Composition of various tissue culture media
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This document discusses the composition and preparation of tissue culture media. It explains that media contains macronutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, amino acids, and growth regulators. Media can be chemically defined or contain complex additives. The most common type is Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, which contains inorganic salts, iron, vitamins, amino acids, and carbohydrates. The document provides the concentrations of compounds in MS medium and describes how to prepare stock solutions and combine them to make 1 liter of media. It emphasizes the importance of sterilizing media, glassware, plant materials, and other items to prevent microbial contamination during tissue culture.
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plant tissue culture medium
INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY
3. BASIC COMPONENT OF MEDIA
1. Inorganic nutrient
2. organic supplements
3. Carbon and energy source
4. Growth Regulators
5. Solidifying Agent
6. PH
4. TYPES OF MEDIA
5. MS MEDIA
6. IMPORTANCE
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERANCE
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Introduction
Definition
Types of organogenesis
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Growth regulators for indirect organogenesis
Organogenesis through adventitious organ (direct organogenesis)
Growth regulators for direct organogenesis
Factor affecting the soot bud differentiation
Organogenic differentiation
Application of organogenesis
Conclusion
References
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1.plant tissue culture history
Cell and tissue culture refers to growing plant cells, tissues, organs, seeds or plant parts in a sterile nutrient medium in vitro. Haberlandt is considered the father of plant tissue culture, realizing in 1898 that aseptic techniques were necessary for growing single plant cells on nutrient solutions. Despite early failures, Haberlandt proposed that plant cells are totipotent, or able to express the phenotype of the whole plant. Over the 20th century, scientists made many advances in plant tissue culture including the discovery of growth regulators like auxins and kinetin, techniques like micrografting and protoplast culture, and applications such as producing the first haploid plant through anther culture.
Micropropagation
Micropropagation is the process of rapidly multiplying stock plant materials using modern tissue culture methods. It involves 5 main stages: selection of stock plants, initiation and establishment of culture, multiplication of shoots, rooting of shoots, and establishment of plantlets. The two main approaches are multiplication through axillary buds/apical shoots and adventitious shoots. Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis are also used, where organs or embryos are formed directly or indirectly from explants. Micropropagation is useful for cloning noble plants and providing sufficient plantlets from stock plants that do not produce many seeds or vegetatively propagate well.
Synthetic seeds
Synthetic seeds are encapsulated somatic embryos or shoot buds that can be used for planting like traditional seeds. They allow for clonal propagation of plants that are difficult to reproduce through traditional seeds, including some fruit crops. The production of synthetic seeds involves inducing somatic embryogenesis in callus cultures, maturing the embryos, and encapsulating them in a protective gel before planting. This allows genetic material to be stored and dispersed while avoiding issues with seed-borne diseases, low seed viability, and difficulties reproducing species that lack traditional seeds.
Haploid production
This document discusses distant hybridization and various techniques used to produce haploid plants. Distant hybridization refers to crosses between individuals of different plant species or genera. Such crosses can result in fully fertile, partially fertile, or fully sterile offspring depending on chromosomal homology. Androgenesis and gynogenesis are techniques used to induce haploid plants from male and female gametes, respectively. Androgenesis involves culturing immature anthers or isolated microspores while gynogenesis involves culturing unpollinated flower parts. Wide hybridization is also used to induce maternal haploids. Factors like genotype, developmental stage, and culture conditions influence haploid induction and regeneration.
Anther culture
Anther culture is an in vitro technique used to produce haploid plants from male gamete cells. Haploid cells contain only one set of chromosomes. The first report of anther culture was in the 1970s, while the first natural occurrence of haploids was observed in 1922 in Datura plants. Anthers containing microspores are cultured on nutrient media supplemented with hormones and sugars. Depending on the species, haploid plants or callus can regenerate from the cultured anthers within 3-8 weeks. Haploid plants are useful for breeding programs as they can be doubled to generate fertile, homozygous plants in one generation.
Plant tissue culture medium
The document discusses the essential components of plant tissue culture media, including macro and micro nutrients, organic nutrients like vitamins and carbohydrates, and plant growth regulators. It explains that the success of tissue culture depends on using the right type of culture media, which must contain nutrients, carbon sources, and other components to support in vitro plant growth. The various roles and forms of important media components like nitrogen, calcium, iron, and cytokinins are also outlined.
