The document discusses different aspects of word formation in English including prefixation, suffixation, and compounding. It provides examples of various prefixes, suffixes, and compound words in English and categorizes them based on their meaning or function. It also briefly discusses the evolution of English dictionaries and different types of lexicography.

1. Lexicon. Characteristics of word formation in English. Prefixation, suffixation and compounding . Unit 10

2. 1. Lexicon 1.1. Lexicography. 1.2.The Evolution of the modern dictionary.

3. Types of Lexicography Alphabetical lexicography Thematic Lexicography

4. Products of lexicography If account for size 20-volume Oxford Dictionary The Concise Oxford Dictionary The Pocket Oxford Dictionary The Collins Gem If account for type Monolingual Bilingual Multilingual Phonetical Etymologies Synonyms and antonyms.etc.

5. The evolution of modern dictionaries. First English to English word list “ A Table Alphabeticall” by Robert Cawdrey 1603. It contained 2,500 words. By the 50´s of XVII Century “Etylomologies” were Included in dictionaries as well

6. In 1700, John Kersey dares to add frequent words in dictionaries. The gratest figure in English lexicography in the XVIII was Samuel Johnson. The gratest lexicographical effort ever made was The Oxford English Dictionary.

7. Dictionaries in America Noah Webster is the great pioneer in lexicography. His dictonary published in 1828 had the title “An American Dictionary of the English Language”

8. English word formation Affixation. Compounding. Conversion. Other devices: reduplication, clipping, blending, acronyms.

9. Prefixation Characteristics of prefixes Generally they do not alter the word class of the base. The are normally written together with the base as a single word. Main stress falls normally on the base. They can be grouped according to their meaning.

10. Negative Prefixes “ un-” unfair, unadorned, unfortunately. “ non-” non-conformist, non-existent. “ in-” invisible, illogical, impossible, irresponsible. “ a(n)-” amoral, atheist. “ dis-” disloyal, disobey, disfavour

11. Reversible Prefixes “ un-” undo, undress, unhorse. “ de-” defrost, depoliticize. “ dis-” discouraging, disheartened,desinterested.

12. Pejorative Prefixes “ mis-” mishear, misconduct, misleading, misrepresentation. “ mal-” maltreat, malformed, malfunction. “ pseudo-” pseudo-scientific, pseudo- classicism.

13. Prefixes of degree and size “ arch-” archduke, archenemy. “ super-” supermarket, superman. “ out-” outlive, outdo, outrun. “ sur-” surcharge, “ sub-” subnormal, substandard. “ over-”/under-” overdo, undertook “ hyper-/ultra-” hypersensitive. “ mini-/macro-/micro-” microwave.

14. Prefixes of attitude “ co-” cooperative, cohabit, co-director, co-proprietor. “ counter-” counter-espionage, counter-attack. “ anti-/pro-” anti-nuclear, anti-democracy.

15. Locative Prefixes “ super-” super-structure. “ sub-” subway, subconscious, subdivide. “ inter-” international, intermarry, interwave, interplay. “ trans-” transatlantic, transplant.

16. Prefixes of time and order “ fore-” foretell, foreman, forewarn. “ pre-/post-” pre-historial, pre-marital. “ ex-” ex-minister, ex-wife. “ re-” rebuild, relocation, re-elegible.

17. Number Prefixes “ uni-/mono-” monosyllable, unilateral. “ bi-/di-” dichotomy, bifocal. “ multi-/poly-/pluri” multiracial

18. Conversion prefixes “ be-” bewigged, bewitch, bedazzle, befriend ( a dog ). “ en-/em-” endanger, empower. “ a-” afloat.

19. To Summarize Negative Prefixes. Reversible Prefixes. Pejorative Prefixes. Prefixes of degree and size. Prefixes of attitude. Locative prefixes. Prefixes of time and order. Number Prefixes. Conversion Prefixes.

20. Suffixation Characteristics of suffixes. They normally alter the word type of the base. Suffixes rarely have a distinct meaning on their own. The change the word into which they are included into another part of speech. The can be classified according to the speech part they form, or according to the type of base the are added to.

21. Noun suffixes Occupational. “ -eer” engineer, auctitioneer. “ -ster” gangster, gamester, trickster. “ -er” Londoner, banker

22. Noun Suffixes Diminutive and femenine. “ -let” booklet, owlet, piglet. “ -ette” cigarrette, kitchenette. “ -ess” countess, hostess. “ -y” Johnny, daddy, pussy

23. Noun Suffixes ( Abstract ) Status, domain, etc. “ -hood” boyhood, brotherhood, flasehood, likelihood. “ -ship” friendship, companionship “ -dom”,”-ocracy”, “-ery/-ry”.

