The document discusses different aspects of word formation in English including prefixation, suffixation, and compounding. It provides examples of various prefixes, suffixes, and compound words in English and categorizes them based on their meaning or function. It also briefly discusses the evolution of English dictionaries and different types of lexicography.
In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a series of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, collocation is a sub-type of phraseme. An example of a phraseological collocation, as propounded by Michael Halliday,[1] is the expression strong tea. While the same meaning could be conveyed by the roughly equivalent powerful tea, this expression is considered excessive and awkward by English speakers. Conversely, a corresponding expression in technology, powerful computer, is preferred over strong computer. Phraseological collocations should not be confused with idioms, where an idiom's meaning is derived from its convention as a stand-in for something else while collocation is a mere popular composition.
There are about six main types of collocations: adjective + noun, noun + noun (such as collective nouns), verb + noun, adverb + adjective, verbs + prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and verb + adverb.
Collocation extraction is a computational technique that finds collocations in a document or corpus, using various computational linguistics elements resembling data mining.
In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a series of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, collocation is a sub-type of phraseme. An example of a phraseological collocation, as propounded by Michael Halliday,[1] is the expression strong tea. While the same meaning could be conveyed by the roughly equivalent powerful tea, this expression is considered excessive and awkward by English speakers. Conversely, a corresponding expression in technology, powerful computer, is preferred over strong computer. Phraseological collocations should not be confused with idioms, where an idiom's meaning is derived from its convention as a stand-in for something else while collocation is a mere popular composition.
There are about six main types of collocations: adjective + noun, noun + noun (such as collective nouns), verb + noun, adverb + adjective, verbs + prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and verb + adverb.
Collocation extraction is a computational technique that finds collocations in a document or corpus, using various computational linguistics elements resembling data mining.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR: CONNECTING WORDS
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS: COMPARISON/CONTRAST
English Language learners: This is a 13-slide presentation to help you recognize and use conjunctive adverbs,so you can build stronger sentences. (Created by Rita Zuba Prokopetz / G&R Languages – June, 2013)
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PLM English Grammar: Subject - Verb AgreementSanjay Aind
Having gone through this PLM students of English language and literature will be able to identify the subject and verb in a given sentence. Besides, they will be able to identify and recognize the proper agreement between subject and verb. All the more, they will be able to use correct sentences, using appropriate subjects and verbs in daily real life situation.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR: CONNECTING WORDS
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS: COMPARISON/CONTRAST
English Language learners: This is a 13-slide presentation to help you recognize and use conjunctive adverbs,so you can build stronger sentences. (Created by Rita Zuba Prokopetz / G&R Languages – June, 2013)
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ieltsbackup
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIaUPwguD5zV87cJrbTmXdw
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/ieltsbackup
Send us your feedback & suggestions: info@ieltsbackup.com
For more details: https://www.ieltsbackup.com
PLM English Grammar: Subject - Verb AgreementSanjay Aind
Having gone through this PLM students of English language and literature will be able to identify the subject and verb in a given sentence. Besides, they will be able to identify and recognize the proper agreement between subject and verb. All the more, they will be able to use correct sentences, using appropriate subjects and verbs in daily real life situation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. 1. Lexicon 1.1. Lexicography. 1.2.The Evolution of the modern dictionary.
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5. The evolution of modern dictionaries. First English to English word list “ A Table Alphabeticall” by Robert Cawdrey 1603. It contained 2,500 words. By the 50´s of XVII Century “Etylomologies” were Included in dictionaries as well
6. In 1700, John Kersey dares to add frequent words in dictionaries. The gratest figure in English lexicography in the XVIII was Samuel Johnson. The gratest lexicographical effort ever made was The Oxford English Dictionary.
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Editor's Notes
Word formation is of great interest for linguists as it sheds light on other aspects of language. There is not, though, no single “theory of word formation” The way words are constructed are interesting for linguists in the sense that it help them to classify the grammar group of words. Word formation process is a good indicator to trace back the most productive means of creating words within a language. Rinaissance and neoclacissicism have been vital for the borrowing of Latin and Greek affixes into English, especially when we talk about the fields of science, technology and medicine.
Lexicography is the procedure and profession, which deal with arranging and describing items of vocabulary in works such as dictionaries, glossaries, thesauri, synonym guides and usage guides. Alphabetical lexicography deals with the alphabetical order of wordes while as thematic lexicography classifies words by topic.
Cawdrey did not pick his 2,500 words from nowhere. For the most part, he copied from an elarlies Latin word list. Mid XVII Century Etylologies were included into dictionaries. ( around the 1650´s) In 1700 John Kersey took the step of including frequent words, too.
Doctor Johnson very much contributed to the groth of lexicography. His definitions, on the whole, are strong and clear. He made a couple of lexicographical innovations: the practice of separating and number word meanings and citing contexts to demonstrate the meaning of a word or particular usages of a word. In the XVIII Century, synonyms were added to entries in dictionaries, and some dictionaries even included lists of pronunciation. The Oxford English Dictionary would include all words in use between the year 1100 and the date of publication. The Philological Society in England intended to cite the first occurrence of each word in English writing and the last occurrence if the word had dropped out of use, together with other quotations accross the centuries to show debelopments in meaning.
In 1843 the rights of publication were purchased by Charles and G. Merrian, and the Merrian firm continued, and continues, to bring out editions of all sizes, all bering the Webster name
The form to which a rule of word formation is applied is called BASE. Once a BASE has suffered a rule of word formation may become the BASE for another derivation. “ Friend, friendly, unfriendly and undfriendlyness” is one example of this. It is possible to mix various devices, for example: compounding and derivation as in “colour blindness”
Please note that prefix “non-” is always follwed by an hyphen. Most prefixes in English has a Latin, Greeek or French origin except for “be-”,”fore”,”mis-”, “un”.
Please note that “in-” becomes “il-” before “l”, or “im-” before labials, or “ir-” before “r”.
Please note that prefix “co-” when used to refer to position of status will be written with an hyphen.
English uses a mixture of Greek and Latin prefixes to express number.
The following are suffixes which may be added to verbs to form nouns.
The following are suffixes which may be added to adjectives to form an abstract nouns expressing state, quality....
There are very few of these in English.
Compounding – or composition – is, roughly speaking, the process of putting two words together to forma third, as in the examples above.
Compounds can be divided according to the function they play in the sentence, or according to the type of item that make up the compound, or its semantic type and its semantic funciton.
The plural forms of compound nouns change according to the type of words they consist of. If the final word of a compound nouns is a countable noun, the plural form is placed in this word when the compound noun is plural. Coumpound nouns which consist on two nouns linked by the prepositions of or in, or a noun followed by “to be”, have a plural form in which first noun in the compound is plural.
