This presentation discusses various surface finishing processes. It provides details on honing, lapping, and super finishing. Honing uses an abrasive stone to improve the geometric form and surface texture of metal workpieces. Lapping rubs two surfaces together with an abrasive to achieve high precision and smooth finishes. Super finishing removes undesirable metal fragments to leave a smooth crystalline base. Each process is used to produce precise surfaces and dimensions for parts.
Grinding is a metal removal process that uses an abrasive wheel to shape and size a workpiece. There are different types of grinding including surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, and electrochemical grinding. The grinding wheel consists of abrasive particles bonded together and comes in various shapes and sizes. Factors like abrasive type, grain size, grade, structure, and bond affect the wheel's properties. Grinding finishes the surface and changes the workpiece's mechanical, physical, and chemical properties.
Honing is an abrasive machining process that produces a precision surface on a metal work piece by scrubbing an abrasive stone against it along a controlled path.
Honing is primarily used to improve the geometric form of a surface, but may also improve the surface texture.
A hammer mill is a size reduction machine that works by using the impact mechanism of hammers to break materials down to a smaller size. It consists of a steel drum containing a vertical or horizontal rotating shaft with 4-5 hammers made of stainless steel. The lower part of the hammers contains screens that allow size-reduced material to pass through into a collection container below while the hammers rapidly impact and break the incoming material fed through a hopper. It provides rapid grinding action for hard particles in a compact space but can produce heat, sound and is not suitable for fibrous materials.
The document discusses automatic crimping tools from TOOL fox Group that provide flexible and quick processing of conductors and cables. The CF 500 is highlighted as an automatic crimping device that has high compression capacity in a compact design and can process a variety of contact types up to 50 mm2. Crimp sets including assortment boxes are also described, which contain ferrules and tools for crimping wires up to 25mm2 from the side or front.
Grinding is a material removal process that uses an abrasive tool consisting of grains of abrasive material known as grits. The grits are held together by a bonding material to form the grinding wheel. Grinding provides advantages like dimensional accuracy, good surface finish, and form accuracy. It is used for applications such as surface finishing, deburring, and grinding of tools and cutters. Grinding wheels are characterized by the abrasive grains, bond material, grain size, and wheel structure. Proper selection of grinding wheel composition depends on factors like the work material and grinding conditions. Truing and dressing maintain the grinding wheel geometry and condition the cutting edges of abrasive grains.
Drilling involves making cylindrical holes using rotating cutting tools. There are various drilling machine types including turret, radial, pillar, and CNC drilling machines. Key aspects of drilling include tool geometry, workholding devices, tool holding devices, and common machining operations like drilling, reaming, tapping, and counterboring. Cutting parameters like speed, feed rate, and cutting time calculations depend on factors like material, tool material, and operation type.
This presentation discusses various surface finishing processes. It provides details on honing, lapping, and super finishing. Honing uses an abrasive stone to improve the geometric form and surface texture of metal workpieces. Lapping rubs two surfaces together with an abrasive to achieve high precision and smooth finishes. Super finishing removes undesirable metal fragments to leave a smooth crystalline base. Each process is used to produce precise surfaces and dimensions for parts.
Grinding is a metal removal process that uses an abrasive wheel to shape and size a workpiece. There are different types of grinding including surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, and electrochemical grinding. The grinding wheel consists of abrasive particles bonded together and comes in various shapes and sizes. Factors like abrasive type, grain size, grade, structure, and bond affect the wheel's properties. Grinding finishes the surface and changes the workpiece's mechanical, physical, and chemical properties.
Honing is an abrasive machining process that produces a precision surface on a metal work piece by scrubbing an abrasive stone against it along a controlled path.
Honing is primarily used to improve the geometric form of a surface, but may also improve the surface texture.
A hammer mill is a size reduction machine that works by using the impact mechanism of hammers to break materials down to a smaller size. It consists of a steel drum containing a vertical or horizontal rotating shaft with 4-5 hammers made of stainless steel. The lower part of the hammers contains screens that allow size-reduced material to pass through into a collection container below while the hammers rapidly impact and break the incoming material fed through a hopper. It provides rapid grinding action for hard particles in a compact space but can produce heat, sound and is not suitable for fibrous materials.
The document discusses automatic crimping tools from TOOL fox Group that provide flexible and quick processing of conductors and cables. The CF 500 is highlighted as an automatic crimping device that has high compression capacity in a compact design and can process a variety of contact types up to 50 mm2. Crimp sets including assortment boxes are also described, which contain ferrules and tools for crimping wires up to 25mm2 from the side or front.
Grinding is a material removal process that uses an abrasive tool consisting of grains of abrasive material known as grits. The grits are held together by a bonding material to form the grinding wheel. Grinding provides advantages like dimensional accuracy, good surface finish, and form accuracy. It is used for applications such as surface finishing, deburring, and grinding of tools and cutters. Grinding wheels are characterized by the abrasive grains, bond material, grain size, and wheel structure. Proper selection of grinding wheel composition depends on factors like the work material and grinding conditions. Truing and dressing maintain the grinding wheel geometry and condition the cutting edges of abrasive grains.
