This document defines and provides examples of different types of compound words. It discusses endocentric compounds which have a head word that determines the category of the compound, and exocentric compounds which have no head word. Within exocentric compounds, it distinguishes bahuvrihi compounds which refer to attributes rather than entities, and copulative compounds which have a dual or plural relationship between constituents. The document also compares compounds to phrases and derived words, and discusses issues with distinguishing between them. Finally, it introduces the concepts of synthetic compounds, interfixes, allomorphy, and noun incorporation in word formation.

1. Presented by: Hidaya Moulay oMar
2014300062

2. Definition
•compounding consists of the
combination of two words, in
which one word modifies the
meaning of the other,
-the head-

3. • Moonlight, football, know-notHing
• belle mére ,porte monnaie,va-et-vient
• universiteitsbibliotheek
• Wolkenkratzer
• 안팎 an-pak 'inside and outside'
• ciencia-ficción
• hima- layaā (the abode of snow in sanskrit)
Examples

4. The HEAD
• The head of a compound is usually the
right-most constituent
• e.g. white house
• the head determines how the inflectional
properties of a compound are realized
• e.g. Kinderen / kleinkinderen

5. • Compounds are not universally right-
headed, there are also left -headed
compounds:
• From Maori:
wai mangu = Ink
water black

6. • Italian has both left-headed and right-
headed compounds:
• Capo-stazion: master station
• gentil-uomo: gentle man

7. Compound Types

8. 1.Endocentric Compounds
• compounds with a head are called
endocentric compound

9. 2.Exocentric Compounds
• compounds with no head are called
exocentric
• for instance:
• lava - piatti
wash dishes
verbal stem plural
• pick-pocket
• cut-throat

10. 2.1. Bahuvrihi compounds
sanskrit
• sometimes cosidered subsets of
exocentric compounds ,because they do
not refer to the entity mentioned by the
head constituent, but refer to the person in
possession of the entity mentioned by the
compound
• E.g. redhead= people red hair
• in german spleet-oog= with Chinese
apperance

11. 2.2.copulative compounds
Dual headness
the relationship between the compound constituents is a
relation of coordination. They function as dual or plural
expressions.
e.g. sunskrit dvandva compounds
• sukh-duck =happiness and sorrow
• maa-pio =mother and father
 other examples:
washer-dryer
root-wit-blauw
amigo-enemigo

12. Compound
&
Phrases

13. How to destinguish compounds from
phrasal Expressions?
compounds vs ph expressions
Stress is on the stress is on the
head
non-head
word internal consts they can be affected
can not be affected by
syntactically conditioned
rules like inflection

14. Problems in the demarcation of
compounds & phrases
• fuctional equivalence of compounds and
phrases
• e.g.
Atom bomb = atomic bomb
N + N Adj + N
compound phrasal exp

15. Problems in the demarcation of
compounds & phrases
• genitive compounds in English of the kind:
women's magazine or Down's syndrome
are also called constructional idioms
the term refers to "a fixed syntactic pattern in
which some positions may be filled by all kinds
of words of the right category, whereas, other
positions are filled by specific morphemes or
words"
's

16. compounds
&
derived forms

17. • the crucial destinction between compounds and
derived forms is that in compounds all constituents
are lexemes, whereas, derivation includes affixes
(non-lexemic morphemes)
however that is not always the case
in dutch: the noun boer which means farmer is used to
express the meaning of seller in combination with
another word
sigaren-boer= cigar farmers/ sigar sellers
• the word Boer has developed into a suffix
(grammaticalization)
affix-like morphems like Boer are called affixoids

18. interfixes and allmorphy

19. Interfixes (linking elements)
• are vowels added to the non-head
constituent to create stem forms that are
suitable for being used in a compound
Example:
pag-o-vuno= ice berg
roj-i-blanco=red&white

20. • this shows that a stem may have more than
one phonological form. the existence of these
interfixes is interpreted as a case of stem
allomorphy
• Example from Dutch
• schaap-herder(shepherd)
• Schaap-s-kop(sheep's head)
• schaap-en-vlees (sheep's meat)
schaap
 schaap schaaps
schaapen

21. Synthetic Compounds
&
Noun Incorporation

22. Synthetic compounds
• is a type of word formation in which
compounding and derivation are
combined
• house-keeping
• dish-washer [N]+[V-er]
• heart-breaker
• Brown-eyed [A]+[A]

23. • In sword-swallower, heart-breaker, the
non-head; sword &heart fulfills the
semantic role of the Patient .
• whereas, in church-goer, church fullfills
the semantic role of Goal

24. Noun incorperation
• a process in word formation by which a
compound is created by infixing a noun to
a verb, as in baby-sit, house-hunt, and
sleep-walk
• the nouns in noun incorporation are
unmarked for definitness, number, case
• this process has the effect of creating
verbs with reduced syntactical valency.