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Production of-secondary-metabolites
Plant tissue culture is used to produce valuable secondary metabolites. There are three main methods: cell suspension cultures, hairy root cultures, and immobilized cell cultures. Cell suspension cultures are the most common. They involve transferring plant cells or callus to liquid medium to grow as a suspension. Medium components, regulators, precursors, elicitors, and environmental factors can be manipulated to enhance metabolite production. Hairy root cultures use plant cells transformed by bacteria to produce root-like structures that also synthesize metabolites. Immobilized cell cultures entrap or affix cells to allow contact while protecting from shear stress. Each method aims to produce metabolites through optimized bioprocessing conditions at large scales.
Anther culture
Anther culture is a technique where anthers are excised from flower buds and cultured to produce haploid plants. The first report of haploid tissue from anther culture was in 1964-1966 in Datura pollen grains. Over 250 species have been produced through anther culture, most commonly in families like Solanaceae, Cruciferae, and Poaceae. Haploid plants are useful for identifying recessive traits, eliminating lethal genes, and producing homozygous diploid plants more quickly. There are several pathways that microspores can follow during anther culture, such as symmetric or asymmetric division, to produce haploid plants. Successful anther culture requires optimizing various factors like donor plant genotype, anther
Meristem culture
This document discusses meristem culture and shoot tip culture techniques. It describes the three stages of meristem culture: establishment, multiplication, and root regeneration. Shoot tips less than 1 mm are excised and cultured on medium supplemented with hormones like cytokinins and auxins to promote growth. Meristem culture allows for virus elimination, micropropagation, genetic resource preservation, and facilitates international plant exchange. It is an effective method for producing disease-free plants.
Somaclonal variation
Genetic variations can occur in plants produced through plant tissue culture and be detected as changes in genetic characteristics or phenotypes. Variations commonly include changes in chromosome number and structure. Regenerated plants with chromosomal changes often show alterations in traits like leaf shape and color, growth rate, and fertility. These heritable mutations can persist when plants are transplanted to fields. Somaclonal variations are caused by genetic factors like pre-existing variations in explant cells or mutations during tissue culture, and can result in changes in plant characteristics that are useful for crop improvement.
plant tissue culture medium
INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY
3. BASIC COMPONENT OF MEDIA
1. Inorganic nutrient
2. organic supplements
3. Carbon and energy source
4. Growth Regulators
5. Solidifying Agent
6. PH
4. TYPES OF MEDIA
5. MS MEDIA
6. IMPORTANCE
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERANCE
Micropropagation
This document discusses micropropagation, which is the rapid vegetative propagation of plants using modern tissue culture methods to produce genetically identical copies. It can be used to multiply genetically modified plants, overcome limitations of conventional breeding, and provide sufficient plantlets from stock plants that do not produce seeds or respond well to other propagation. The key methods are multiplication through meristematic tissue, adventitious shoots, somatic embryogenesis, and organogenesis. Micropropagation has commercial uses and significance in producing disease-free plants year-round, exchanging germplasm internationally, conserving genetics, and producing synthetic seeds. While expensive, it provides uniformity and allows maintaining germplasm stocks for years.
Pr protein
Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are a diverse group of plant proteins that are produced in greater amounts when plants are infected by pathogens or exposed to stress. There are at least 14 families of PR proteins that differ in their functions, properties, and modes of action. Some key PR proteins include PR1, PR2, and PR3. PR1 proteins have antifungal properties and may disrupt fungal membranes. PR2 are β-1,3-glucanases that degrade fungal cell walls. PR3 are chitinases that break down chitin in fungal cell walls, weakening the walls and killing fungi.
Organ culture in plant biotechnology
Embryo culture involves growing immature or mature embryos in vitro with the goal of producing a viable plant. There are several types of embryo culture, including mature embryo culture, immature embryo culture (also called embryo rescue), and culture of adventive or abortive embryos. Embryo culture is used for overcoming embryo abortion in wide crosses, preventing embryo abortion in some fruits, overcoming seed dormancy, shortening breeding cycles, and studying embryonic growth and development. Specialized culture media and sterile techniques are required depending on the embryo developmental stage.
