Connective tissue is a group of tissues that fills the spaces between organs and provides support. It consists of cells and an extracellular matrix of fibers and ground substance. Connective tissues are classified as connective tissue proper, which includes loose and dense regular connective tissue, or specialized connective tissues like blood, bone, cartilage and adipose tissue. Connective tissue functions include support, strength, storage, transport, packing and repair. Disorders of connective tissue involve the extracellular matrix and include Marfan syndrome, scurvy, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and scleroderma.
1. Connective tissue is one of the four tissue types found throughout the body. Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body.
2. Connective tissue develop from mesoderm during embryonic development. While some connective tissues are specialized ( bone , blood), all organs have some amount of connective tissue in them which hold their parenchyma together.
Seminar on connective tissue and its appl/ dental implant coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
detail notes on connective tissue..
Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops from the mesoderm. Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system. In the central nervous system, the three outer membranes (the meninges) that envelop the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue.
All connective tissue consists of three main components: fibers (elastic and collagenous fibers), ground substance and cells. Not all authorities include blood or lymph as connective tissue because they lack the fiber component. All are immersed in the body water.
Histology of the Digestive System II:
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Lecture presentation by Professor Tatiana Bororinkhina of First Moscow State Medical University
Epithelial tissue, also known as the epithelium, is one of the four tissues found in the human body. It exists in various parts of the body, such as our digestive system, outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
Structure of Skin | Layers of Skin |Function of Skin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IytTVigBQrI&t=172s
Dr. Nagendra Kr Meena
PG Resident
Hindu Rao Hospital,New Delhi
1. Connective tissue is one of the four tissue types found throughout the body. Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body.
2. Connective tissue develop from mesoderm during embryonic development. While some connective tissues are specialized ( bone , blood), all organs have some amount of connective tissue in them which hold their parenchyma together.
Seminar on connective tissue and its appl/ dental implant coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
detail notes on connective tissue..
Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops from the mesoderm. Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system. In the central nervous system, the three outer membranes (the meninges) that envelop the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue.
All connective tissue consists of three main components: fibers (elastic and collagenous fibers), ground substance and cells. Not all authorities include blood or lymph as connective tissue because they lack the fiber component. All are immersed in the body water.
Histology of the Digestive System II:
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Lecture presentation by Professor Tatiana Bororinkhina of First Moscow State Medical University
Epithelial tissue, also known as the epithelium, is one of the four tissues found in the human body. It exists in various parts of the body, such as our digestive system, outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
Structure of Skin | Layers of Skin |Function of Skin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IytTVigBQrI&t=172s
Dr. Nagendra Kr Meena
PG Resident
Hindu Rao Hospital,New Delhi
Tissue Definition
Tissues are groups of cells that have a similar structure and act together to perform a specific function. The word tissue comes from a form of an old French verb meaning “to weave”. There are four different types of tissues in animals: connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial. In plants, tissues are divided into three types: vascular, ground, and epidermal. Groups of tissues make up organs in the body such as the brain and heart.
Types of Animal Tissues
Connective
Connective tissue connects or separates groups of other tissues. It is found in between all the other tissues and organs in the body. Connective tissue is made up of cells and ground substance, which is a gel that surrounds cells. Most connective tissue, except for lymph and blood, also contains fibers, which are long, narrow proteins. Fibers can be collagenous, which bind bones to tissues; elastic, which allow organs like the lungs to move; or reticular, which provide physical support to cells. Connective tissue also allows oxygen to diffuse from blood vessels into cells.
About 1 in 10 people are have a disorder involving connective tissue. Some connective tissue disorders include sarcomas, Marfan syndrome, lupus, and scurvy, which is a Vitamin C deficiency that leads to fragile connective tissue.
Muscle
Muscle tissue comprises all the muscles in the body, and the specialized nature of the tissue is what allows muscles to contract. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle anchors tendons to bones and allows the body to move. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and contracts to pump blood. Smooth muscle is found in the intestines, where it helps move food through the digestive tract, and it is also found in other organs like blood vessels, the uterus, and the bladder. Skeletal and cardiac muscles are striated; this means that they contain sarcomeres (a unit of muscle tissue) that are arranged in a uniform pattern. Smooth muscle does not have sarcomeres.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an example of a muscle tissue disorder. It is an inherited disorder that causes muscles to atrophy over time. The muscles shorten as they atrophy, which can cause scoliosis and immobile joints. Individuals with the disorder are usually male because the gene responsible for it is found on the X chromosome (of which males have only one).
