Histology of Gall bladder and its formation which consist of mainly 3 layers which they are:
- Mucosa
- Muscularis / Fibromuscular layer
- Serosa / Adventitia
And you must note that there is no Muscularis mucosa
& Submucosa inside Gall bladder...
Prepared by Nahry Omer Muhammad, University of Sulaimany/Collage of Medicine
The lymphatic system consists of organs, ducts, and nodes. It transports a watery clear fluid called LYMPH distributes immune cells and other factors throughout the body.
Histology of Gall bladder and its formation which consist of mainly 3 layers which they are:
- Mucosa
- Muscularis / Fibromuscular layer
- Serosa / Adventitia
And you must note that there is no Muscularis mucosa
& Submucosa inside Gall bladder...
Prepared by Nahry Omer Muhammad, University of Sulaimany/Collage of Medicine
The lymphatic system consists of organs, ducts, and nodes. It transports a watery clear fluid called LYMPH distributes immune cells and other factors throughout the body.
Student’s Attitude and Action Regarding the No to Single-Use of Plastic Campa...Narella Rebullar
The authors of this study evaluated the discrepancies the attitude and
action of University of Makati students regarding the no to single-use of plastic.
A one-time survey was developed and administered to 50 students and 20
personnel on campus bringing a total of 70 respondents to assess attitudes
and actions related to any single-use plastics. The result from the study
indicated these findings. First student’s attitudes toward the campaign is not
consistent with actions or how the no to single-use of plastic campaign being
adhere. Second, students are aware with the practices associated with the
university campaign that most of the respondents valued. Finally, the
perception of the university personnel with the regards of the no to single-use
of plastic campaign is assenting. Additionally, the results revealed that the
administration should have a strong support towards the campaign in order to
be utilized harmoniously. Based on the findings, recommendation emphasized
to the need to incentivize reusable containers, utensils, eco bags and a firm
policy order in this campaign.
Minimizing the increasing solid waste through zero waste strategy
Writing in the discipline.
Problem solution essay consist of 4 parts- Situation, Problem, Solution, Evaluation
Types of chemical reactions - Laboratory ActivityNarella Rebullar
These are synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single replacement and double replacement.
Laboratory Report.
University of Makati, Philippines.
III- BSE General Science
#Biochemistry #GeneralChemistry
In partial fulfillment in Principles of Teaching 1.
We have created our own ideal of chool which is monolithic inspired And it is located in Bicol Region.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
4. CARDIAC REGION
Digestive System 4
(A): a simple columnar epithelium
(1) forms broad crypts or foveolae
(2). The mucous glands
(3 The lamina muscularis mucosae is well developed.
(4) Tela submucosa is a connective tissue layer
embedding blood vessels and nerve complexes.
(5) thick inner muscular layer is found
The cardiac glands produce an alkaline mucus and
lysozyme.
6. FUNDUS
Upper most curve of stomach
located to the left of the cardia.
Fig. Fundic stomach, dog. Superficially, the
gastric mucosa contains gastric pits, which
form superficial invaginations and are lined
by mucus-secreting columnar epithelial
cells. Deeper, the gastric glands are
primarily composed of intermixed chief
cells and parietal glands (fundus).
Digestive System 6
9. Isthmus mucous cell
TYPES OF CELL IN BODY
AND FUNDUS
Digestive System 9
Parietal (oxyntic) cells
Produce the
hydrochloric acid
present in gastric juice.
Secretes glycoprotein
that binds with Vit B12
and facilitates its
internal absorption.
Present in the upper
region of the gland in
the transitional region
between neck and the
gastric pits.
They secrete a neutral
mucus that lines and
protects the surface
from secreted acid.
10. Mucous neck cell
TYPES OF CELL IN BODY
AND FUNDUS
Digestive System 10
Zymogenic/ Chief Cell
Have all the
characteristics of a
protein synthesizing
and exporting cell.
In humans, they
produce the
enzymes pepsin and
lipase.
Present in clusters or
single cell
It has irregular in
shape
Secrete an acid
mucus rich in
glycosaminoglycans.
11. Argentaffin/
Enterochromaffin cell
TYPES OF CELL IN BODY
AND FUNDUS
Digestive System 11
Other Endocrine cell
(APUD)
Affinity for
chromium and silver
salts
Characterized by the
presence of
abundant dense
secretory granules
12. PYLORUS
The cone-shaped constriction in the GI
tract.
the pylorus contains
numerous glands, including gastric
pits, which constitute about half the
depth of the pyloric mucosa.
Digestive System 12
15. 15
TITLE HERE
MUCOSA SUBMUCOSA
MUSCULARIS
EXTERNA
SEROSA
a. Gastric pits
b. Gastric gland
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa
Loose connective
tissue
Contains the large
blood and lymph
vessels
Spiral smooth fibers
a. Longitudinal
b. Circular
c. oblique
Covers the outer
portion of the
stomach
• Mesothelium
• Thin lamina
propria
Digestive System 15
19. 19Digestive System 19
• Presence of
submucosal brunner's glands
• Villi are rather flatter in the
duodenum than in the jejunum,
and plicae are less frequent.
• Longest and most "typical"
region of the small intestine.
• Villi are rather longer and more
finger-like in the jejunum than
in the duodenum, and plicae
are usually apparent.
• Has proportionally more goblet
cells than more proximal
sections of the small intestine.
• The ileum also displays an
increase in the amount of
mucosal lymphoid tissue, which
forms conspicuous clusters
of lymph nodules,
called peyer's patches.