Organogenesis, in plant tissue culture
Introduction
Definition
Types of organogenesis
Organogenesis through callus formation (indirect organogenesis)
Growth regulators for indirect organogenesis
Organogenesis through adventitious organ (direct organogenesis)
Growth regulators for direct organogenesis
Factor affecting the soot bud differentiation
Organogenic differentiation
Application of organogenesis
Conclusion
References
Synthetic seed
This document discusses synthetic seeds, which are artificially encapsulated plant materials like somatic embryos, shoot buds, or cell aggregates that can be used for sowing like natural seeds. Synthetic seeds were originally only referred to somatic embryos for economic crop production, but now include other micropropagules. The first successful synthetic seed was produced in 1982 in carrot. There are two main types - desiccated synthetic seeds which are produced from desiccation tolerant species and hydrated synthetic seeds which encapsulate somatic embryos or shoots in hydrogels like sodium alginate. The encapsulation process involves a plant propagule, a gelling matrix that can include nutrients, and an artificial seed coat to develop the encapsulation system. Common encapsulation
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The document discusses various methods used in microbiology, including sterilization, disinfection, and obtaining pure cultures. It describes sterilization techniques like heat, radiation, filtration and chemicals. Heat sterilization methods include dry heat, moist heat and autoclaving. Radiation methods are ultraviolet light and ionizing radiation. Disinfection is less effective than sterilization and aims to eliminate pathogens. Culture media are used to propagate microbes and come in solid, semi-solid and liquid forms for different purposes like isolation, enrichment and transport. Techniques to obtain pure cultures include serial dilution, spread plating, pour plating and streak plating. Staining is used to visualize microbes under the microscope.
Preparation of media & sterilization technique
culture medium and their types,
procedure for both nutrient and agar &
sterilization methods & techniques
Microbial Culture & Application3.pdf
This document discusses microbial culture techniques and applications. It begins by introducing the importance of microbes and how microbial cultures are used industrially to produce chemicals like antibiotics, alcohols, and proteins. It then describes the basic requirements for microbial culture, including nutrients, culture procedures like sterilization and aeration, and equipment used like flasks, shakers, and fermentors. The key aspects covered are the nutrient requirements for microbial growth, various culture techniques and factors that affect microbial growth, and equipment used for microbial cultivation at different scales.
How enzymes are produced
The document describes the process for producing enzymes and antibiotics through fermentation. Key steps include identifying an optimal microorganism, growing starter cultures in seed tanks, conducting large-scale fermentation, isolating and purifying the target compound, and performing quality control checks before distribution. Enzymes and antibiotics are valuable industrial products created through carefully controlled microbial growth and compound extraction processes.
How enzymes are produced
The document describes the process for producing enzymes and antibiotics through fermentation. Key steps include identifying an optimal microorganism, growing starter cultures in seed tanks, conducting large-scale fermentation, isolating and purifying the target compound, refining it for end use, and implementing quality control measures throughout production.
Similar to Composition of various tissue culture media (20)
Preparation of plant tissue culture media,types and Sterilization
Preparation of plant tissue culture media,types and Sterilization
Plant tissue culture & animal tissue culture practical experiments
Plant tissue culture & animal tissue culture practical experiments
laboratory organization and nutritional requirements.pptx
laboratory organization and nutritional requirements.pptx
More from HORTIPEDIA INDIA
Somaclonal variation
Somaclonal variation refers to genetic variation that arises in plants regenerated from tissue culture. This genetic variation can arise from changes in ploidy level, chromosome structure, or point mutations during tissue culture regeneration. Somaclonal variation provides opportunities for plant breeders to generate novel variants that may have desirable traits for crop improvement.
Protoplast fusion
This document discusses protoplasm fusion and somatic hybridization, techniques covered in the course BIOTECHNOLOGY OF HORTICULTURAL CROPs. Protoplasm fusion allows the merging of plant cells from different species, while somatic hybridization uses protoplasm fusion to create hybrid plants by combining the genomes of two different plant species.
