Chapter 2 of the document introduces multimedia technology with a focus on computer hardware, detailing the components vital for a powerful computer: speed, reliability, accuracy, storage, and communication. Key concepts include the information processing cycle, major hardware components including input/output devices, the system unit, memory types (volatile and non-volatile), and storage devices. Additionally, it outlines how the CPU interacts with memory and storage, and describes communication devices like modems that facilitate data transmission.

1. Introduction to Multimedia
Chapter 2 Multimedia Technology

2. Introduction to Multimedia
Part 1: Computer Hardware

3. 2.1
Computer
Hardware
There are FIVE major factors for a
computer to be powerful:
Speed
Reliability
Accuracy
Storage
Communication

4. What is a
COMPUTER?
Is an electronic
machine.
Operating under the
control of instruction
stored in its own
memory that can:
• accept data
• manipulate the data
• produce results
• store the result

5. • Operation
• accept data
⚫ manipulate the data
⚫ produce results
⚫ store the result.

6. Information Processing Cycle
• DATA – unprocessed items
• INFORMATION – processed data
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT STORAGE
Accepting data
from user.
Processing data
into meaningful
information.
Displaying the
information to the
user.
Storing the
information for
safe keeping or
later use.

7. Computer Component
Major Component of a Computer:
• Hardware
• The electric, electronic and mechanical equipment that make up a
computer.
• Software
• The series of instructions that tells the hardware how to perform
tasks.

8. Part 1: Computer Hardware
Hardware components:
1. Input Devices
2. Output Devices
3. System Unit
4. Storage Devices
5. Communication Devices

9. 1. Input Devices
Allow user enter DATA and COMMANDS into memory.
Example: keyboard, mouse, camera, microphone and etc.
Four forms of input:
• Data
• Program
• Commands
• User responses

10. 2. Output Devices
Convey information to one or more people.
Four forms of output:
• Text
• Graphics
• Audio
• Video

11. 3. System Unit
• Box like case that contains electronic components of the computer
that is used to process data. [1]
• Usually is part of or is connected to a circuit board called
MOTHERBOARD. [2]
• Electronic components attached to motherboard – cards, processors,
memory chip. [3]
[1] [2] [3]

12. 3. System Unit
Components of a motherboard:
• Processors or Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory

13. 3. System Unit: CPU
The electronic component that interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate the computer.
Contain:
• A control unit
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

14. 3. System Unit: CPU
Machine Cycle - for every instructions, a processor repeats a set of four
basic operation:
• Fetching
• Decoding
• Executing
• Storing

15. 3. System Unit: Memory
Memory stores THREE basic categories of items:
• the operating system and others system software that control or
maintain the computer and its devices;
• application programs that carry out a specific task such as word
processing;
• the data being processed by the application programs and
resulting information.
MEMORY
OS & Syst
Software
Application
Programs
Data &
Information

16. 3. System Unit: Memory
• Consist of electronic components that store instructions waiting to
be executed and data needed by those instructions.
• There are data that are kept TEMPORARILY, and there are those that
is PERMANENT.

17. 3. System Unit: Memory
The system unit contains TWO types of memory:
• VOLATILE:
• When the computer’s power is turned OFF, it loses its
contents.
• Temporary storage.
• Example RAM
• NON VOLATILE:
• Does not lose its contents when power is removed from
computer.
• Permanent storage.
• Example ROM, flash memory and CMOS

18. 3. System Unit: Memory
RAM
• Main memory / primary storage
• Consist of memory chips that can be read from and write to by
processor and other devices.
• Types of RAM:
• DRAM
• SRAM

19. 3. System Unit: Memory
DRAM
• Dynamic Random Access Memory
• More common compared to SRAM
• DRAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second
• The common types of DRAM used today is DDR SDRAM.
DimensionTM 1100
Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor 2.8GHz with 1MB cache
Genuine Windows® XP Home Edition
256MB DDR SDRAM 400 MHz
17" Colour Monitor (15.9"v.i.s.)
80GB (7200rpm) SATA Hard Drive
48X CD-ROM Drive

20. 3. System Unit: Memory
SRAM
• Static Random Access Memory
• More faster compared to DRAM because it does not need to be refreshed
• Not commonly used because it is so much more expensive
• SRAM is commonly used in memory cache and some are built into the
architecture of the cpu.
DimensionTM 1100
Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor 2.8GHz with 1MB cache
Genuine Windows® XP Home Edition
256MB DDR SDRAM 400 MHz
17" Colour Monitor (15.9"v.i.s.)
80GB (7200rpm) SATA Hard Drive
48X CD-ROM Drive

21. 3. System Unit: Memory
CACHE
• Function to speed up processing time because its stores
frequently used instructions and data.
• Two types of cache:
• Memory Cache
• Help to speed the process of the computer because stores
frequently used instructions and data.
• Have L1 cache and L2 cache (SRAM).
• Server have L3 cache
• Disk Cache
• Built into disk to speed up data access from the disk to be used
by the processor

22. 3. System Unit: Memory
ROM
• Refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions.
The data cannot be modified.
• The ROM chips, called firmware, contain permanently written
data, instructions, or information.
• Most personal computers contain a small amount of ROM that
stores critical programs such as the program that boots the
computer.

