Computer hw sw

Information System Architecture:
Computer System
Presented By
Engr. Md. Fazlul Kader
Assistant Professor, Dept. of APECE
University of Chittagong, Bangladesh

Contents
 System
 Properties of a system
 Computer system
 Components
Hardware
Software
Human ware
Data/Information
Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

System
 Definition:
 System is a collection of some integrated components that works
to accomplish a specific task
Properties: A system must satisfy the following
properties
 Each system consists of several components
 There must be a logical relation between the components
 The components of a system should be controlled in a way such
that the specific task can be accomplished

Computer System

Computer System
Components
Hardware
Software
Humanware
Data/Information

Computer System:
Components

Computer System:
Hardware
 Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or
components of a computer
 For example:
 monitor
 Keyboard
 hard drive disk
 mouse
 printers
 graphic cards
 sound cards
 memory,
 motherboard and chips,
 etc all of which are physical objects that we can actually touch.

Computer System:
Hardware

Hardware
 Basically There are five categories of
Hardware:
1. Input Devices
2. Output Devices
3. Memory Devices (Primary Storage)
4. Storage Devices (Secondary Storage)
5. Processor (Central Processing Unit)

Hardware:
Input Devices
 An input device is any device that transfers
data from the outside world into a computer.
 Examples:
 Manual Input Devices: Keyboard
 Pointing Devices: Mouse, Touch Screen, Gaming
Devices (Joystick and Game Controller), Touch Pad, digital
pen.
 Source / Direct Data Entry Devices: Barcode Reader
,Optical Mark Recognition (OMR), Optical Character
recognition (OCR) Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR)
 Multimedia Input: Digital Cameras ,Webcam, Microphone

Hardware:
Output devices
 An output device is any piece of computer
hardware equipment used to communicate
the results of data processing carried out by
an information processing system (such as a
computer) to the outside world.
 Examples of output devices:
 Speakers
 Headphones
 Screen (Monitor)
 Printer

Hardware:
Memory Device (Primary Storage)
Random-access memory (RAM) :
 RAM is a form of computer data storage.
 It is Considered as the main memory of the computer
 It takes the form of integrated circuits that allow
stored data to be accessed in any order (that is, at
random).
 The word "RAM" is often associated with volatile
types of memory (such as DRAM memory modules),
where the information is lost after the power is
switched off.

Hardware:
Storage Devices (Secondary Storage)
 Secondary Storage Devices Fall into various
Categories:
1. Magnetic Disks: Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Zip/Jazz Disk
2. Magnetic Tape: Tape Reels, Tape Cartridge, Microfilm or
Microfiche
3. Optical Storage : CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, WORM Disk,
4. Bistable Storage : USB Flash Drive, Flash Memory Cards

Hardware:
The Processor
Central processing unit (CPU):
 A central processing unit (CPU), also
referred to as a central processor unit,
 It is the hardware within a computer that
carries out the instructions of a computer
program by performing the basic arithmetical,
logical, and input/output operations of the
system.

Hardware:
Others
 Motherboard:
 It is the central or primary circuit board making up a complex electronic system
 Also known as mainboard, system board, planar board or logic board
 Computer Bus:
 It is used to transfer data or power between computer components inside a computer or
between computers
 Power Supply
 Video Display Controllers
 Basic Input Output System(BIOS):
 also known as the system BIOS or ROM BIOS
 The BIOS software is built into the PC, and is the first software run by a PC when powered
on.
 The fundamental purposes of the BIOS are to initialize and test the system hardware
components, and to load an operating system or other program from a mass memory
device.
 etc.