Protoplast culture
Protoplast isolation and culture allows plant cells to be studied individually. Enzymes are used to remove plant cell walls to isolate protoplasts, which can then be cultured. This lecture discusses techniques for isolating protoplasts from plant tissues and establishing cultures to regenerate new plants.
Polyploidy breeding
This document outlines the steps involved in plant tissue culture, which are: 1) media preparation, 2) explant selection, 3) establishment of explant in media, 4) callus development, 5) plantlet development, 6) hardening or acclimatization, and 7) open field planting. It then defines euploidy and aneuploidy, explaining that euploidy involves the entire set of chromosomes and can result in single, double, or multiple sets, while aneuploidy is having one or a few extra or missing chromosomes.
To develop a project for establishment of commercial tissue culture laboratory
The document provides guidelines for establishing a commercial tissue culture laboratory, including:
- The laboratory should have separate rooms for media preparation, glassware washing, sterilization, aseptic transfer, and primary culture growth to maintain cleanliness and prevent contamination.
- Facilities are needed for washing and sterilizing glassware, preparing and storing media, conducting aseptic procedures, and maintaining cultures under controlled conditions.
- Proper location, ventilation, lighting, temperature and humidity control are important considerations for laboratory design.
To survey the existing fruit cropping systems
To survey the existing fruit cropping systems
zone wise fruits
agroforestry
intercrop
multistoried cropping
To develop a model cropping system
The document discusses developing a model cropping system by examining existing cropping systems in different regions of India, including Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir, the North East, Gangetic plain, Central India, Western India, humid tropics, and Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka. It covers agro-forestry practices and integrating forestry and agriculture farming. The goal is to gain an understanding of cropping systems currently used to inform the development of a new model.
Macronutrient deficiency in plants
Macronutrient deficiency in plants
Macronutrient deficiency in crops
Macronutrient deficiency in fruits
Protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization
This document discusses protoplasm fusion and somatic hybridization, which are techniques used in biotechnology for horticultural crops. Protoplasm fusion involves fusing plant cells together to create a hybrid cell, while somatic hybridization uses protoplasm fusion to combine whole plant genomes to produce a hybrid plant. These techniques can be used to introduce beneficial traits from one plant into another.
Organogenesis in tissue culture
This document provides information about a horticulture course focusing on biotechnology. The course code is HRT 552 and is titled "BIOTECHNOLOGY OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS." Practical 9 of the course covers mass multiplication through direct organogenesis.
Polyploidy breeding
This document outlines the steps involved in plant tissue culture, which are: 1) media preparation, 2) explant selection, 3) establishment of explant in media, 4) callus development, 5) plantlet development, 6) hardening or acclimatization, and 7) open field planting. It then defines euploidy and aneuploidy, explaining that euploidy involves the entire set of chromosomes and can result in single, double, or multiple sets, while aneuploidy is having one or a few extra or missing chromosomes.
Suspension culture
This 3-credit course focuses on developing protocols for mass multiplication of horticultural crops through suspension culture techniques. Students will conduct a practical to establish suspension cultures from different explants and optimize conditions for maximum proliferation. The goal is to learn methods for large-scale commercial production of horticultural plants using biotechnological approaches.
training and pruning in fruit crops
Pruning and training techniques are important for fruit crops. Pruning is done in younger plants to establish a strong framework and in mature plants to control size and maintain production. The appropriate time for pruning depends on the specific fruit crop. For some crops like sapota and jamun, no pruning is required.
Nucellus culture
This document describes the process of nucellus culture for producing disease-free plantlets of citrus species. It involves excising nucellar tissue from unfertilized ovules and culturing it on media containing supplements like malt extract and adenine to induce embryoid formation. The embryoids are then excised and cultured on media containing gibberellic acid to develop into plantlets. Nucellus culture is useful for eliminating viral diseases from citrus and producing polyembryonic seedlings. However, it is a difficult technique requiring precise excision and culturing steps.
To survey the existing fruit cropping systems
This document discusses various fruit cropping systems. It defines a cropping system as the crops, sequences, and management techniques used over years on a field. Sole cropping grows one crop over a large area for several years, while mixed farming combines crops and livestock. Sequential cropping plants successive crops after harvest, and ratooning allows stubble to resprout for another crop. Intercropping and relay planting involve growing two crops together through the season. Agroforestry integrates forestry and agriculture on the same land.