Drilling involves making cylindrical holes using rotating cutting tools. There are various drilling machine types including turret, radial, pillar, and CNC drilling machines. Key aspects of drilling include tool geometry, workholding devices, tool holding devices, and common machining operations like drilling, reaming, tapping, and counterboring. Cutting parameters like speed, feed rate, and cutting time calculations depend on factors like material, tool material, and operation type.
The document discusses super finishing processes which are used to remove defects from grinding operations and achieve a high surface quality. It describes three main super finishing processes: honing, lapping, and super finishing. Honing is used to finish bores and involves rotating abrasive stones to cut metal. Lapping uses abrasives and less pressure/heat to produce highly accurate flat surfaces. Super finishing is a type of honing that uses less pressure, higher speeds, and more lubricant to produce smooth external surfaces with minimal heat. The goal of these processes is to improve the dimensional accuracy and surface finish of parts.
this presentation is about various types of finishing process such as lapping,honing,super finishing ,polishing which performed after the work primary operations are completed.and these various methods are known as secondary operations.
Growth in industrial technology is increasing demand for new equipment like rebar processing machines. The document discusses various types of equipment used for cutting, bending, and tying rebar, including electric cutters that can cut rebar up to 16mm, heavy duty cutters that can cut rebar up to 42mm, wire rope cutters that can cut steel rope from 1.5mm to 20mm, and automatic bending machines that can bend rebar up to 32mm. It also discusses manual and automatic rebar tying machines. The equipment allows for high production volumes in minimal time with minimal waste and flexibility.
Burnishing is a cold-working process that finishes and hardens metal surfaces through pressure contact with a hardened tool. Lapping rubs two surfaces together with abrasive in between by hand or machine. Honing removes a small amount of stock from internal or external surfaces to improve flatness and finish using abrasives at low speeds of 85 to 300 sf/min.
This document discusses off-hand grinders, including safety precautions when using them and their main parts. It describes the types of off-hand grinders as pedestal, bench, and portable. The main parts are identified as the body, grinding wheels, work rests, and guards. Factors for selecting appropriate grinding wheels are grit size, grade, bond type, and structure.
1. The document discusses milling operations and processes. It describes different types of milling machines, cutters, workholding devices, toolholding devices, and machining operations like face milling and peripheral milling.
2. It provides information on milling applications in various industries like aerospace, automotive, medical, and discusses factors involved in calculating machining time.
3. Cutting parameters for milling operations like cutting speed, feed per tooth, axial and radial depths are also outlined.
1. Buffing is a process that uses a cloth wheel impregnated with cutting compounds or rouges to shine metal, wood, or composites.
2. There are generally two buffing operations - a cut buff to remove imperfections and a finer finish buff to produce a high luster.
3. Proper surface preparation before buffing through successive abrasive steps is important to achieving a final buffed surface without scratches or pits.
Perfect plugs call for perfect drill holes. Perfect holes can be created with the help of fischer drill bits economically and, depending on product selection, approval compliant. Besides high-quality hammer dill bits for the professional user, the assortment also offers straight shank drill bits for the semi-professional user and DIY enthusiast. It is supplemented with various chisels and compass saws with quick-change chucks
This chapter discusses abrasive machining and finishing operations. It introduces abrasives and how they are used to remove small amounts of material. The key abrasive processes covered are grinding, including the different types of grinding operations and machines. Factors that affect grinding such as forces, temperature, and wheel wear are also summarized. The chapter outlines the various grinding operations like surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, and centerless grinding.
Introduction to tools pf mechanical workshop,How to make a workpiece and the ...Amna Khan
This document provides information about a mechanical workshop including:
- A list of 4 group members and their roll numbers
- An introduction to various workshop tools like peen hammers, wire cutters, and drills.
- Steps for a metal cutting workpiece along with required apparatus and precautions.
- Details about drilling operations and different types of drilling machines like bench drilling machines.
- Parts of a bench drilling machine including its vertical column, base, and drill head.
- The working process of clamping a workpiece and lowering the drill bit to make holes.
Surface finishing processes alter the surface of materials for aesthetic or functional purposes. Grinding is the most common abrasive machining process, using abrasive grits to cut material. Anodizing increases the thickness of the natural oxide film on aluminum, producing a corrosion-resistant and durable surface. Lapping uses loose abrasives to remove material within tight tolerances. Honing uses an abrasive tool that both rotates and reciprocates to smooth bore surfaces. These finishing techniques improve appearances, functionality, and sales value of products.
The document discusses the basics of lapping and polishing processes. It describes:
1) Lapping removes material precisely to produce flat, smooth surfaces, while polishing produces scratch-free surfaces. Common techniques are grinding, lapping, polishing, and CMP.
