The document discusses the key components of a computer system including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices, and storage devices. It describes the different types of computer memory including primary memory like RAM, ROM, and cache and secondary memory like hard disk drives. It also discusses the different types of software including system software like operating systems, language processors, and utilities as well as application software used for specific tasks.
Computer is an electronic device which converts row data into meaningful information .It can perform many task.It work very fast and accuratc.A computer programmed device with a set of instnections of perform is spicilic task and generate result at a very high speed
Computer software or simply software is a program that enables a computer to perform a specific task as oppose to the physical components of the system (i.e. hardware).
Computer is an electronic device which converts row data into meaningful information .It can perform many task.It work very fast and accuratc.A computer programmed device with a set of instnections of perform is spicilic task and generate result at a very high speed
Computer software or simply software is a program that enables a computer to perform a specific task as oppose to the physical components of the system (i.e. hardware).
The computer organization is concerned with the structure and behaviour of digital computers.
Organizational attributes include those hardware details transparent to the programmer, such as control signals, interfaces between the computer and peripherals; and the memory technology used.
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, provide information (output), and store the information for future use
Operating systems basics (Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) GUI Tools Applic...Maryam Fida
Operating systems basics
This lesson includes the following sections:
The User Interface
Running Programs
Managing Files
Managing Hardware
Utility Software
Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)
GUI Tools
Applications and the Interface
Menus
Dialog Boxes
Command-Line InterfacesIcons are pictures that represent computer resources, such as printers, documents, and programs.
You double-click an icon to choose (activate) it, for instance, to launch a program.
The Windows operating system offers two unique tools, called the taskbar and Start button. These help you run and manage programs.
Applications designed to run under one operating system use similar interface elements.
Under an OS such as Windows, you see a familiar interface no matter what programs you use.
In a GUI, each program opens and runs in a separate window—a frame that presents the program and its documents.
In a GUI, you can run multiple programs at once, each in a separate window. The application in use is said to be the active window.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
The computer organization is concerned with the structure and behaviour of digital computers.
Organizational attributes include those hardware details transparent to the programmer, such as control signals, interfaces between the computer and peripherals; and the memory technology used.
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, provide information (output), and store the information for future use
Operating systems basics (Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) GUI Tools Applic...Maryam Fida
Operating systems basics
This lesson includes the following sections:
The User Interface
Running Programs
Managing Files
Managing Hardware
Utility Software
Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)
GUI Tools
Applications and the Interface
Menus
Dialog Boxes
Command-Line InterfacesIcons are pictures that represent computer resources, such as printers, documents, and programs.
You double-click an icon to choose (activate) it, for instance, to launch a program.
The Windows operating system offers two unique tools, called the taskbar and Start button. These help you run and manage programs.
Applications designed to run under one operating system use similar interface elements.
Under an OS such as Windows, you see a familiar interface no matter what programs you use.
In a GUI, each program opens and runs in a separate window—a frame that presents the program and its documents.
In a GUI, you can run multiple programs at once, each in a separate window. The application in use is said to be the active window.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Fundamentals of Computers and Operating System(OS)TUHIN SAHA
This comprehensive PowerPoint presentation is designed to provide a foundational understanding of computers, their components, and their functions. It is ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in gaining a solid grasp of the basics of computer science.
The presentation covers the following key topics:
1. What is a Computer?
- The presentation begins with a clear definition of a computer, detailing its basic functions as an electronic device that processes data. It highlights the computer's ability to perform arithmetic and logical operations.
2. What is an Operating System?
- This section introduces the operating system (OS) as the crucial software that manages hardware and software resources. A detailed block diagram illustrates the OS's components.
3. Components of a Computer:
- The presentation breaks down the primary components of a computer system, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices, and storage devices.
4. Different Generations of Computers:
- A historical perspective is provided on the evolution of computers, detailing the five generations from vacuum tubes to artificial intelligence.
5. Hardware and Software:
- An exploration of the difference between hardware (the physical components of a computer) and software (the programs and applications that run on the hardware). Examples of various hardware components.
6. Input and Output Devices:
- Detailed descriptions of common input devices (such as keyboards and mice) and output devices (such as monitors and printers). This section explains how these devices enable users to interact with the computer and receive feedback.
7. Storage and Memory Devices:
- The presentation covers different types of storage (like hard drives, SSDs, and optical discs) and memory (RAM and ROM).
This presentation serves as a foundational resource for anyone looking to gain a better understanding of computers and their operations. Whether you are a student, educator, or tech enthusiast, "Intro to Computers & OS: Key Concepts" offers valuable insights and a structured approach to learning about the integral components and functions of modern computing systems.
TOPICS
1 Introduction, Characteristics of Computers, Block Diagram of Computer
2 Types of Computers and Features
3 Types of Programming Languages
4 Data Organization, Types of Memory (Primary and Secondary)
5 I/O Devices, Number System
Similar to Computer system organization unit i chapter 1 (20)
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
3. Introduction to Computer System
A computer is an electronic device that can be programmed to accept data (input),
process it and generate result (output). A computer along with additional hardware
and software together is called a computer system.
