This document discusses the four main types of tissues in animals: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It provides details on the structure and function of each tissue type, including the different cells and materials that make up the tissues. For epithelial tissue, it describes the three main cell shapes - squamous, cuboidal and columnar - and explains how epithelia can be classified based on cell layers. For connective tissue, it outlines the different categories and functions, such as areolar tissue binding organs together and bone providing structure. The document also compares the key characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle cells.

1. REVIEW
Biological Organization
Organization of Life
Emergent Properties

6. STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTIONS OF
ANIMAL AND PLANT
TISSUES
Prepared by:
MS. LOUIE JANE T. ELECCION

7. Animal
Tissue
Epithelial
Tissue
Nervous
Tissue
Muscular
Tissue
Connective
Tissue

8. FOUR TYPES OF ANIMALFOUR TYPES OF ANIMAL
TISSUESTISSUES

9. EPITHELIAL TISSUEEPITHELIAL TISSUE
(COVERING)(COVERING)
 Tightly-joined closely-packed
cells
 One side of epithelium exposed
to air or internal fluid, other side
attached to a basement
membrane, a dense mat of
extracellular matrix (connective
tissue)
 Covers the outside of the body
and lines the internal organs and
cavities
 Barrier against mechanical
injury, invasive microorganisms,
and fluid loss
 Provides surface for absorption,
excretion and transport of
molecules

10. TYPES OFTYPES OF
EPITHELIALEPITHELIAL
TISSUETISSUE
 Cell shape
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
 Number of cell
layers
Simple
Stratified
(Transitional)
Pseudostratified

11. CELL SHAPE (EPITHELIUM TISSUE)
 Squamous epithelium
Is an epithelium whose most superficial
layer consists of flat, scale-like cells
called squamous epithelial cells.

12. CELL SHAPE (EPITHELIUM TISSUE)
 Cuboidal
Is an epithelium having a cube-like
shape; that is, their width is
approximately equal to their height

13. CELL SHAPE (EPITHELIUM TISSUE)
 Columnar
Is an epithelium whose heights are at
least four times their width.

14. Source:
Biologydictionary.net
Editors. (2014).
Organ. Retrieved
November 4, 2014,
from
https://biologydictionary.ne

17. MODIFICATIONS OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUE

18. MODIFICATIONS OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUE

19. CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
1. Which of these epithelia can stretch
to increase the volume of the organ
based on internal water pressure?
A. Simple squamous epithelia
B. Simple columnar epithelia
C. Transitional epithelia
D. Stratified columnar epithelia

20. CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
2. How is a pseudostratified epithelium
different from a truly stratified tissue?
A. The nuclei are at the same level in
pseudostratified epithelia.
B. The apical and basal surfaces are aligned.
C. There are multiple cell layers in
pseudostratified epithelia.
D. All the cells in a pseudostratified epithelium
interact with the basement membrane.

21. CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
3. Which of these is an important function of
epithelial cells?
A. Protection from chemical abrasion
B. Secretion of hormones and enzymes
C. Absorption of nutrients
D. All of the above

22. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(FRAMEWORK)
 Main function:
binding and
support other
tissues
 Composition:
Composed mainly
of nonliving
extracellular
matrix that
separates the
cells of the tissue.

23. FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
 It binds various tissue together like skin
with the muscles and muscles with bones
 It forms intercellular substance between
cells of different types of tissue, so that it
will help in friction less movement of the
body organ
 It forms sheaths around the body organs
and make a kind of packaging tissue

24. TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
I. Proper Connective Tissue
1.Loose connective tissue
Areolar connective tissue
Adipose connective tissue
Reticular connective tissue
1.Dense (fibrous) connective tissue
White fibrous tissue (tendon and sheath)
Yellow elastic tissue (ligament)

25. TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
II. Supporting Connective Tissue
1.Cartilage
 Hyaline cartilage, Elastic cartilage,
Fibrous cartilage
1.Bone
 Spongy bone, Compact bone
III. Fluid or Liquid Connective Tissue
1. Blood
2. Lymph

27. I. PROPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. Loose Connective Tissue
This tissue fills the space between organs
and serves as packing materials
surrounding the elements of other tissues
This binds muscle cells together and binds
skin to underlying tissues.
a. Areolar CT
b. Adipose CT
c. Reticular CT

28. A. AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Gel like ground with both
elastic and non-elastic fibers
running though the ground
in many directions.
 Fibers are loosely arranged
and there is space between
fibers, areolae, which
derives its name.
 Wraps and cushions organs
under the skin.