2) Equipment used includes lapping machines, fixtures to hold specimens, conditioning equipment to maintain flat plates, and plates in materials like cast iron and copper.
3) Proper plate conditioning is important for maintaining flatness, and involves using an abrasive-coated ring positioned appropriately on the plate based on its initial shape.
Barricading construction site and excavation asifmorio
Barricades are objects placed across roads or open spaces to stop people. There are two types - hard barricades, which must support 90kg of force and be 0.95-1.15m high, and soft barricades, which are only suitable as short-term warnings. Barricades are needed for excavation work, which involves removing soil or rock using tools or machinery, to form holes or cavities and occurs on construction sites, business premises, and public areas, posing hazards like collapsing soil, underground utility lines, falling in, and flooding.
Broaching is a process of metal cutting. It is about operation in one pass. The tool is broaches and has several cutting edges. In next presentation will be explain type of tools, procedures of treatment, methods of treatment and others. The machine used for this treatments is broaching machine and the thesis provides a systematic model of vertical broaching machines.
Gear finishing processes are necessary to produce accurate, smooth gear teeth after initial formation. The main gear finishing processes are gear shaving, burnishing, grinding, lapping, and honing. Gear shaving involves running a gear against a cutter to scrape off irregularities. Gear burnishing plastically moves excess material during rolling. Gear grinding is the most accurate but also the most expensive method. Lapping and honing use abrasives to remove burrs and irregularities from heat treated gears in a faster process than other methods.
Hammer mills are designed to crush brittle materials and break down conglomerates.
The operational principle of a hammer mill is based on impact on material particles.
Material particles are broken down:
when a hammer falls on them;
when they impact the liner and walls of the housing;
when the particles collide with each other.
Investment casting is also a manufacturing technique with a ceramic metal or material is coated by the wax pattern with a refractory material of ceramic. visit know more information: http://goo.gl/59JMaF
The new WINTER FlutePolish product range features reduced flute polishing time and improved surface quality for shank tools such as drills, end mills and reamers. The new elastic resin bond system improves flexibility allowing wheels to conform to the surface of the part being polished. A reduction of the flute polishing time by 30% can be achieved.
Cutting tools are used in machining processes and come in two main types: single-point and multiple-point tools. Cutting tool materials include high-speed steel, cemented carbides, ceramics, and more. Cemented carbides provide high hardness, wear resistance, and ability to cut at high speeds. Indexable inserts allow easy replacement of worn cutting edges and higher productivity. Proper selection of cutting tool material, geometry, coatings, and grinding/sharpening techniques optimizes tool life and machining efficiency.
Cutting tools are used in machining processes and come in two main types: single-point and multiple-point tools. Cutting tool materials include high-speed steel, cemented carbides, ceramics, and more. Cemented carbides provide high hardness, wear resistance, and ability to cut at high speeds. Indexable inserts allow easy replacement of worn cutting edges and higher productivity. Proper selection of cutting tool material, geometry, coatings, and grinding/sharpening techniques optimizes tool life and machining efficiency.
The document discusses super finishing processes which are used to remove defects from grinding operations and achieve a high surface quality. It describes three main super finishing processes: honing, lapping, and super finishing. Honing is used to finish bores and involves rotating abrasive stones to cut metal. Lapping uses abrasives and less pressure/heat to produce highly accurate flat surfaces. Super finishing is a type of honing that uses less pressure, higher speeds, and more lubricant to produce smooth external surfaces with minimal heat. The goal of these processes is to improve the dimensional accuracy and surface finish of parts.
this presentation is about various types of finishing process such as lapping,honing,super finishing ,polishing which performed after the work primary operations are completed.and these various methods are known as secondary operations.
Growth in industrial technology is increasing demand for new equipment like rebar processing machines. The document discusses various types of equipment used for cutting, bending, and tying rebar, including electric cutters that can cut rebar up to 16mm, heavy duty cutters that can cut rebar up to 42mm, wire rope cutters that can cut steel rope from 1.5mm to 20mm, and automatic bending machines that can bend rebar up to 32mm. It also discusses manual and automatic rebar tying machines. The equipment allows for high production volumes in minimal time with minimal waste and flexibility.
Burnishing is a cold-working process that finishes and hardens metal surfaces through pressure contact with a hardened tool. Lapping rubs two surfaces together with abrasive in between by hand or machine. Honing removes a small amount of stock from internal or external surfaces to improve flatness and finish using abrasives at low speeds of 85 to 300 sf/min.
This document discusses off-hand grinders, including safety precautions when using them and their main parts. It describes the types of off-hand grinders as pedestal, bench, and portable. The main parts are identified as the body, grinding wheels, work rests, and guards. Factors for selecting appropriate grinding wheels are grit size, grade, bond type, and structure.
1. The document discusses milling operations and processes. It describes different types of milling machines, cutters, workholding devices, toolholding devices, and machining operations like face milling and peripheral milling.
