Computer is an electronic device that receives input, processes data based on stored instructions, and produces output. It consists of both hardware and software. Computer components include the system unit, CPU, memory, ports, input/output devices, and storage devices. Computers are categorized based on size, speed, and cost into personal computers, palmtop computers, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers. Computers are widely used at home, for education, e-commerce, finance, and telecommuting.

1. bas design …
Prepared by:
Assoc. Prof. Dr Bahaman Abu Samah
Department of Professional Development and Continuing Education
Faculty of Educational Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Serdang

2. Contents:
 Computer definition
 Computer literacy
 Computer components
 Computer categories
 Computer usage
Tablet PC

3. Computer?
Computer is an electronic machine:
► function based on instructions
stored in memory unit
► can receive and manipulate data
► produce output and can store the
output for future use
► comprises hardware and software

4. ► Knowledge and understanding on computer
and its usages
► Why computer literacy?
• Computer technology changes at high rate
• Computer usage in all aspects of everyday
life
Computer Literacy

5. SECONDARY
STORAGE
OUTPUT
DEVICE
INPUT
DEVICE
COMM.
DEVICE
CONTROL A/L
UNIT UNIT
MEMORY
Computer Components
C P U
PORTS
SYSTEM
UNIT

6. System Unit
► System unit is also called chasis which protect the
various electronic components
► Motherboard is the main component in the system
unit
► All computer components are connected to the
motherboard
► Major components connected to motherboard
include:
− Microprocessor (CPU)
− Memory
− Ports

7. CPU
RAM
Ethernet cardVideo card
Modem
Sound card
Components in Unit System
… samb.

8. ► Motherboard is the main circuit board in unit
system
► Motherboard is made up of various type of chips
including CPU
Motherboard
… samb.

9. ► Also called microprocessor which interpret and
execute all commands
► CPU influences the computer speed and
manages the computer operations
► Manufacturers of CPU
– Intel
– Advanced Micro Device (AMD)
– Cyrix
– IBM
Pentium II
Pentium IV
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

10. Special Microprocessors
1. Xeon
− Designed specially for servers
− Introduced in 2001 with the speed of 1.4
GHz
− Comprises 140 million
transistors
2. Centrino
− Designed for notebook
… samb.

11. Early Microprocessors
CPU Year Clock Speed
4004 1971 MHz
8008 1972 MHz
8088 1978 MHz
1 hertz = 1 cycle per second.
… samb.

12. 286 Microprocessor
• Also known as 80286
• Within 6 years, a total of 15 millions PCs
were installed with this 286 microprocessor
• Clock Speed
6, 10 and 12 MHz
1982
… samb.

13. 386 Microprocessor
• Contains 275 thousands transistors
• A 32-bit microprocessor with “multi tasking”
capabilities
• Clock Speed
16, 20, 25 and 33 MHz
1985

14. 486 Microprocessor
• Support for point-and-click computing
• First to incorporate a built-in math
coprocessor
• Clock Speed
25, 33 and 50 MHz
1989

15. Pentium
1993
… samb.
• Better supports for speech, sound
handwriting and photographic images
• Clock speed
1993 60 and 66 MHz
1994 75, 90 100 MHz
1995 120 and 133 MHz
1996 150, 166 and 200 MHz

16. Pentium II
• 7.5 million-transistors processor
• Designed in Single Edge Contact Cartridge
• Clock speed
1997 233 − 300 MHz
1998 333 − 450 MHz
1997
… samb.

17. Celeron
• Designed for PC market users
• Clock speed
1998 266 − 333 MHz
1999 366 − 500 MHz
2000 533 − 766 MHz
2001 800 MHz − 1.20 GHz
2002 1.30 − 2,20 GHz
2003 2.30 − 2.80 GHz
2004 2.40 − 2.80 GHz
1998
… samb.
Celeron
2.9GHz

18. Pentium III
1999
… samb.
• Incorporates 9.5 millions transistors
• Using 0.25-micron technology
• Clock speed
1999 450 − 600 MHz
2000 850, 866, 933 MHz
1 GHz

19. Pentium 4
2000
Pentium 4 4.3
GHz
… samb.
• Supports for quality movies, render 3D
graphics in real time
• Consisted 42 million transistors with
0.18-micron technology
• Clock speed
2000 1.40, 1.50 GHz
2001 1.70, 1.80, 1.90, 2.0 GHz
2002 2.20 – 3.06 GHz
2003 3.00 − 3.20 GHz
2004 3.00 − 3.40 GHz

20. 2001
Itanium
• 64-bit high-end processor
• Design for enterprise-class
servers and workstations
• New architecture Intel
Explicitly Parallel
Instruction Computing
(EPIC)
• Clock Speed 1 GHz

21. Centrino
2003
… samb.
• Designed specially for notebook
• Clock speed:
2003 1.3 – 1.7 GHz
2004 1.5 – 2.0 GHz

22. 2006
Core 2 Duo
-- processors are up to 40 percent
faster with improved energy-
efficiency
-- Clock Speed 1.66 - 3 GHz

23. 2008
Core i-7
• The third generation Intel Core
processor
• Clock Speed 2.66 GHz

24. Memory
► During computation, data and instructions will be
stored in memory
► Also known as primary storage
► Memory stores:
− operating system
− application software
− data
► 2 types of memory:
1. Volatile memory
− Content will be lost upon computer shutdown
2. Nonvolatile memory
− Content will be retained even computer is
closed

25. DDR SDRAM
SDRAM
Random Access Memory (RAM)
► RAM is a volatile memory
► Dynamic RAM (DRAM) is the most commonly
used RAM
► Variation of DRAM:
− Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
− Double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM)
− Direct Rambus DRAM (Direct RDRAM)
► Memory chip is placed in the memory module.
Three types of memory modules:
1. Single inline memory module (SIMM)
2. Dual inline memory module (DIMM)
3. Rambus inline memory module (RIMM)
… samb.

