline of
security studies – the aim is to contribute to the international
peace, reveal the hindrances for the peace and finding of the
way how to remove them. Transformations of the conflict etc.
12. Periodization of the development
of Security Studies
I. Inter-war period
II. 1950s
III. 1955-1965
IV. 1965-1980
V. 1980-1989/1990
VI. After 1990
13. I. Inter-war period
The American peace movement active in the end
of the 19. century had impact on the international
law and international organizations. War as the
mean used by rational man if having no other
choice.
After the WWI. Two streams in the Anglo-Saxon
world: idealistic and realistic.
14. I. Inter-war period
Realists prefer state security and the best way
how to secure it is the American isolationism and
the strengthening of the American military power.
Idealists believe that the spread of democracy,
choice for national self-determination,
demilitarization and system of collective security
will secure the US security as well as security of
other states. The instruments for the security
provision shall be the international organizations
and international law.
15. I. Inter-war period
Impact of the rise of Nazism in Germany
State security as the main research topic, security of the
state before the military and political threats
American policy is the power policy and the power policy
is the synonym for the world policy. Discussion in the
beginning of the WWII : Where is the American foreign
policy heading to?
1st
research Security studies centres (Council on Foreign
Relations 1921, The Brookings Institution 1927)
16. 1950s
WWII changed not only the world politics but
the IR as discipline as well.
1948 Hans Morgenthau published in the USA
Politics among nations. The struggle for Power
and Peace. This book became the fundamental
security textbook.
The realists dominate the Security studies. The
security as the main aim of every state. The
state security shall be ensured by all means.
1st
Departments of the Security studies in US
1st
security journals (World Politics)
17. 1955-1965 – Golden Age of
the Security Studies
the development of security studies because of
the growing tensions between USSR and US
Nuclear weapon – relativisation of the territorial
dimension of IR
The security studies determined by the
nuclearisation of the US foreign policy
18. 1955-1965 – Golden Age of
the Security Studies
The main topics – use of power, threat, controll of
military power
Can we use the nuclear weapon as the diplomatic mean
(deterrance theory)
Henry Kissinger, Thomas Schelling, Glenn Snyder
Start of the research of security in Europe due to the
nuclear weapon
19. 1965-1980 – decline of the
Security Studies
4 Reasons according to Stephen Walt:
1.The results of the Caribbean crisis. Mutually
assured destruction – MAD.
2.The failures of US army in Vietnam war and the
resistance towards war in the American society
3.Détente and the demilitarization agreements
between US and USSR degraded the study of
war
4.Decline of the American economy – the
economy security aims become relevant
20. 1965-1980 – decline of the
Security Studies
Armament control as a topic
Decline of Security Studies means the bloom of the
Peace studies in northern Europe
Journal of Peace Studies in Oslo 1964
Europeans deviate from the traditional american security
concepts
Peace studies research the human security and the
ethnical questions in security, not-euroatlantic space,
relations between non-state actors and security – these
topics became relevant for Security Studies only in
1990s.
21. 1980-1989/1990
Renaissance of the security studies
Soviet invasion in Afghanistan
Ronald Reagan in function
Launch of Strategic Defence Initiative
Cooling of American-Soviet relations
New journal International Security
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) –
Yearbook of world armaments and disarmaments
University in Heidelberg – Konfliktbarometer
Oslo – PRIO – International Peace Research Institute Oslo
2nd half of 80s – Barry Buzan – criticism of security conceptualisation
Criticism of ethnocentrism of security studies (most of researchers
Americans )– change Amitav Acharya, Mohammed Ayoob
22. After 1990
Seemed the security studies will loose the
research topic
However, disintegration of Yugoslavia, war in
BiH, Croatia….
The core is the discussion about the security
concept
23. Concept of security in 1990s
I. Group against the change of agenda and
conceptualisation of security (neorealist, state remains
the main referent objects, John Mearsheimer, Stephen
Walt), we can not research security of all and
everything…
II. Group supporting partial or moderate reform (Richard
Schultz, Peter Katzenstein, Roy Greenwood, in the
beginning of 90s Copenhagen scholl, national security
remains the main issue, widening of the concept –
economical, environmental, societal security
II. Group supporting radical reform of the security
studies (Richard Ullman, Charles Kegley, Edward
Kolodziej, not only national security but international and
human security)
24. Seminar – Security Policy
Security – Condition or means of protection or
assurance
Security – something with a priority claim on your
budget
Policy- a broad course of action or statements of
guidance adopted by relevant authorities in
pursuit of objectives
25. Seminar – Security Policy
You are expert on MoD on imaginary state and
you are about to draw security policy. What are
the threshold questions??
26. Seminar – Security Policy –
threshold questions
Who is us?
Who are the other major actors?
What are our and others´motivations and capabilities?
What are the key developments and trends in the
underlying environment?
What threats and opportunities follow from the above?
How can we best meet the threats and seize the
opportunities?
27. Seminar – Security Policy
Sketch security policy of Venezuela, USA,
Russia, China.