2. It provides information on milling applications in various industries like aerospace, automotive, medical, and discusses factors involved in calculating machining time.
3. Cutting parameters for milling operations like cutting speed, feed per tooth, axial and radial depths are also outlined.
1. Buffing is a process that uses a cloth wheel impregnated with cutting compounds or rouges to shine metal, wood, or composites.
2. There are generally two buffing operations - a cut buff to remove imperfections and a finer finish buff to produce a high luster.
3. Proper surface preparation before buffing through successive abrasive steps is important to achieving a final buffed surface without scratches or pits.
Perfect plugs call for perfect drill holes. Perfect holes can be created with the help of fischer drill bits economically and, depending on product selection, approval compliant. Besides high-quality hammer dill bits for the professional user, the assortment also offers straight shank drill bits for the semi-professional user and DIY enthusiast. It is supplemented with various chisels and compass saws with quick-change chucks
This chapter discusses abrasive machining and finishing operations. It introduces abrasives and how they are used to remove small amounts of material. The key abrasive processes covered are grinding, including the different types of grinding operations and machines. Factors that affect grinding such as forces, temperature, and wheel wear are also summarized. The chapter outlines the various grinding operations like surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, and centerless grinding.
Introduction to tools pf mechanical workshop,How to make a workpiece and the ...Amna Khan
This document provides information about a mechanical workshop including:
- A list of 4 group members and their roll numbers
- An introduction to various workshop tools like peen hammers, wire cutters, and drills.
- Steps for a metal cutting workpiece along with required apparatus and precautions.
- Details about drilling operations and different types of drilling machines like bench drilling machines.
- Parts of a bench drilling machine including its vertical column, base, and drill head.
- The working process of clamping a workpiece and lowering the drill bit to make holes.
Surface finishing processes alter the surface of materials for aesthetic or functional purposes. Grinding is the most common abrasive machining process, using abrasive grits to cut material. Anodizing increases the thickness of the natural oxide film on aluminum, producing a corrosion-resistant and durable surface. Lapping uses loose abrasives to remove material within tight tolerances. Honing uses an abrasive tool that both rotates and reciprocates to smooth bore surfaces. These finishing techniques improve appearances, functionality, and sales value of products.
The document discusses the basics of lapping and polishing processes. It describes:
1) Lapping removes material precisely to produce flat, smooth surfaces, while polishing produces scratch-free surfaces. Common techniques are grinding, lapping, polishing, and CMP.
2) Equipment used includes lapping machines, fixtures to hold specimens, conditioning equipment to maintain flat plates, and plates in materials like cast iron and copper.
3) Proper plate conditioning is important for maintaining flatness, and involves using an abrasive-coated ring positioned appropriately on the plate based on its initial shape.
Barricading construction site and excavation asifmorio
Barricades are objects placed across roads or open spaces to stop people. There are two types - hard barricades, which must support 90kg of force and be 0.95-1.15m high, and soft barricades, which are only suitable as short-term warnings. Barricades are needed for excavation work, which involves removing soil or rock using tools or machinery, to form holes or cavities and occurs on construction sites, business premises, and public areas, posing hazards like collapsing soil, underground utility lines, falling in, and flooding.
Broaching is a process of metal cutting. It is about operation in one pass. The tool is broaches and has several cutting edges. In next presentation will be explain type of tools, procedures of treatment, methods of treatment and others. The machine used for this treatments is broaching machine and the thesis provides a systematic model of vertical broaching machines.
Gear finishing processes are necessary to produce accurate, smooth gear teeth after initial formation. The main gear finishing processes are gear shaving, burnishing, grinding, lapping, and honing. Gear shaving involves running a gear against a cutter to scrape off irregularities. Gear burnishing plastically moves excess material during rolling. Gear grinding is the most accurate but also the most expensive method. Lapping and honing use abrasives to remove burrs and irregularities from heat treated gears in a faster process than other methods.
Hammer mills are designed to crush brittle materials and break down conglomerates.
The operational principle of a hammer mill is based on impact on material particles.
Material particles are broken down:
when a hammer falls on them;
when they impact the liner and walls of the housing;
when the particles collide with each other.
Investment casting is also a manufacturing technique with a ceramic metal or material is coated by the wax pattern with a refractory material of ceramic. visit know more information: http://goo.gl/59JMaF
The new WINTER FlutePolish product range features reduced flute polishing time and improved surface quality for shank tools such as drills, end mills and reamers. The new elastic resin bond system improves flexibility allowing wheels to conform to the surface of the part being polished. A reduction of the flute polishing time by 30% can be achieved.
Cutting tools are used in machining processes and come in two main types: single-point and multiple-point tools. Cutting tool materials include high-speed steel, cemented carbides, ceramics, and more. Cemented carbides provide high hardness, wear resistance, and ability to cut at high speeds. Indexable inserts allow easy replacement of worn cutting edges and higher productivity. Proper selection of cutting tool material, geometry, coatings, and grinding/sharpening techniques optimizes tool life and machining efficiency.
