The document defines compound words and discusses different types of compounds. It explains that compounds have two elements, with the head usually occurring on the right side. Compounds are recognized through their binary structures, heads, and stress patterns. The main types discussed are nominal compounds, with noun heads; adjectival compounds, with adjective heads; verbal compounds, with verb heads; and neoclassical compounds combining Latin or Greek roots.

1. Semester 4, 2011
By Fitri
Compounding

2. Definition
Definition: (First)
The combination of two words to
form a new word
e.g.
Fast-food
Blackboard
Greenhouse
Skyscraper

3. 2nd definition:
Compound is a word that consists of two
elements:
The first is either a root, a word or a
phrase
The second is either a root or a word.

4. Analyzing
University teaching award committee member
N
N
N
N
N N N award N N
teaching committee member
University

5. The assumption that compound are binary
structures:
Innermost constituent
[teaching award] an award for teaching
Next larger constituent
[university teaching award] the teaching
award of the university.
Next constituent
[university teaching award committee]

6. Recognizing compounds
Three ways in recognizing compounds:
1. The formulation of binary structures
2. The notion of head
3. The stress

7. The notion of head
Compounds have a very important
systematic property:
Their head usually occurs on the right-
hand head
It’s called right-hand head rule

8. Type of right-hand head:
If the head is a verb, the compound will be a
verb.
e.g. deep-fry
If the head is a count noun, the compound will
a noun.
e.g. beer bottle
If the head has feminine gender, the
compound will have feminine gender
e.g. head waitress

9. The stress
Compounds tend to have a stress pattern
that is different from phrases.
Phrases tend to be stressed at the final
word (it’s called as nuclear stress rule)
Compounds tend to be stressed on the
first element (it’s called compound stress
rule)

10. Example:
Noun phrases:
[the green cárpet]
[this new hóuse]
[such a good jób]
Nominal compounds
[páyment problems]
[installátion]
[spáce requirement]

11. Exception
A systematic exception of the compound stress
rule:
The compound stress rule hold for all
compounds (leftward stress).
However, there is an exception of it as the
example below:
 Geologist astrónomer
 Summer níght
 Silk tíe, aluminum foíl
 A Mahler sýmpony

12.  Such compounds are called copulative
compounds
 The meaning relationships typically
accompanied by rightward stress are:
 Temporal or locative (a summer níght, the
boston márathon)
 Causative (aluminum fóil)
 Created by (a Shakespeare Sónnet)

13. Type of compounds
 Nominal compounds
 Adjectival compounds
 Verbal compounds
 Neoclassical compounds

14. Nominal compounds
 Compound with nouns as head (though
involve verbs and adjectives as non-heads)
 Noun-noun compounds are the most
common type of compound in English
 Two types of nominal compounds:
 Endocentric compounds
the semantic head of these compounds is
inside the compound.
 Exocentric compounds
The semantic head is outside the
compound

15. Example
Endocentric compounds:
Laser printer (it’s a kind of printer)
Book cover (it’s a kind of cover)
Letter head (it’s the head of letter)

16. Exocentric compounds:
Redneck (it’s a kind of person)
Loudmouth (it doesn’t denote a kind of
mouth)
Pick pocket (someone who picks
pocket)
Cut-throat (someone who cuts throat)
Spoilsport (someone who spoils
enjoyable leisure of other people)

17. Adjectival compounds
 Compound with adjectives as head
 It can have nouns or adjectives, but as non-
heads
e.g.
 Capital-intensive
 Knee-deep
 Girl-crazy
 Class-conscious
 Sugar-free

18. Verbal compounds
 Verbal compounds have verbs as the head
 Sometimes, it includes nouns, adjectives as
non-heads
e.g.
 Proof-read
 Shortcut
 Broadcast
 Stir-fry
 Dry-clean

19. Neoclassical compounds
 Forms in which lexeme of Latin or
Greek origin are combined to form new
combinations.
e.g.
 Biochemistry, biorhythm, biography
 Geology, biology, neurology,
philology
 Photograph, photoanalysis,
photovoltaic