This document provides an overview of computer operation fundamentals including: - Computer hardware components like the CPU, monitor, keyboard, and storage devices. - How input is processed by the CPU and results in output which can be stored. - Types of computer software like system software which includes the operating system and device drivers, and application software. - System software functions like reading data, translating instructions, and controlling devices. - Categories of application software for general purposes, specific purposes, and developer tools.

1. COMPUTER OPERATION

2. UNIT 1 – Computer Operation Fundamentals
Computer Operation Fundamentals
• Types
• Computer Hardware
• Input
• Processing
• Output
• Storage
• Computer Software

3. Computer
• An electronic device, operating
under the control of
instructions stored in its own
memory, that can accept data
(input), process the data
according to specified rules
(process), produce results
(output), and store the results
(storage) for future use.

4. Computer Operation
• Is of how the different parts of a computer system work together
to perform a task
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
MEMORY
COMPUTER OPERATION FLOW

5. Components of a computer system

6. Computer Hardware
• Computer Hardware is the physical part of
the computer system, the machinery, and
equipment.
• Parts of the computer “you can see”

7. Examples of Computer Hardware
Monitor: T.V. like screen used to
show pictures and words
CPU: Central Processing Unit this is
where most of the computer’s
calculations take place. In terms of
computing power, the CPU is the most
important element of a computing
system.
Keyboard: This device is used to
type information into the
computer and contains the
numbers 0-9.

8. INPUT DEVICES
• This is simply whatever goes in a computer
• As smart as computers are, they still need
input from humans to tell them what to do
and provide data to process.
Keyboa
rd Mouse
Microph
one

9. • Processing is the conversion of input to
output and this is done inside the
computer in an area called the Central
Processing Unit (CPU). The processor is the
brain of a computer and it is a microchip
PROCESSING

10. OUTPUT
• Output is the result of computer process.
• We can also say that the output is any information that
comes out of a computer. In computing, information
refers to any data presented in a useful form. The most
common output devices include monitors, printers and
speakers.

11. • A storage unit is a part of the computer system
which is employed to store the information and
instructions to be processed. A storage device
is an integral part of the computer hardware
which stores information/data to process the
result of any computational work. Without a
storage device, a computer would not be able
to run or even boot up. Or in other words, we
can say that a storage device is a hardware
that is used for storing, porting, or extracting
data files. It can also store information/data
both temporarily and permanently.
STORAGE

12. Types of Storage Devices
• Primary Storage Devices: It is also known as internal
memory and main memory. This is a section of the
CPU that holds program instructions, input data, and
intermediate results. It is generally smaller in size.
RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only
Memory) are examples of primary storage.
• Secondary Storage Devices: Secondary storage is a
memory that is stored external to the computer. It is
mainly used for the permanent and long-term storage
of programs and data. Hard Disk, CD, DVD, Pen/Flash
drive, SSD, etc, are examples of secondary storage.

13. Computer Software
• is any set of machine-readable instructions that
directs a computer's processor to perform specific
operations. Software is a general term. It can refer
to all computer instructions in general, or to any
specific set of computer instructions. It is inclusive
of both machine instructions and source code
• Computer needs the software to work. The software
includes system software and application software.

15. • is computer software designed to operate the
computer hardware, provide basic functionality, and
provide a platform for running application software.
System software includes device drivers, operating
systems, utility software, language processor, etc. The
different functions of system software are 1. Reading
data and receiving information. 2. Translating data
and instructions. 3. Controlling all the peripheral
devices. 4. Processing and generating output.
System Software

16. Different Types of System
Software
1. BIOS
2. Operating System
3. Device Drivers
4. Language Processors
5. Utility software

17. Operating System: An operating system (OS) is a collection of software
that manages computer hardware resources and provides common
services for computer programs. The operating system is an essential
component of the system software in a computer system. Application
programs usually require an operating system to function.
Bios: The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), also known as System
BIOS, ROM BIOS, or PC BIOS. The fundamental purposes of the
BIOS are to initialize and test the system hardware components, and
to load a boot loader or an operating system from a mass memory
device.
Windo
ws

18. Device Drivers: In computing, a device driver is a computer program
that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached
to a computer. A driver typically communicates with the device
through the computer bus or communications subsystem to which
the hardware connects.
Language Processor: A program that processes programs written in
a programming language is called a language processor. Part of a
language processor is a language translator, which translates the
program from the source language into machine code, assembly
language, or some other language. The machine code can be for an
actual computer or for a virtual computer.
Utility Software: Utility software designed to help analyze, configure,
optimize or maintain a computer. Utility software usually focuses on
how the computer infrastructure (including the computer hardware,
operating system, application software and data storage) operates.

19. Application Software
• an application) is a set of one or more programs
designed to permit the user to perform a group
of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities.
Application software cannot run on itself but is
dependent on system software to execute.
Examples of an application include a word
processor, a spreadsheet design and
management system, an aeronautical flight
simulator, a console game, a drawing, painting,
and illustrating system, or a library
management system.

20. Three (3) Categories
General-purpose application software
• General purpose application software refers
to software that can perform many different
related tasks. Word processors,
spreadsheets, and databases are all
examples of application software. Others
include graphics and presentation software

21. Specific Purpose application software
Specific Purpose application software is
very specific in its use. Engineering
programs often fall under this category -
there is a program that does slope
stability analysis and nothing else, for
instance. Specific purpose software may
also be created in-house and tailored to
the specific needs of the company.

22. Developer Tool
A programming tool or software development
tool is a program or application that software
developers use to create, debug, maintain, or
otherwise support other programs and
applications. The term usually refers to
relatively simple programs, that can be
combined together to accomplish a task,
much as one might use multiple hand tools to
fix a physical object.