Cutting tools are used in machining processes and come in two main types: single-point and multiple-point tools. Cutting tool materials include high-speed steel, cemented carbides, ceramics, and more. Cemented carbides provide high hardness, wear resistance, and ability to cut at high speeds. Indexable inserts allow easy replacement of worn cutting edges and higher productivity. Proper selection of cutting tool material, geometry, coatings, and grinding/sharpening techniques optimizes tool life and machining efficiency.
Grinding is an abrasive machining process that uses a grinding wheel to remove material from a workpiece. The grinding wheel consists of abrasive grains held together by a bonding material. There are various types of grinding machines classified by the type of grinding operation, including rough grinders, precision grinders, cylindrical grinders, surface grinders, and internal grinders. Factors such as workpiece material properties, stock removal amount, surface finish requirements, and grinding conditions must be considered when selecting a grinding wheel.
This document discusses different types of cutting tool materials and their properties. It covers seven main types of toolbit materials including high-speed steel, cast alloys, cemented carbides, ceramics, cermets, cubic boron nitride and polycrystalline diamond. The key properties for cutting tools are hardness, wear resistance, shock resistance, shape/configuration. Cemented carbides are widely used and offer high hardness, wear resistance and can operate at high speeds without losing sharpness. Coatings like titanium carbide and nitride and aluminum oxide are used to improve wear resistance at different speeds. Tool geometry including side relief, side clearance, rake angles and nose radius are also covered.
Penn Stainless Products is a supplier of stainless steel products located in Quakertown, PA that has been in business since 1979. They stock over 30 grades of stainless steel in various forms including plate, sheet, bar, tube, and pipe. Penn Stainless has a 200,000 square foot facility with in-house processing capabilities like cutting, polishing, and forming. Their goal is to service customers in the metal industry with quick lead times, competitive pricing, and quality products.
The document discusses common tools used in CNC milling, including end mills, face mills, drills, taps, and reamers. It describes the different types of each tool as well as factors to consider like material, coatings, flutes, and holders. End mills are the most versatile cutting tools and come in various styles for different milling applications. Tool coatings can increase hardness and wear resistance for better performance. Proper tool holders are also important for secure and accurate mounting of cutters.
The document discusses abrasive processes and broaching. It describes various abrasive machining processes including grinding, honing and lapping. It details different types of grinding processes such as cylindrical grinding and centerless grinding. It also discusses broaching machines and broaching processes. Broaching involves using a multi-tooth tool to remove material in one pass to produce internal and external features with high tolerances and production rates.
This document discusses abrasive machining processes like grinding. It covers the types of grinding wheels, their specifications and selection criteria. It describes different grinding processes like cylindrical grinding, surface grinding, and centreless grinding. It also discusses broaching machines and broaching processes. The key points are:
- Grinding involves removing material with abrasive particles in a grinding wheel. Wheel specifications include abrasive material, grain size, bond type, grade, and structure.
- Types of grinding include cylindrical grinding, surface grinding, centreless grinding, and internal grinding. Precision grinders are used for these processes.
- Broaching involves removing metal with a row of progressively higher teeth on a broaching tool. It
The document discusses different types of grinding machines and their processes. It describes grinding as an abrasive machining process that uses a revolving wheel to cut hard materials. There are different types of grinding machines based on the geometry of the workpiece, such as surface grinding for flat surfaces, cylindrical grinding for external cylindrical surfaces, and centerless grinding which does not use centers or fixtures to hold the workpiece. The document provides details on grinding wheels, abrasives, and factors to consider for selecting the appropriate grinding wheel for different materials and processes.
The document provides information on operations that can be performed on a vertical milling machine. It discusses aligning the vertical head to be square to the table within ±0.001 in. by using a dial indicator. It also describes inserting and removing end mills from spring collets and accurately machining a block square and parallel as well as drilling holes to a precise location. The document contains objectives, descriptions of parts of ram-type vertical mills, and discussions of cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, and end mills.
This document discusses abrasives used in dentistry. It defines abrasion and describes the different types including two-body, three-body, and erosion abrasion. The principles of cutting, grinding, and polishing are explained. Desirable characteristics of abrasives and factors affecting abrasion rates are outlined. Various natural and synthetic abrasives are classified and their uses described, including diamond, aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, and others. Recent advances in abrasives like air abrasion technology and CVD diamond coated burs are also mentioned.
This document summarizes various metal casting processes and techniques. It discusses sand casting and the key components of sand molds like the flask, pouring basin, sprue, runners, and risers. It also covers cores, moulding sands, patterns, moulding machines, melting furnaces, and common defects in sand casting. Testing methods for moulding sands like moisture content, clay content, and permeability are also summarized.
