Based on Computer

1. •COMMONLY
•OPERATOR
•MACHINE
•PARTICULARLY
•USED FOR
•TRADE AND
• EDUCATIONAL
•RESEARCH

2. Computer
•What is computer?
• A computer is an electronic device that can receive, store,
process, and output data.
• It is a machine that can perform a variety of tasks and
operations, ranging from simple calculations to complex
simulations and artificial intelligence.

3. Computer functions
• Accept data
• Store data
• Process data
• Retrieve the stored data
• Print the result

4. Uses of computer
• Communication
• Information retrieval
• Education
• Entertainment
• Businsess
• Science and research
• Medicine
• Design and creativity
• Engineering
• Government

5. Data and Information
• Data :
Raw facts and figures fed into the computer along with
the set of instructions which enables the computer to
convert this raw data into a refined useful information.
• Information:
• Data represented in useful and meaningful form
is information.

6. Central processing unit
• Cpu is the brain of the computer.
• Responsible for executing instructions from software programs and
managing the overall operation of the computer system.
1.Processing Power: to process data and perform calculations.Carries
out arithmetic, logical, control and input/output operations.
2. Clock Speed: measured in GHZ(gigahertz) indicates how many cycles
the cpu can execute in a second.
Higher clock speed indicates cpu can process instructions faster.
3. Cores: modern cpus have multiple processing cores, which allow
them to handle multiple tasks simultaneously, improving overall
performance.

7. cpu
4. Cache: cpus have cache memory (small and fast type of memory)
That stores frequently accessed data quicker retrieval.
5. Architecture: Cpu designed with different architectures (as X86,RAM)
that determine how they handle instructions and data.
6.Heat management: CPUs have generate heat while processing,
cooling solutions like fans or heat sinks are used for prevent over
heating.
7. Thermal Design Power: measures the maximum amount of heat
generated by a cpu under heavy load to determine the appropriate
cooling solution.
8. Integrated Graphics: some cpus have GPUS integrated graphics
processing units allowing them to handle graphics tasks without a
separate graphics card.

8. Computer: Hardware, Software
•A computer’s hardware consists of all it’s physical
parts
•Computers consist of hardware components such as
the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage
devices, input/output devices, and peripherals, as
well as
• software components such as the operating system
and applications.

9. Input devices
• Motherboard: main system board of the computer, contains circuit
board with many chipsets.
• Cpu: brain of the computer
• Memory: Ram: temporarily stores information for the cpu to
process.
• Storage devices like Hard drives: keep data even after the computer is
powered off.
• Controller cards and expansion cards: special slots on a
motherboard. E.g: video cards, Network Interface cards.
• Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick, Scanner,
• Microphone, Joystick, Light pen

10. Ram VS Hard Disk
Ram Hard disk
Electronic device Electro Mechanic device
Faster in speed Electro mechanic devices are Slower than
electronic devices
Cpu is an electronic device, so it’s speed
match with ram. Cpu and Ram have
connections (known as Buses)
Hard disk is electro mechanic device. It’s
speed can’t match by CPU and there is no
connection between hard-disk and CPU.
Volatile memory: Contents are lost when
the computer is turned off.
Non Volatile Memory: contents are
preserved when the computer is turned
off. Useful for long term storage data.
Ram is much faster than harddisk. volatile
memory quickly accessed by cpu.
It allows fast data processing and
multitasking.
Non volatile storage slower than ram. It
can’t access by cpu quickly. Used for long
term storage of data even when the
computer is turned off.

11. Output devices
• Monitor(visual display unit)
• Display the output
• Printers
• Speakers
• Plotters

12. Types of softwares
System software Application Software
Without this software our PC,
laptop won’t run.
Without this software our pc,
laptop can run.
Must need for a device to be
operating.
These software not necessary
for a device to be operating.
Example: Windows, Unix, Linux Example: Facebook,
What’sApp, Games

13. Hackers and Crackers
• Hackers:
• Just warn you about malicious
activity going around in your
computer
• It will not steal your information
• Crackers:
• Steal your information without
informing you.

14. Operating system: Interface between user and the
computer
CUI (Character user interface or
command user interface)
GUI(Graphical user interface)
NO GRAPHICS: displays text characters in a terminal or
command prompt window.
Graphical elements like icons , buttons,windows and
menus to interact with user. (Clicking, dragging)
Mouse and Touch input: navigation and interaction.
Efficiency: more efficient for experienced users who
are comfortable with command syntax and performs
tasks quickly without using mouse.
User friendly: making computing accessible to a wider
range of users, without knowledge of command
syntax)
Visual appeal: visually appealing environment
(graphics, colors, visual cues that aid in understanding
and navigation).
Less resource intensive: CUI interfaces require fewer
system resources ,making them suitable for sytems
with limited processing power.
Resource-intensive: need more system resources for
the graphical rendering and processing need of visual
elements
Examples: MS DOS,UNIX, LINUX COMMAND LINE,
WINDOWS COMMAND PROMPT
WINDOWS WITH ITS ICONS,BUTTONS, AND
WINDOWS, MACOS WITH ITS FINDER AND DOCK
AND MODERN LINUX DESKTOP ENVIRONMENTS LIKE

15. Types of OS
1. Desktop operating system: pcs and workstations
(WINDOWS,MACOS ,LINUX (UBUNTU)
2. Server operating system: manage and run server, tasks like network
management, data storage and serving web pages.(WINDOWS
SERVER, LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS(CENTOS , FREEBSD)
3. Mobile operating system: designed for smart phones, tablets
,features touch interfaces and mobile app support( ANDROID
(GOOGLE),IOS(APPLE) AND WINDOWS MOBILE.)
4. Real-Time Operating Systems(RTOS): used in embedded systems
and applications where precise timing industrial automation ,
Robotics(QNX, FREERTOS, VXWORKS)

16. Types of OS
5. Multi-user and Multi –Tasking OS: allows multiple users to run
multiple programs simultaneously.(LINUX,MACOS,MODERN WINDOWS
VERSIONS)
6. Distributed OS: manage a network of interconnected computers and
devices, allowing them to work together as a single system.(Amoeba,
Google’s fuchsia)
7. Single user, Single Task OS:can handle only one task at a time.(MS
DOS)
8. Embedded OS: specialized hardware with limited resources, like
routers, IOT devices ,digital cameras.(EMBEDDED LINUX ,WINDOWS
EMBEDDED COMPACT)

17. Types of OS
9. Virtualization OS: run on Virtual machines, enabling multiple guest
Oss to run on a single physical machine.(VMWare ESXi, Microsoft
Hyper-V Server)
10. Network OS: to manage and coordinate network resources and
services.(NOVELL NETWARE, WINDOWS SERVER FOR NETWORKS).S