The document discusses various word formation processes including compounding, blending, back formation, affixation, and meaning change. It provides examples for each process. Compounding involves combining two or more free morphemes to form a new word like blackbird. Blending joins parts of different words like smog from smoke and fog. Back formation removes what is mistakenly considered an affix like peddle from peddler. Affixation adds a bound morpheme through prefixation, suffixation, or infixation. Meaning change alters a word's semantic meaning through processes like generalization or metaphorical extension.

1. WORD FORMATION
PROCESS

2. Word-formation
Creation of a new word
The process of forming new words from words or
word groups with the same root

3. 3 main types of process
Subtractive
process
Meaning change
Additive
process

5. Compounding
Compounds consist of two more free morphemes or words consisting of free
morphemes.
Examples:
blackbird, clock work, light bulb, notebook, bittersweet
Compounding is the strongest process of word formation!

6. In English, when two words are of different grammatical categories, the class of the second or
final word becomes the category of the compound
Example: blackbird.
Compounds formed with a preposition are in the category of the non-prepositional part of the
compound.
Examples: undertake, uphill

7. BLENDING
Something “less” than a compound....
smog = smoke + fog
motel = motor + hotel
Brunch = breakfast + lunch
Parts of two or more different words join- usually 1st part of one and 2nd part of other.

8. Back formation
A new word is created by removing what is mistakenly
considered to be an affix
edit from editor;
peddle from peddler;
enthuse from enthusiasm
orientate from orientation

9. AFFIXATION
A bound morpheme is added with another
morpheme
Prefixation
Suffixation
Infixation

10. # Prefixation -
Example : independent, impossible
# Suffixation -
Example : kindness, kindly
# Infixation -
Example : absobloominglutely

11. Derivational
Derivational affixes attaches to the base form of a word to create
a new word
1. Verb to noun : preserve to preservation
2. Verb to verb : appear to disappear
3. Verb to adjective : bore to boring
4. Adjective to noun : ugly to ugliness

12. Root creation
• The creation of a new ROOT, BASE, or simple WORD
• Rare compared with compounding and derivation
• ECHOISM, NEOLOGISM, ONOMATOPOEIA are some types of
root creation

13. Subtractive process
Subtractive
process
Acronym
abbreviation
orthographic
clipping

14.  Acronyms are new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other
words.
 Initialism is pronounced as a word
 e.g. CD (compact disk)
VCR (video cassette recorder)
RADAR (radio detection and ranging)
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
ATM (automated teller machine)

15. Clipping
 Clipping occurs when a word with more than one syllable is reduced to a
shorter form.
 E.g. gasoline(gas)
advertisement(ad)
laboratory(lab)
telephone(phone)
examination(exam)

16. Clipping
Fore clipping
Middle clipping
Complex clipping
Back clipping

17. Abbreviations
 A word or phrase is shortened
 largely a convention of written language, sometimes
abbreviations carry over into spoken language
 Example :
Apr. – April, cm – centimeter(s),
dept. – department, Dr. – doctor

18. MEANING CHANGE
Meaning
change
Generification
Metaphorical
extension
Category
change

19. Reconstruction and addition of new words.
Words created from scratch or derived
from names of individuals, places, or
product names.

20. Coinage
“Coinage is the invention of totally new terms”
Sources of coined words:
1. Trade names of commercial products that become general terms or Eponyms.
Example: aspirin, kleenex, teflon, xerox.
2. New words based on the name of a person or a place.
Example: hoover, jeans, sandwich.

21. THANK YOU