M.P- II-UNIT IV - ABRASIVE PROCESSES AND GEAR CUTTING.pptxMohanumar S
The document discusses various abrasive processes and gear cutting. It describes different types of grinding processes like cylindrical grinding and surface grinding. It covers the selection and specifications of grinding wheels including abrasive materials, grain size, bonding materials, and wheel structures. Different grinding machines are also outlined, such as floor stand grinders, bench grinders, cylindrical grinders, and surface grinders. Key factors in selecting a grinding wheel like the material being machined and removal rate are also summarized.
The specific removal rate Q' is defined as the material removal rate per unit width of the grinding contact. In this example, the total material removal rate is Q = 50 mm3/s over a contact width of bw = 25 mm. Therefore, the specific removal rate is calculated as:
Q' = Q / bw
= 50 mm3/s / 25 mm
= 2 mm3/s/mm
So the specific removal rate in this case is Q' = 2 mm3/s per mm width, as quoted in the question.
The document discusses abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM), a non-conventional machining process. It provides a brief history of AWJM, describing how abrasives were added to waterjets in the 1970s to allow cutting of harder materials. The key components of an AWJM system are described, including water reservoirs, intensifier pumps to generate ultra-high water pressures, multi-axis motion systems, and abrasive-fed nozzles. Advantages are clean cutting with minimal heat impact and ability to cut a wide range of materials efficiently. Disadvantages include high operating costs for hard materials and inability to cut very thick parts. The document outlines applications and provides comparisons to other non-conventional machining methods.
Grinding is an abrasive machining process that uses abrasive particles, known as grits, to remove material from a workpiece. Grits are characterized by sharp cutting points and are bonded together and shaped to form an abrasive tool. Coarse grits and open wheel structures are preferred for stock removal grinding to provide more space for chip accommodation. Finer grits and denser wheel structures are used for surface finishing. Vitrified and resinoid bonds are commonly used bonding materials for grinding wheels. Vitrified bonds provide strong, rigid wheels but are brittle. Resinoid bonds can be formulated for different conditions but cannot be used with alkaline coolants.
Grinding gears from solid is a cost effective alternative to hobbing and shaping. When all the right aspects from coolant to power are considered in application, removal rates of 7in³/min/in. Learn who should consider grinding gears from solid and under what situations this methodology is most appropriate from Norton Application Engineers David Graham and Phil Plainte.
Proper Maintenance for the Long Life of Concrete PavementsJill Reeves
This document discusses techniques for maintaining and preserving concrete pavements to extend their service life. It outlines various preservation activities like diamond grinding, full and partial depth repairs, dowel bar retrofit, joint sealing, and concrete overlays. It provides details on how each technique works and its benefits. The document also references guides on concrete pavement preservation best practices and lists online training resources. The goal is to provide cost-effective solutions to maintain pavement investment and meet transportation challenges through proper concrete pavement maintenance.
This document summarizes a presentation on drone applications in concrete paving given by Olsson. It discusses Olsson's UAV program and experience providing drone services for infrastructure projects like concrete paving, surveying, asset inspections, and environmental monitoring. Specific applications highlighted include stockpile inventories, pavement surveys, construction documentation, and upcoming capabilities like onboard LiDAR. The presentation outlines Olsson's safety practices and the regulatory compliance of its drone operations.
PCC Pavement: Repair vs. Overlay vs. ReconstructionJill Reeves
Repair, overlay, and reconstruction options were compared for maintaining and rehabilitating PCC pavements. Considerations included thickness, age, condition, traffic, and budget. Reconstruction using 8" DCP on prepared subgrade was estimated at $990K/mi. 3R with 10% repair and 4" HMA overlay was estimated at $490K/mi. Maintenance repair of 2% and joint sealing was estimated at $90K/mi.
This document provides an overview of Thrasher Commercial Group, which offers engineered solutions for deep foundations, earth retention, concrete lifting and leveling. It introduces the company's sales team and describes various client solutions including helical piles, push piers, helical soil nails, helical anchors and tiebacks, geo-lock wall anchors, polyurethane injection for concrete lifting and leveling, box culvert void filling, and case studies of road and bridge projects. Videos and questions are offered at the end for further discussion.
LDCC is a lightweight cellular concrete made with cement, water, and preformed foam to produce a hardened material with a density of 50 lbs or less per cubic foot. It replaces coarse aggregate with air bubbles, making it flowable and self-compacting for rapid placement into structures. LDCC comes in permeable and non-permeable varieties and has a broad range of applications including backfill, trench filling, and retaining walls due to its versatility, durability, and environmental friendliness.
The 40th Annual Concrete Paving Workshop will be held January 22-23, 2019 at the Cornhusker Marriott in Lincoln, NE. There are several gold eagle sponsors including Ash Grove Cement, Lafarge-Holcim, Central Plains Cement, GCC of America, and GOMACO. There are also many other sponsors and a planning committee listed. The workshop provides information on concrete paving projects and practices.
This document summarizes a presentation on optimizing concrete mix design for pavement. It discusses:
- Using a modified Toufar model and experimental testing to determine aggregate packing and optimum gradations.