24. Noun Suffixes Quantity. “ -ful” handful, spoonful

25. Noun/adjective suffixes “ -ite” Israelite, Rafaelite. “ -(i)an” Shakespearian, Elizabethan. “ -ese” Japanese. “ -ist” novelist, violinist, typist. “ -ism” Cummunism, Imperialistm.

26. De-verbal suffixes “ -er” worker, onlooker, drinker. “ -ant” inhabitant, occupant. “ -ation” operation, exploration. “ -ment” arrangement, argument. “ -al” approval, refusal “ -ing” swimming, living, painting, building. “ -age” package, peerage, shortage. “ -ee” trainee, employee.

27. De-adjectival suffixes “ -ness” goodness, happiness, selfishness. “ -ity”/”-able”/”-ible”/”-al” readable, readability, sentimental, sentimentality.

28. Verb suffixes “ -ify” certify, identify. “ -ize” scandalize, organise. “ -en” blacken, sadden.

29. Adjective Suffixes “ -able” readable, drinkable. “ -al” chemical, criminal, special. “ -ful” beautiful, plentiful. “ -ed” blue-eyed, odd-shaped. “ -en” wooden, leaden. “ -ic” Germanic, specific. “ -ish” foolish, boyish, snobbish. “ -less” helpless, hopeless. “ -like” friendly, child-like

30. Adverb suffixes “ -ly” happily, freely, instantly. “ -wards” onwards, eastwards. “ -wise” clockwise.

31. To Summarize Suffixes Noun Suffixes. Noun/Adjective suffixes. De-verbal suffixes. De-adjectival suffixes. Verb suffixes. Adjective suffixes. Adverb suffixes.

32. Compounding. Oil paper Paperclip Paper aeroplane (to)wallpaper Wastepaper Wastepaper basket

33. Characteristics of compounds. The can be written together, (solid) separately or with a hyphen. Phonologically are identified as for having the main stress on the first element. blackbird ´_____,_____ a species of bird. blackbird _____ ´_____ a bird which is back They can consist of two or three words. sister-in-law, baby-sitter, air-conditioner.

34. Other compound nouns come from... Verb + Noun. pickpoket. Verb + Verb. make-belive. Adjective + Noun. fast-food. Particle + Noun overkill. Adverb + Noun. new generation Verb + Particle press down Phrase compounds Whisky and soda

35. Groups of compound nouns. Compound nouns can be countable, uncountable, singular or plural and grouped like that.

36. Common countable compound nouns. Address book Air conditioner Air raid Baby-sitter Bank account Brother-in-law Bus-stop Can opener Heart attack High school Human being Letter-box Passer-by Pen-friend Polar bear Police station.

37. Common uncoutable compound nouns Birth control Central heating Common sense Dry-cleaning Family planning Fancy dress Fast-food Income tax Lost property Mail order Make up Old age Remote control Social security First aid Water-skiing

38. Common singular compound nouns Cost of living Fire brigade Generation gap Human race Mother-tongue Public sector Solar system Welfare state.

39. Common plural compound nouns. Armed forces Civil rights High heels Human rights Luxury goods Road works Social services Winter sports Yellow pages

40. Compound adjectives. They are made up of two or more words, usually written with hyphens between them. They may be qualitative classifying or colour adjectives.

41. Common patterns to make compound adjectives. Adjective or number + noun + “-ed” red-haired Adjective or adverb + past participle low-paid Adjective, adverb or noun +present participle good-looking

42. Rule for compound adjectives A few compound adjectives are made up of more than two words and they are often written with hyphens when they are used in front of nouns, and without hyphens when they are used as the complement of a link verb. It was a free-and-easy relatioship. That book is out of date.

43. Groups of Compound adjectives. Compound qualitative adjectives Absent minded. Easy-going. Low-paid Nice looking Old fashioned Open-minded Second-class Starry-eyed Tender-hearted Well-behaved Well-dressed Well-known.

44. Groups of Compound adjectives. Compound classifying adjectives Audio-visual Brand-new Built-up Deep-sea Duty-free Long-distance Made-up North-east One-way Second-hand Tax-free Top-secret

45. Groups of Compound adjectives. Compound colour adjectives Blood-red Bottle-green Nut-brown Royal-blue Sky-blue Snow-white.

46. Compound Verbs. They are usually written with an hyphen. Pattern formation: noun + verb “sky-dive” verb + noun “shun-pike” verb + verb “freeze-dry” adjective + verb “double-book” particle + verb “overbook”

47. Groups of compound verbs Intransitive compound verbs: Baby-sit hitch-hike Ice-skate roller-skate Water-ski window-shop Transitive compound verbs: Back-comb ill-treat Dry-clean tape record Compound verbs used in transitive or intransitive clauses: Bottle-feed sight-read Mass-produce spring-clean Shrt-circuit tie-dye