Nervous
Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, which are all parts of the nervous system. It is made up of neurons, which are nerve cells, and neuroglia, which are cells that help nerve impulses travel. Nervous tissue is grouped into four types: gray matter and white matter in the brain, and nerves and ganglia in the peripheral nervous system. The main difference between gray and white matter is that axons of the neurons in gray matter are unmyelinated, while white matter is myelinated. Myelin is a white, fatty substance that insulates neurons and
A presentation on the topic of microscopic section of gingiva. This topic is mostly looked on by periodontists. A very important chapter in the speciality in dentistry of periodontology and implantology department. Basic understanding of microscopic features and clinical features of gingiva is an important topic for post graduate as well as undergraduate students in the dental field.
DIFFUSION BASED AND VASCULAR CONSTRUCTS, TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS AND METABOLITES Vijay Raj Yanamala
he biggest challenge in the field of tissue engineering remains mass transfer
limitations. This is the limiting factor in the size of any tissue construct grown in vitro.
Within the body, most cells are found no more than 100–200mm from the nearest
capillary, with this spacing providing sufficient diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
products to support and maintain viable tissue. Likewise, when tissues grown in the
laboratory are implanted into the body, this diffusion limitation allows only cells within
100–200mm from the nearest capillary to survive.
Thus, it is critical that a tissue be pre-vascularized before implantation with proper
consideration given to the cell and tissue type, oxygen and nutrient diffusion rates, overall
construct size, and integration with host vasculature. In the laboratory, limited diffusion
of oxygen is the primary reason that construction of tissues greater than a few hundred
microns in thickness is currently not practicable.
Approaches to address this problem generally fall into six major categories:
scaffold functionalization,
cell-based techniques,
bioreactor designs,
(d)microelectromechanical systems(MEMS)–related approaches,
modular assembly,
in vivo systems
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
3. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
ORIGIN
FEATURES -
a. MATRIX
b. FIBRES
c. CELLS
CLASSIFICATION
FUNCTIONS
DISORDERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
3
4. WHAT IS CONNECTIVE
TISSUE??
Connective tissue is the group of tissues
that fills the interstices b/w more
specialised elements & serves to hold
them together & support them.
BY- ‘’GP PAL 3rd edition’’
Defined as that group of tissues
predominantly composed of intercellular
matrix , secreted mainly by its cells
which are therefore , usually widely
spread.
BY – ‘’HAMS 9th edition’’ 4
8. FIBERS OF CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
COLLAGEN
FIBERS
RETICULAR
FIBERS
ELASTIC
FIBERS
OXYTALAN
FIBERS
DIAMETE
R
2-10nm 0.5 -2µm 0.1-2µm 0.2-1.5µm
LOCATION Walls of blood
vessels
Developing
matrices of
dentin & pulp
Lungs &
large
arterioles
PDL, gums,
dental pulp
COURSE Run in bundles
which may
branch and
anastomose
with
neighbouring
bundles.
Mesh like
pattern or
network.
Run singly &
branch to
form network.
3D
meshwork
extends from
cementum to
peripheral
blood
vessels.
OTHER
NAME
White fibers Argyrophilic
fibers
Yellow fibers -------
8
10. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT
COLLAGEN TYPES
COLLAGEN
TYPE
TISSUE
DISTRIBUTION
SITE OF
SYNTHESIS
MAIN
FUNCTION
1 DERMIS, BONE,
TENDON, DENTIN,
SCLERA, PDL,
LAMINA PROPRIA
FIBROBLAST,
OSTEOBLAST,
ODONTOBLAST,
CHONDROBLAST
RESISTANCE TO
TENSION
11 HYALNE AND
ELASTIC
CARTILAGES
CHONDROBLAST RESISTANCE TO
INTERMEDIATE
PRESSURE
111 SMOOTH MUSCLE,
SPLEEN, LIVER,
KIDNEY , LUNG, PDL,
LAMINA PROPRIA
SMOOTH MUSCLE
CELLS,
FIBROBLAST,
RETICULAR
CELLS
STRUCTURAL
MAINTAINANCE IN
EXPANSIBLE
ORGANS
1V EPITHELIAL AND
ENDOTHELIAL BASAL
LAMINAE AND
BASEMEMENT
MEMBRANES
ENDOTHELIAL
CELLS,
EPITHELIAL
CELLS, MUSCLE
CELLS
SUPPORT AND
FILTRATION
V MUSCLE BASAL ----- ----- 10
12. CELL TYPE MAIN PRODUCT OR
ACTIVITY
MAIN FUNCTION
FIBROBLASTS,
CHONDROBLASTS,
OSTEOBLASTS,
ODONTOBLASTS
PRODUCTION OF FIBERS AND
GROUND SUBSTANCE
STRUCTURAL
PLASMA CELL PRODUCTION OF
ANTIBODIES
IMMUNOLOGIC
LYMPHOCYTE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNE
CELLS
IMMUNOLOGIC
EOSINOPHILIC
LEUKOCYTE
PHAGOCYTOSIS OF
ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY
COMPLEX
IMMUNOLOGIC
MACROPHAGE,
NEUTROPHIL
PHAGOCYTOSIS OF FOREIGN
SUBSTANCES, BACTERIA
DEFENSE
MAST CELL, BASOPHIL LIBERATION OF
PHARMACOLOGICALLY
ACTIVE SUBSTANCES
(HISTAMINE)
DEFENSE
ADIPOSE CELL STORAGE OF NEUTRAL FATS ENERGY RESERVOIR,
HEAT PRODUCTION
12
14. GROUND SUBSTANCE
Occupies the space b/w the cells & fibers.