- Conducting experiments with different aggregate blends and cement contents to evaluate fresh properties, strength, and permeability. Promising blends were identified.
- Further reducing cement contents of promising blends by adjusting water reducer dosage and retesting. Cement could be reduced by up to 1 sack without compromising performance.
- Proposing a mix design procedure considering aggregate packing from modeling/testing, minimum excess paste, and verification with a box test to ensure adequate strength and surface quality.
Concrete Overlays: A Proven Resurfacing StrategyJill Reeves
This document discusses concrete overlays as a proven resurfacing strategy. It provides an overview of different types of concrete overlays, including bonded and unbonded overlays of concrete and asphalt pavements. Data is presented on the performance and longevity of concrete overlays constructed in Iowa over several decades, with many showing excellent performance up to 40 years. Thicker overlays and shorter joint spacings are associated with better performance. Overall, concrete overlays are shown to be a highly effective resurfacing solution with a expected service life of 30-40 years for Iowa's highway network.
This document provides information about slag cement and its use in concrete applications. It discusses the production of slag cement, its chemical and physical properties compared to portland cement, benefits of using slag cement such as improved workability, strength, and durability. It provides examples of projects that have used slag cement concrete mixtures with replacement rates ranging from 20-50% and achieved strength gains. Contact information is also provided for follow up questions.
Performance Engineered: Mixtures and AASHTO PP 84: It's Time for a ChangeJill Reeves
This document summarizes a presentation on Performance Engineered Mixtures and AASHTO PP 84 given by Michael Praul, a Senior Concrete Engineer at FHWA. The presentation discusses the need for a change from prescriptive concrete specifications to performance-based specifications that focus on properties related to concrete durability. It outlines the development of AASHTO PP 84, a guide specification that requires testing of properties like strength, shrinkage and permeability. The presentation emphasizes that PP 84 allows for innovation while providing a framework for quality control and assurance. It also discusses efforts to help agencies and industry transition to performance-based specifications through resources on specification development and quality control testing.
Fly ash availability is decreasing due to plant closures across 25 states. Over 11% of coal fired generating capacity has been reduced, with over 40% reductions in the Midwest, Mid-Atlantic, and Southeast regions. This has led to over 7 million tons less fly ash being produced annually. The document was presented by Megan Dangel from Central Plains Cement Company at a concrete paving workshop to discuss issues regarding decreasing fly ash supply.
Federal Motor Carrier Rules and RegulationsJill Reeves
This document provides an overview of federal and state motor carrier rules and regulations for Nebraska. It discusses several key topics:
- There are both state and Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) regulations that apply.
- State regulations cover rules of the road, registration, taxation, weights and dimensions. FMCSA regulations cover equipment, commercial driver's licensing, medical requirements, hours of service, and safe driving.
- There are various permit options for intrastate hauling in Nebraska by non-Nebraska registered vehicles, as well as agreements with neighboring states for operations within certain city limits.
- Dimensional and weight laws, along with permit requirements for oversized loads, are also reviewed
This document discusses updates to OSHA's silica rule, including new training materials, fact sheets, and videos about silica hazards. It provides details on engineering controls, exposure monitoring requirements, medical surveillance, and citations issued for violations. It also describes equipment that can help mitigate silica dust, such as exhaust systems, vacuums, sweepers, and blowing systems. Regular maintenance is important to ensure effectiveness of dust controls.
ABC in Nebraska: Belden to Laurel BridgeJill Reeves
This document summarizes the replacement of the Belden-Laurel Bridge in Nebraska using accelerated bridge construction (ABC) techniques. The old 3-span steel girder bridge from 1938 was deteriorating and in need of replacement. The new single-span bridge features precast concrete girders, deck panels, abutment caps, wing walls, and approach slabs that were assembled on site to replace the bridge over a weekend, minimizing road closure time. The precast elements were connected using self-consolidating concrete, ultra-high performance concrete, and high-early strength concrete to accelerate construction.
The document summarizes information from the 4040th Annual Concrete Paving Workshop regarding upcoming airport projects. $1 billion in supplemental appropriations are available through September 2020 primarily for general aviation airports. About 1,400 airports qualify for priority consideration. Round 1 applications were due in August and selections were made in fall 2018. Round 2 requests were due in October with announcements expected by late January 2019. The FAA Reauthorization Act extends the Airport Improvement Program through 2023 with many changes still needing interpretation. An economic impact study of Nebraska aviation is underway to provide updated data.
- NDOT is using design-build project delivery for the US-275 Expressway project from Scribner to West Point to accelerate project completion.
- The 18.5 mile, $109 million project will construct new lanes parallel to existing lanes using a 2+2 configuration and bypass Scribner.
- NDOT issued a Request for Qualifications in September 2017 and shortlisted design-build teams in January 2018 for the design-build procurement process.
