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1. Information Technology
IT
BY
Muhammad Akram
Muhammad

2. Defining Information Technology
Information Technologies are systems of hardware
and/or software that capture, process, exchange,
store and/or present information using electrical,
magnetic and/or electromagnetic energy.

3. IT Example: Wireless Internet

4. Computer Organization
Hardware
• Main Hardware
• Local Hardware
Software
• Operating System
• Application Program

5. Computer Hardware

6. Overview of Computer Hardware
Motherboard
CPU
RAM
Harddisk
CD-ROM
Floppy Disk
Display Card
Sound Card
LAN Card

7. Motherboard
It is the main circuit board that links all
the hardware components together.
There are many chips or IC (Integrated
Circuit) on the motherboard which
contains millions of transistors.

9. Types of Bus
System Bus
Data transmission between CPU and the
main memory via System Bus. It is also
known as the Front Side Bus (FSB).
Peripheral Bus
Data transmission between main memory
and peripherals via Peripheral Bus.

10. Main Board or Mother Board
It is the most important element. The whole
PC architecture is build on the main board.
• All devices and peripherals are connected
to mother board.
• If we have a look at its basic structure we
can easily identify:
1. Microprocessor Socket
2. BIOS (and Battery)
3. RAM memory slots (DIMM, DDR, ...)
4. Card Slots (PCI, ISA, AGP, ...)
5. Chipset
6. Connectors
• PS/2 (Keyboard, Mouse)
• USB
• IDE Bus
• Serial and parallel ports (COM &
LPT1)
• Power supply (CN1

11. Examples of Slote
ISA Bus
Old sound card
Faded out already
PCI Bus
For most of the interface card like
LAN Card
MODEM
Sound Card
Capture Card

12. Examples of Slote
AGP Bus
Designed for Display Card only
USB Bus
For most of the peripheral
MP3 Player, Digital Camera
Keyboard, Mouse
Printer, Scanner
etc

13. BIOS
(Basic Input/Output System)
•It is a memory (ROM) keeping a group
of routines needed to control system
devices.
•It allows booting process.
•System configuration is saved in a
CMOS memory needing a battery not
to loose the information.

14. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
It interprets and performs instructions
of a computer program.
The most determining factor in how
powerful a computer is.
A CPU in a common PC system is
known as the microprocessor.

15. A model of Computer

16. CPU
A CPU consists of two parts, the ALU
and the CU.
Both the ALU and the CU contains
registers, which are
high-speed memory
temporarily hold data and instructions
during processing.

17. Different kind of CPU
Intel
Celeron
Pentium 4
Xeon
AMD
Duron
Athlon XP
Sempron
Athlon 64
Common features
Clock rate > 2GHz
Differences
Word Size
Cache Memory Size
Front Side Bus
No. of transistors

18. Main Memory
Storage media installed on the motherboard
store data and instruction to be executed by the
CPU
Main memory is classified into
RAM
ROM
CMOS

19. RAM
RAM – Random Access Memory
RAM is volatile
data is lost when the power to the computer is
turned off
The instructions and data for the job
performing are written to RAM and read
from it as needed.

20. RAM
Two operations of RAM
Loading means copying data from the
secondary storage to the main memory
Saving means copying data from RAM to
the non-volatile secondary storage.
Types of RAM
SRAM
DRAM
SDRAM
DDR-RAM

21. ROM
ROM – Read Only Memory
ROM is non-volatile
Data are stored permanently
Data can only be read but cannot be
changed
Store instructions and tells the
computer how to load the operations
system when booting up
Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)

22. CMOS
CMOS - Complementary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor Memory
It has the characteristics of both ROM
and RAM, ie:
it is non-volatile
information in CMOS can be changed
In computer, CMOS stores the
configuration information about a
computer like capacity of the hard disk
and the current time and date.

24. Ports and Interface Cards
The interface between peripheral
devices and the CPU.
A port is built on the motherboard while
an interface card is inserted into slots
on the motherboard.
Sometimes, an interface card may
become a built-in function on the
motherboard.