26. Read Only Memory (ROM)
► ROM is a nonvolatile memory
► Data stored in ROM is read only; cannot be
changed
► Data will not be lost when computer is shutdown
► ROM chip contains data and instructions that
are permanently kept as in BIOS
… samb.

27. Tetiku
s
USB
Printer
(parallel
)Speake
r
Microph
one
Tel line
out
Cable TV
Keyboa
rdUSB
Serial
port
Monitor
Game
portNetwork
Tel line
inVideo
► External devices such as keyboard, monitor and
printers are connected to unit system through cable
► Port acts as interface to unit system
► Port comprises male and
female connector
Ports
► Example of ports

28. Tetikus
USB
Printer
(parallel)
Speaker
Microphone
Tel line out
FM reception
Cable TV
Keyboard
USB
Serial port
Monitor
Game port
Network
Tel line in
Video out

29. ► Serial
− Data is sent one byte at a time
− Appropriate for device that does not require
fast data. Example mouse and keyboard
Types of Ports
… samb.
► Parallel
− Data are transferred more than one
bytes at one time
− Applied for printers
► Universal Serial Bus (USB)
− USB is used by most devices

30. Input Device
► Used to enter data and instructions to computer
► Examples

31. Output Device
► Used to display and produce output
► Examples
CRT (cathode ray tube) LCD (liquid crystal display)

32. Types of Printers
Dot Matrix
InkJet 4-in-One
Laser Laser Color
… samb.

33. Secondary Storage
► Used to store data and instructions
permanently for future use
► Storage medium represents the physical
material to keep data and instructions
► Storage device is the unit that access to and
from the storage medium
► Example
Storage medium Storage device
– Floppy disk – Floppy drive
– Hard disk – hard drive
– CD R, CD RW – CD drive
– Removal disk
Flash
drive
16MB –
4GB
CD drive
Hard drive

34. Communication Device
► Enabled computer users to communicate and
exchange data
► Examples:
External
Modem
Internal
Modem
Ethernet
Card
RouterAccess Point
Hub
USB Network
Adapter

35. Computers are categorized based on size, speed
microprocessor capabilities and price
Main Categories:
 Personal computers (PC)
 Palmtop/Handheld computers
 Mid-range server
 Main-frames
 Supercomputers
Computer Categories

36. Personal Computer (PC)
► A PC is a stand alone computer that can perform
by itself all the input, processing output and
storage functions
► Two types of popular personal computers:
– PC
– Apple Macintosh
► Two categories of computers:
– Desktop
.. Workstation
.. Server
– Notebook
PC
Power
Mac

37. Palmtop Computer
► Palmtop/handheld/Pocket PC computers are
small size computers that can be placed on
palmtop
► Can be connected to PC
► Usually include an input device called stylus
► Examples:
- Personal digital assistance (PDA)
- Pocket PC

38. Mid-Range Servers
► A mid-range server is bigger and more
powerful than a PC
► It can be connected to more than
4,000 computer at a time
HP 9000 rp8420-32
Server

39. Mainframes
► Mainframe is much bigger and more expensive
and powerful
► It can be connected to
hundred of thousands users
at one time
► It can process millions
instructions per second
► Can store large amount of
data, instructions and
information
IBM Mainframe zSeries

40. Supercomputers
► Supercomputer is the most fastest and powerful
computer
► It can process > 12 trillion instructions per second
► Manufacturers of supercomputers
– Cray Inc.
– IBM
Cray X1E Supercomputer IBM Supercomputer

41.  Home
 Education
 e-Commerce
 Finance
 Telecommuting
Computer Usage

42. Home
Computer is an essential tool for home usage
such as:
► Internet access
− search for information
− banking services
− online shopping
► Personal financial
management
► Communication
► Entertainment

43. Education
Advancement in computer has transformed the
way people learn through:
► Computer-based training (CBT) or
Computer-aided instruction (CAI)
► Web-based training (WBT)
► Distance learning (DL)
► Edutainment

44. e-Commerce
► e-Commerce involve business transactions
through internet
► Can be done through computer or cellular
phones
► e-Commerce:
− overcomes barriers of time and distance
− facilitates global business
► Utilizes to purchase:
− computers
− books
− air tickets

45. Finance
Computer can facilitates financial transactions
such as:
► personal financial management using Quicken
► online banking
► online bill payments

46. Telecommuting
► Telecommuting refers to work arrangement in which
employees works outside of normal working places
► Number of employees involve in telecommuting has
increased from 4 millions (1990) to more than 20
millions (2004)
► Reasons for telecommuting:
− reduce time and transportation
cost
− enable flexible working
schedule
− provide conducive working
environment