The enzyme hyaluronidase increase the fluidity of
ground substance.
Consists of:
proteoglycans glycosaminoglycans
These are responsible for physical properties
of ground substance.
Granular in appearance.
Consistency: varies, fluid to gel.
14
15. CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
A. EMBRYONAL CT
i.Mesenchymal
ii. Mucous
B. REGULAR CT
i. Loose CT
ii. Dense CT
C. SPECIAL FORMS
i . Elastic
ii. Adipose
iii. Reticular
SPECIALISED CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
A. FLUID CT
i. Blood
B. RIGID
i. Mineralized
ii. Non-
mineralized
15
18. EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
It consist of two varieties 1.mesenchymal and 2.
mucous .
Present for most of the parts during embryonic and
foetal development.
When present post- natally , associated with healing
of injured tissue or tumorous lesion.
Made up of small cells with slender branching
processes that join to form a fine network.
MESENCHYMAL
CELLS
18
19. CARTILAGE
Type of connective tissue composed of special cells
known as chondrocytes along with collagen or
yellow elastic fibers.
Types –
Hyaline
Fibrous
Elastic
19
20. BONE
COMPACT BONE SPONGY BONE
OTHER NAME CORTICAL BONE TRABECULAE BONE
DENSITY COMPACT POROUS
LOCATION OUTER BONE INNER BONE
FUNCTIONAL UNIT OSTEON TRABECULAE
20
22. FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
SUPPORT- To epithelium e.g.: lamina propria.
STRENGTH- Provides tensile strength to
mechanical stress e.g.: dermis of skin , ligament.
STORAGE- Fat cells store fat while ground
substance store water , ions and inorganic
materials.
TRANSPORT- Water, ions and inorganic materials
are transported from blood to various tissues of
body through connective tissue matrix.
PACKING- They fill spaces e.g.: loose connective
tissue and adipose tissue.
REPAIR- Helps in wound healing
DEFENSE- Cells helps in defense action e.g.:
plasma cells, macrophages, lymphocytes,
monocytes, eosinophils.
22
23. GINGIVAL CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
The gingival connective tissue provides strength to
gums and make the gums to cement root and alveolar
bone.
The dense gingival connective tissue is referred to as a
lamina propria.
Consists of 2 layers:
Papillary layer reticular layer
23
26. SCURVY
Deficiency of vitamin C
Characteristic features:
Bleeding gums, loosening of teeth with grade 1 – 2
mobility , gingivitis n sometimes bluish
pigmentation.
26
27. EHLERS- DANLOS SYNDROME
Skin hyperextensibility.
Joint hypermobility.
Tissue fragility.
SCLERODEMA
Difficulty in opening mouth due to involvement of
perioral skin.
PEMPHIGUS
Blisters in mouth which erupts later.
Blisters are painful, but don’t itch.
Difficulty in swallowing.
27
31. CONCLUSION
Basic tissue of the body.
Includes fat, cartilage, bone and blood.
Provides support, fills the spaces between
organs, protecting organs and aiding in the
transport of materials around the body.
31
32. REFERENCES
Textbook of histology GP Pal 3rd edition.
Textbook of human histology 3rd edition by Inderbir
Singh.
Tencate’s oral histology.
Ham’s histology 9th edition by David.
Textbook of oral histology & embryology (orban’s) 12th
edition by GS Kumar.
Textbook of oral histology by D.Vincent Provenza 2nd
edition.
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