Software
 Definition:
 Computer software, or just software, is a collection
of computer programs, procedures and documentation
that performs different tasks on a computer system
 In contrast to hardware, software "cannot be touched".
 Classification
 Based on Working Principle: Two classes
 System Software
 Application software
 Based on Commercial perspective
 Commercial Software
 Freeware/Open Source
 Shareware

Software Classification:
Based on Working Principle
Software
System Software Application Software
System Management Software:
 Operating System
 Network Management
 Database management
System Support Software:
System Utility Software:
System Performance Software
System Security Monitor Program
System Development Software:
Programming Language Translator
Programming Editors and Tools
CASE
General Application
Program
Application Specific
Program
Word Processor
Spreadsheet
Accounting Software
Web Browsers

Software Classification
System Software
 Definition:
 is a computer software designed to operate the computer hardware
and to provide and maintain a platform for running application
software.
 Classification:3 classes
1. System Management Software:
 Is used to manage the overall computer system as a whole
 Classified as
 Operating System: Windows, Linux, Unix and MS-DOS etc
 Network Management: Server Monitor Professional
 Database management: Oracle, MS Access, MS SQL Server

System Software
2. System Support Software:
 Is used to support the computer system to work
properly
 Classified as :
 System Utility Software: Anti-virus, Backup software, Disk cleaners
 System Performance Software:
 System Security Monitor Program:

System Software
3.System Development Software
 Is used to develop the system software for the
computer system
 Classified as
 Programming Language Translator:
Assembler,
Compiler and
Interpreter
 Programming editors and tools
 Computer Aided Software Engineering(CASE)

Application Software
 Application software utilizes the capacities of a
computer directly for a dedicated task.
 It is computer software designed to help the user
to perform singular or multiple related specific
tasks
 Examples:
 Enterprise software
 Accounting Software
 Graphics software

Application Software: Types
 Basically two types
 (1) Generic (General Purpose) Software
 A generic software package is a package that can be put to a wide
variety of uses.
 For example a spreadsheet package can be used for any task
involving calculations or graph plotting.
 The most common generic software packages are :
 Word Processor : Used to produce simple documents such as letters
and essays.
 Desktop Publisher : Used to produce complicated documents such as
leaflets, posters and newspapers.
 Graphics Package : Used to produce pictures and diagrams.
 Spreadsheet : Used to perform calculations and draw graphs.
 Database : Used to store information so that it can be easily searched.

Application Software: Types
 (2) Application Specific Software
 An application specific package is produced to perform
one specific task.
 For example a program written to produce invoices and
manage stock levels for a garage.
 Example: Accounting software

Different Types of Application Software
 Word Processing Software:
 This software enables users to create and edit documents.
 The most popular examples of this type of software are MS-Word,
WordPad and Notepad among other text editors.
 Database Software:
 Database is a structured collection of data.
 Database software allows users to store and retrieve data from
databases.
 Examples are Oracle, MS Access, etc.
 Spreadsheet Software:
 Spreadsheet software allows users to perform calculations using
spreadsheets.
 Excel, Lotus 1-2-3 and Apple Numbers are some examples of
spreadsheet software. Engr. Md Fazlul Kader

 Multimedia Software:
 They allow users to create and play audio and video files. They are capable
of playing media files.
 Examples: Real Player and Media Player.
 Presentation Software:
 The software that is used to display information in the form of a slide show is
known as presentation software.
 Examples: Microsoft PowerPoint
 Enterprise Software:
 Enterprise software, also known as enterprise application software (EAS),
is software used in organizations, such as in a business or government.
 It deals with the needs of organization processes and data flow.
 Examples: Enterprise resource planning (ERP), Accounting software,
Customer relationship management (CRM)

 Information Worker Software:
 Individual projects within a department and individual needs of creation and
management of information are handled by information worker software.
 Examples: Documentation tools, resource management tools and personal
management systems
 Educational Software:
 It has the capabilities of running tests and tracking progress.
 It is often used in teaching and self-learning.
 Examples: Dictionaries like Britannica and Encarta, others like Google Earth etc.
 Simulation Software:
 Used to simulate physical or abstract systems, simulation software finds applications in
both, research and entertainment.
 Examples: Flight simulators and scientific simulators
 Content Access Software:
 It is used to access content without editing.
 Examples : web browsers and media players.