A computer system primarily comprises a central processing unit (CPU), memory,
input/output devices and storage devices.
6. Computer Memory
A computer system needs memory to store the data and instructions for
processing. Whenever we talk about the ‘memory’ of a computer system, we
usually talk about the main or primary memory. The secondary memory (also
called storage device) is used to store data, instructions and results permanently
for future use.
1.3.1 Units of Memory
A computer system uses binary numbers to store and process data. The binary digits 0
and 1, which are the basic units of memory, are called bits. Further, these bits are
grouped together to form words. A 4-bit word is called a Nibble. Examples of nibble are
1001, 1010, 0010, etc. A two nibble word, i.e., 8-bit word is called a byte, for example,
01000110, 01111100, 10000001, etc.
7.
8. Types of Memory
computers have two types of memory — primary and secondary.
(A) Primary Memory: Program and data are loaded into the primary memory before
processing. The CPU interacts directly with the primary memory to perform read or
write operation. It is of three types :-
(i) Random Access Memory (RAM)
(ii) Read Only Memory (ROM).
(iii) Cache Memory
(i) Random Access Memory (RAM)- RAM is volatile, i.e., as long as the power is
supplied to the computer, it retains the data in it. But as soon as the power supply is
turned off, all the contents of RAM are wiped out. It is used to store data temporarily
while the computer is working.
(ii) Read Only Memory (ROM):- ROM is non-volatile, which means its contents are not
lost even when the power is turned off. It is used as a small but faster permanent
storage for the contents which are rarely changed. For example, the startup program
(boot loader) that loads the operating system into primary memory, is stored in ROM.
(iii) Cache Memory:- RAM is faster than secondary storage, but not as fast
as a computer processor. So, because of RAM, a CPU may have to slow down. To speed
up the operations of the CPU, a very high speed memory is placed between the CPU
and the primary memory known as cache.
9. (B) Secondary Memory: Primary memory has limited storage capacity and
is either volatile (RAM) or read-only (ROM). Thus, a computer system needs auxiliary
or secondary memory to permanently store the data or instructions for future use.
The secondary memory is non-volatile and has larger storage capacity than primary
memory.
Examples of secondary memory devices include Hard Disk Drive (HDD), CD/DVD,
Memory Card, etc.
10. Hard Disk
Hard disks have a very large storing capacity of data.
The hard disk memories store information on one or more circular platters (or disks) which
are continually spinning. These rotation disks are coated with a magnetic material and
stacked with space between them. Information is stored on the surface of rotating disks by
magnetic heads as tiny magnetic spots.
11. See the working of a hard disk:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtPc0jI21i0
16. Software
Types of software
Software are the set of programs that governs the operation of a computer system
and make the hardware run.
Typically, there are two major classifications of software, namely System Software
and Application Software.
1. System Software: The software that controls internal computer operations is called
system software. In simple words, we can say that system software is an
inter-mediator or a middle layer between the user and the hardware. The system
software can further be classified in three categories :
(i) Operation System (ii) Language Processors (iii) Utilities
(i)Operating System: It is the most prominent example of System Software. It
is a collection of software that handles resources and provides general
services for the other applications that run over them. There are various types
of operating system such as real-time, embedded, distributed, multiuser,
single-user, internet, mobile, and many more. It is important to consider the
hardware specifications before choosing an operating system. Some examples
of Operating systems given below:
17. •Android
•iOS
•Linux
•Mac OS
•MS Windows
•Ubuntu
•Unix
(ii) Language Processors:- Language processors are software that convert source
codes into object code.
source code:- It refers to the program code written by a programmer in a high level
programming language (HLL) such as C,Java,C++, Python etc.
Object code:- It refers to a code usually in machine language or binary code, a
language that computer can understand easily and run on hardware.
There are three types of language processors : Assembler, Interpreter and compiler.
Assembler: The Assembler is used to translate the program written in Assembly
language into machine code.
Interpreter: It converts and executes instructions written in a computer program
line by line. Examples: Python, Perl
Compiler: It converts and executes instructions written in a computer program in
one go. Examples: C, C++, Java
18. (iii)Utility: Utility software is designed to aid in analyzing, optimizing, configuring
and maintaining a computer system. It supports the computer infrastructure.
Softwares like antiviruses, disk cleanup & management tools, compression tools,
defragmenters, etc are all utility tools.
2-Application Software:
An Application software is the set of programs necessary to perform operations for a
specific purpose like railway reservation, financial accounting, graphic design,
Multimedia and animation etc.
19. Q1- What is a software library?
Ans- A software library is a predefined and available to use, suit of data and
programming code in the form of prewritten code/functions/scripts/classes etc. that can
be used in the development of new software programs and applications.
For example Python comes equipped with many software libraries like:
1-NumPy(Numerical Puthon)
2- SciPy (Scientific Python)
3- Panda library
Q2- What is the function of memory? What are its measuring units?
Q3- What is the difference between RAM and ROM?
Q4- What is the role of CPU of a mobile system?
Q5- What is the difference between an interpreter and a compiler?
Q6- What is application software ? Why is it required?
*Note:- answers are sent in screenshots of the book.