29. B. ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Function as storage
cells for adipose
(lipids)
 Adipose cells contain
a large vacuole which
in the live cell
contains lipids.
 Cell nucleus and
cytoplasm are pushed
out to edge of cell
membrane.

30. C. RETICULAR CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
 Reticular cells
secretes reticular
fibers.
 Found-lymph glands,
spleen, liver , bone
marrow, thymus and
tonsils.
 They are mostly
phagocytic cells, helps
in defense mechanism
of the body

31. II. PROPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE
2. Dense (fibrous) Connective Tissue
Made up of thick collagen fibers and dark,
compressed cells between the fiber
bundles.
Functions: (1) for flexibility and support,
(2) shock absorption and (3) reduction of
friction.
Ex. Tendon, ligament, urinary tract
and collagen

33. A. WHITE FIBROUS TISSUE
( TENDON AND SHEATH)
 The dense network of
collagen fibers gives
great strength.
 Tendon is the thick
bundle of collagen
fibers running parallel
to each other, giving
strong, flexible but
inextensible strength.
It joins skeletal
muscles to bones.
 Sheath forms
covering of cartilage
and bones.

34. B. YELLOW ELASTIC TISSUE
(LIGAMENT)
 These tissues contains
numerous and closely
packed yellow elastic
fibres.
 They are present in
Ligament, also
present in wall of
blood vessel, vocal
cords, respiratory
passage and lungs.

35. TENDONS VS. LIGAMENTS

36. II. SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
1. Cartilage
It is tough, hard but a flexible connective
tissue. It can resist strain and can absorb
mechanical shock.
It consists of solid or semisolid matrix in
which cartilage cell (chondrocytes) and
fibres are embedded.

37. II. SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
1. Cartilage
Structure:
cartilage is enclosed in a sheath of white fibrous
connective tissue called Below the perichondrium,
there is layer chondroblast cell, which form
chondrocytes.
Chondrocytes are dispersed in the matrix and
occur in the fluid filled space called lacunae.
The matrix lacks the blood vessels.

38. II. SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
1. Cartilage
3 Types:
Hyaline cartilage
The matrix is glass like semi transparent,
homogenous and has fine collagen fibres
It is slightly elastic and compressible.
Found in- nose, larynx, trachea, ends of bone. It
forms skeleton of cartilage fish
Elastic cartilage
Fibrous cartilage

39. II. SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
1. Cartilage
3 Types:
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
The matrix is semi opaque and has network of
yellow elastic fibres
It is highly elastic and flexible. The tissue
recover the shape quickly
Found in-external ear, epiglottis, and pharynx
Fibrous cartilage

40. II. SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
1. Cartilage
3 Types:
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrous cartilage
The matrix has bundles of densely packed
white collagen fibres
It provides great strength and little degree of
flexibility
It acts as a shock absorber by giving a
cushioning effect
Found in- intervertebral discs and at pubis
symphysis

42. II. SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
2. Bone
• It is supportive and protective tissue.
• The matrix is solid and calcified.
• Bone cell (Osteocyte) and collagen fibre are
embedded in solid matrix

43. II. SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
2. Bone
Structure:
Each bone is enclosed in a layer of white fibrous
connective tissue, called periosteum.
Matrix is arranged in concentric circles called
lamellae.
Number of osteoblast cell and osteocytes are arranged
in between the lamellae, in the fluid filed space called
Lacunae.
Each lacunae has fine cytoplasmic processes called
canaliculi, which connect with other lacunae.
Osteoblast are active bone cell, while osteocytes are
inactive osteroblast.