Software Classification:
Based on Commercial Perspective
 Three Major Classes:
1. Commercial Software
2. Freeware/Open Source
3. Shareware
Software
Commercial
Software
Freeware/Open
Source
Shareware

1.Commercial Software
 Commercial software, or less commonly, payware, is computer
software that is produced for sale or that serves commercial purposes.
 Commercial software can be proprietary software.
 Commercial software requires payment before it can be used and
includes all the program’s features,with no restrictions or time limits.
 Examples:
 Airline reservation/ticketing software .
 Accounting/billing software .
 Inventory control software
 Proprietary software or closed source software is computer software licensed under
exclusive legal right of the copyright holder with the intent that the licensee is given the
right to use the software only under certain conditions, and restricted from other uses,
such as modification, sharing, studying, redistribution, or reverse engineering.
Examples:Windows . Mac OS X . VMS . Android . Unix . Excel . Word . Adobe Reader .
Photoshop . Internet Explorer . Safari . etc.

2.Free and open source
software (F/OSS, FOSS)
 Free to use i.e. freedom to copy and re-use the software
 Does not require any payment from the user
 OSS is computer software that is available in source
code form for which the source code and certain other
rights normally reserved for copyright holders are
provided under a software license that permits users to
study, change and improve the software.
 Examples: Linux(OS), Mozilla(Browser), Apache (web
server)

3.Shareware
 Also termed trialware or demoware
 Basically “try before you buy” software
 It is software that is provided to users without payment on
a trial basis and is often limited by any combination of
functionality, availability (it may be functional for a limited
time period only), or convenience.
 Examples: There are literally millions of shareware
programs on the Internet. Some are
 Winzip
 Internet Download Accelerator 3.1
 Spyware Doctor with Antivirus

Shareware vs Freeware
Freeware Shareware
Freeware refers to software that
anyone can download from the Internet
and use for free.
Sharewares give users a chance to
try the software before buying it.
All the features are free. Most of the times, all features are not
available, or have limited use. To use
all the features of the software, user
has to purchase the software.
Freeware programs can be distributed
free of cost.
Shareware may or may not be
distributed freely. In many cases,
author’s permission is needed, to
distribute the shareware.
Adobe PDF, Google Talk, yahoo
messenger, MSN messenger
Winzip, Internet Download Accelerator
3.1

Computer System:
Humanware
 Humanware is hardware and software that emphasizes user
capability and empowerment and the design of the user interface.
 The process of building humanware generally consists of these
steps:
1. Define users and what they really want to do
2. Identify tasks they will need to do or capabilities they will want
3. Specify usability objectives for each task or capability
4. Build a prototype of the user interface
5. Test and verify or correct the prototype
6. Provide the prototype and usability objectives to the program designers and
coders
7. Test the code against the prototype and objectives and, if necessary,
redesign or recode the software
8. Test the product with users or valid test subjects and revise as necessary
9. Get feedback from users and continually improve the product

Computer System:
Data /Information
 What is Data?
 Data is the raw materials of information
 Data is a collection of facts, such as values or measurements.
 It can be numbers, words, measurements, observations or even just
descriptions of things.
 What is Information?
 Information is the structured format of data
 Information is valuable because it can affect behavior, a decision, or an
outcome.
 For example, if a manager is told his/her company's net profit decreased in
the past month, he/she may use this information as a reason
to cut financial spending for the next month.
 A piece of information is considered valueless if, after receiving it, things
remain unchanged.

Computer System:
Data /Information
 Examples
1,Rahim,3,
V,name,2,VI,Roll.
Munir,
VII
Karim,Class
Roll Name Class
1 Karim V
2 Rahim VI
3 Munir VII
Data[Unstructured] Information[Data +Structure]

Firmware
 Definition: Firmware is software that is embedded
in a piece of hardware.
 Think of firmware simply as "software for hardware.“
 Firmware is defined as:”The computer program in a
read only memory(ROM) integrated circuit.”
 Examples:
 BIOS found in IBM –compatible Personal Computers
 Open Firmware, used in computers from Sun
Microsystems, Apple, and Genesi
 RTAS (Run-Time Abstraction Services), used in computers
from IBM
IBM stands for International Business Machines

THANK YOU

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