This document summarizes Nebraska's approach to pavement asset management. It discusses collecting pavement data, measuring performance through IRI and NSI metrics, analyzing the system using a Pavement Optimization Program for life-cycle cost analysis, prioritizing treatments, and setting performance targets. It outlines Nebraska's objectives to maintain pavements in good repair, optimize budgets, and meet or exceed asset lifespans. Key aspects of the management process include automated and manual data collection, deterioration modeling, treatment decision trees, and a risk-based approach to prioritizing projects.
Iowa DOT - Council Bluffs Border City AgreementsJill Reeves
1. For loads coming into Sioux City, Iowa under the exempt commercial zone, operating authority is not needed as long as the load is delivered within 6 miles of Sioux City.
2. For intrastate loads originating and ending in Iowa, a motor carrier needs an Iowa Motor Carrier Permit which must be carried in each vehicle.
3. Sioux City ordinance allows vehicles legal in weight and length in Nebraska or South Dakota to operate in Sioux City without an Iowa permit if traveling to or from those states.
This document outlines Nebraska's testing of aggregates for alkali-silica reaction (ASR) from 2008 to present. It discusses:
1) Correlating ASTM C1293 testing from 2008-2016 with FHWA TP-65 to classify aggregate reactivity.
2) Introducing AASHTO T380 mini prism testing in 2016 and correlating results to ASTM C1293.
3) Changing the blended/interground cement specification in 2016 to require ASTM C1567 or AASHTO T380 testing depending on expansion results. Testing aims to ensure aggregates and cements do not cause excessive expansion due to ASR.
This document contains information about Joel Sedlacek, the territory manager for Central Plains Cement Company and its related companies. It lists the locations of various cement production facilities. It also provides information about a concrete product called slag and its use in road projects. Finally, it discusses a road project replacing asphalt with concrete on a portion of Interstate 10 in Tucson, Arizona.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
5. Saw Type – Small Conventional
Horsepower
8.5 HP 11 HP 20.8 HP 27HP 35 HP
FS 309 – 14" FS 400 – 18"
FS 413 – 18"
FS 513 – 18"
FS 520 – 20"
FS 524 – 24" FS 627 – 20" FS 3500 – 30"
35 Horsepower and below
Push or self propelled
6. 03/13/18 6
Saw Type - Large Conventional
Horsepower
35 HP 48 HP 74 HP 85 HP
FS 5000 – 36”
FS 4600 – 30”
FS 7000 – 42”
35 HP and above
Self propelled
RS 8500 – 20”FS 3500 – 30"
7. Saw Type – Soff Cut
Horsepower
2.3 HP 4.3 HP 9 HP 11 HP 20 HP 22 HP 25 HP
SC 150 SC 2000 SC 2500 SC 4000 SC 4200 SC 5000SC 390
7/8” – 1-1/8”
1/2” – 1-1/2”
7/8” – 1-1/2”
7/8” – 1-1/2”
1-1/8” – 2-3/4”
1-1/8” – 3”
2” – 4”
Cutting Depth
8. Types of Diamond Blades
• Softer bonds for harder materials
– Also needed for harder aggregates
• Harder bonds for softer materials
– Also needed for softer aggregates
– May have undercut protection
• Must be matched to machine power
• General purpose blades
• Thickness from 0.095” to 0.500”
• Diameters from 7” to 72”
10. Soff Cut Blades
Soff Cut blades include a skid plate
Recommend changing skid plate with every blade
Skid plate holds surface material in place while cutting
Soff Cut blades are color coded and numbered
6000 1000
12. Types of material
• Green Concrete
– Considered a softer material, abrasive
– Concrete that has set but not fully cured
– Under twenty four hours
– Cutting dependent on aggregate hardness
• Asphalt
– Considered a soft material, abrasive
• Cured Concrete
– Considered a hard material, not abrasive
– Over twenty four hours old
– Hardness mostly dependent on aggregate
13. Timing of Cuts
• Green/joint sawing must be timed to the setting of the concrete.
• It should be started as soon as the concrete has hardened
sufficiently to prevent aggregates from being dislodged from the
surface by the cutting process.
• Before drying/shrinkage stresses become large enough to
produce cracking.
14. Variables
• Variables that effect when to cut and how long the window to cut
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Wind
• Additives
15. Soff Cut Method
• Start cutting two to four hours after finishing
• Can be cut dry
• Recommend dust collection system
• Usually two to two and half hour window after first cut
16. • 15’ to 18’ per minute cutting speed
• 20,000 to 22,800 ft2
area
• 24’ x 950’ – a little less than a ¼ mile of two lane pavement
• Dependent on joint spacing
Soff Cut Method
17. Conventional Cutting Method
• Start cutting four to eight hours
• Usually a 2-1/2 hour to 4 hour window after first cut
• 18’ to 24’ cutting speed
• 42,000 to 45,000 ft2
• 24’ x 1,980’ – about 3/8 mile of two lane pavement
• Dependent on joint spacing