44. II. SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
2. Bone
Types:
Compact Bone
 In the centre of compact bone, bone marrow cavity
is present, filled with yellow bone marrow.
Spongy Bone
The matrix is web like rather than solid with
number of space in between.
Also known as trabeculae
Found in epiphysis of long bone
It contains red bone marrow, which forms RBC and
WBC.

46. III. FLUID OR LIQUID CONNECTIVE
TISSUE

49. MUSCLE TISSUEMUSCLE TISSUE
(MOVEMENT)(MOVEMENT)
 Composed of long cells called
muscle fibers
 Contraction  movement

50. CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLE
CELLS
 Striated vs. Nonstriated
striated have a banded appearance (stripes)
 Single nucleus or multinucleated cells
 Muscle cells can be controlled
voluntarily (consciously)
or
involuntarily (automatically)

51. Skeletal Muscle CellsSkeletal Muscle Cells

Striated, voluntary, and multinucleatedStriated, voluntary, and multinucleated

are long, thin and cylindrical; they areare long, thin and cylindrical; they are
attached to bones and move our skeletonattached to bones and move our skeleton

are usually called “are usually called “muscle fibersmuscle fibers””

do not divide to create new cellsdo not divide to create new cells

new fibers are produced by stem cellsnew fibers are produced by stem cells

Striations -- cross stripes (bands) runStriations -- cross stripes (bands) run
perpendicular to the cellsperpendicular to the cells

52. SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

53. CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLSCARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS
are called “cardiocytescardiocytes” and found in
heart walls
branching cells connect at intercalatedintercalated
disksdisks which allow contractions to occur
faster
are regulated by pacemaker cells which
control contraction of the heart muscles
striated, involuntary, and singlestriated, involuntary, and single
nucleusnucleus

54. CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

55. SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLSSMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS
are small and pointed at their ends
can divide and regenerate new cells
non-striated, involuntary, and singlenon-striated, involuntary, and single
nucleusnucleus
found in hollow organs like the intestine,
bladder, lungs, and blood vessels
move substances through hollow opening
by contracting slowly; they squeeze things
through like a tube of toothpaste

56. SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

57. REVIEW WHAT YOU’VE LEARNED…REVIEW WHAT YOU’VE LEARNED…
Muscle TypeMuscle Type Striated?Striated? # of nuclei# of nuclei Voluntary orVoluntary or
InvoluntaryInvoluntary
SkeletalSkeletal
CardiacCardiac
SmoothSmooth
Yes
Yes
No
Single
Nucleus
Single
Nucleus
Multi-
nucleated
Voluntary
Involuntary
Involuntary

58. NERVOUS TISSUENERVOUS TISSUE
(CONTROL)(CONTROL)
 Senses stimuli
and transmits
signals called
nerve impulses
from one part
of an animal to
another
 Consists of a
cell body and
long extensions
called dendrites
(towards cell
body) and
axons (towards
another cell or
an effector)
Axon
Dendrite
Cell body

62. Tissue Type Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve
Cell Shape Flattened,
cuboidal,
columnar
Irregular or round Elongated Cell appendages
branched
Cell
Arrangement
Single 
multilayered
Scattered in
matrix
In sheets or
bundles
Isolated or
networked
Location Body covering or
lining organs or
cavities
Supports other
organs
Lining internal
organs, make
skeletal muscles
Concentrated in
brain and spinal
cord + all over
the body
Surface Feature
of Cells
Cilia, microvilli - - -
Matrix Type Basement
membrane
Varied – protein
fibers + liquid,
gelatinous, firm
to calcified
- -
Matrix Amount Minimal Extensive Absent Absent
Unique Feature No direct blood
supply, except for
glands
Cartilage has no
blood supply
Can generate
electrical signals,
force and
movement
Can generate
electrical signal

63. REFERENCES
 Biologydictionary.net Editors. (2014). Organ.
Retrieved November 4, 2014, from
https://biologydictionary.net/organ/
 http://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/connective-tissue-charac