23. 3. System Unit: Memory
CMOS
• Some RAMs chip, flash memory chips and others type of memory chips
use CMOS technology.
• Its provided high speeds and consumes little power (small battery).
• Usage of CMOS
• BIOS, in computing, stands for basic input/output system. BIOS refers
to the software code run by a computer when first powered on.
• The primary function of BIOS is to prepare the machine so other
software programs stored on various media (such as hard drives,
floppies, and CDs) can load, execute, and assume control of the
computer.
• Other example date, time, Calendar even when the computer is
turned off.

24. 3. System Unit: Memory
Flash Memory
• A memory that can be erased electronically and reprogrammed.
More in mobile device unit e.g PDA, handphone, printers and etc.

25. 3. System Unit: Buses
• A computer processes and stores data as a series of electronic bits.
• These bits transfer internally within the circuit of the computer along
electrical channel.
• Each channel called a BUS, allows the various devices both inside and
attached to system unit to communicate with each other.
• Two types of bus:
• ADDRESS BUS
• DATA BUS

26. 3. System Unit: Basic Type of Buses
System Bus
• Connects the processor to main board.
Expansion Bus
• Allow the processors to communicate with other peripherals.
• Types of expansion bus:
• ISA Bus
• PCI Bus
• AGP Bus
• ASB and FireWire Bus

27. 3. System Unit: Ports and Connectors
• A port is:
• the point at which a peripheral attaches to a system unit so it can
send data or received information from computer.
• Ports have different types of connectors.
• A connector joins a cable to a peripheral.
• Most connector are available in one of two gender : MALE and
FEMALE.

28. 3. System Unit: Ports and
Connectors
Male
Female

29. Types of Ports
Serial Ports
• transmitting data 1 bit at a time. Example; mouse, keyboard ports.
Using normally 25-pin and 9-pin male connector.
• Although many of the newer systems have done away with the
serial port completely in favor of USB connections,
• most modems still use the serial port, as do some printers,
PDAs and digital cameras.

30. 3. System Unit: Types of Ports
Parallel Ports
• transmitting more than 1 bit at time.
• Example: Printer Port.

31. 3. System Unit: Types of Ports
USB Ports
• Universal Serial Bus Port. Can connect to 127 different peripherals
together with single connector type.
• Supports Plug-and-Play.

32. 3. System Unit: Types of Ports
Special Purpose Ports:
• Firewire
• MIDI Ports
• SCSI Ports
• IrDA Ports
• Bluetooth Ports

33. 3. System Unit: Bays
A bay is an opening inside the system unit which you can install
additional equipment.
Two type of drive bays exist
• external
• internal

34. 4. Storage Devices
Storage holds
• DATA
• INSTRUCTIONS
• INFORMATION.
The difference between STORAGE and MEMORY
• STORAGE holds these items PERMANENTLY and store it before
and after being used.
• MEMORY holds these items TEMPORARILY while they are being
processed by CPU.

35. 4. Storage
Devices: Storage
Media
• Is the physical material on
which data, instruction and
information are STORED.
• Example of STORAGE
DEVICES with their STORAGE
MEDIA
Device Media
Hard Drive Hard Disk
Floppy
Drive
Floppy Disks
CD Drive CD-ROMs, CDR, CDRW
DVD Drive DVD-ROMs, DVDR,
DVDRW
Zip Drive Zip Disk
PDAs /
Handheld
Memory Card

36. Relationship between CPU, Bus, Memory,
Storage
• Each time a process needs to be done,the CPU will take it from the
storage media and bring it into the RAM. [1]
⚫ The process is done in the
RAM [2]
⚫ When the SAVE button is
pressed, the processed
information will be sent into
the storage media [3] for
permanent storage.
⚫ CPU assigns each data a unique address.
⚫ Each time a data needed to be accessed,
its address is called so that the data can
be fetched.
⚫ Every data is sent through the bus. [4]
2 1
3
4

37. 5. Communication
Devices
• A communications devices is a hardware
component that enables a computer to
send (transmit) and retrieve data,
instructions and information to and
from one or more computers.
• Main device is MODEM.