Nucellus and endosperm culture
This document outlines the steps for in vitro plant regeneration: 1) preparing media, 2) selecting explant tissue, 3) establishing explants in media, 4) developing callus tissue, 5) developing plantlets, 6) hardening plants, and 7) planting in open fields. It also discusses using immature inflorescence, scutellar tissue from immature seeds, epidermis, and procambial tissue as explants for producing somatic embryos in plants like common wheat.
Callus induction
This practical aims to induce callus formation from different plant explants. Students will take explants like leaf, stem, and root segments from selected horticultural crops and culture them on nutrient media supplemented with plant growth regulators, like auxins and cytokinins, to induce callus tissue. The success of callus induction will depend on the explant type and plant species as well as the plant growth regulator concentrations used in the culture medium.
To study plant tissue culture laboratory design and set up
This document provides guidelines for setting up a plant tissue culture laboratory, including necessary equipment and design considerations. It discusses key areas of the lab such as the culture room, media preparation area, and glassware washing area. Maintaining aseptic conditions is a primary focus of the design. Proper airflow, traffic flow, and separation of clean and dirty areas are emphasized. Necessary equipment includes a laminar hood, autoclave, incubator shaker, and supplies for tissue culture work. Adherence to safety protocols is also covered.
Surface sterilization and sealing of cultures (surface sterilization of cultures
This document provides instructions for surface sterilization of plant cultures. It discusses:
1) Explants must be sterilized to prevent microbial contamination that can kill cultured tissues.
2) Surface sterilization methods include rinsing explants, soaking in detergent and disinfectants like ethanol or mercuric chloride, then rinsing in sterile water.
3) Non-living materials like media and glassware are sterilized by autoclaving, while filters sterilize thermolabile compounds. Proper sterilization is essential to increase success of tissue culture experiments.
Inoculation of explants
The document discusses explants used for clonal propagation in biotechnology of horticultural crops. It defines an explant as a tissue taken from a mother plant and cultured under aseptic conditions on a defined medium. The choice of explant depends on the type of culture to be initiated, its purpose, and the plant species. Common explant sources include shoots, leaves, stems, and roots. Explants must be surface sterilized to remove contaminants and allow contamination-free culture initiation. Sub-culturing is needed when cells reach the stationary state of growth.
More from HORTIPEDIA INDIA (20)
To develop a project for establishment of commercial tissue culture laboratory
To develop a project for establishment of commercial tissue culture laboratory
To study plant tissue culture laboratory design and set up
To study plant tissue culture laboratory design and set up
Surface sterilization and sealing of cultures (surface sterilization of cultures
Surface sterilization and sealing of cultures (surface sterilization of cultures
Recently uploaded
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
This ppt contains the production of a fermented food name - sauerkraut
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Recently uploaded (20)
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Tissue fluids_etiology_volume regulation_pressure.pptx
Tissue fluids_etiology_volume regulation_pressure.pptx
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Composition of various tissue culture media
- 1. Practical 4 : To prepare composition of various tissue culture media BIOTECHNOLOGY OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS HRT 552
- 2. Course Code : HRT 552 Course Title : BIOTECHNOLOGY OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS
- 3. Macronutrients, Micronutrients, Vitamins, Amino acids, Nitrogen supplements, Organic supplements, Growth regulators and Solidifying agents. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC
- 6. Types of medium Chemically defined nutrient medium Chemically undefined nutrient medium: Complex additives viz. coconut milk, Casein hydrolysate, yeast extract, water melon juice, etc. are added in the medium. 1.Solid medium: 6-8% agar-agar 2.Semi solid medium: Less amount of agar 3.Liquid medium: Agar is not added. It is used for cell suspension culture.
- 8. Contd. ● Plant tissues/organs are grown in vitro on a suitable artificially prepared nutrient medium/culture medium. ● Single medium can not be used for the all types of plants and organs. ● Commonly used medium are Murashige and Skoog (MS), Nitsch, Gamborg, White, etc. ● MS medium is the most commonly used for plant tissue culture. ● Medium is composed of inorganic salts, iron, vitamins, amino acids, plant hormones and a carbohydrate supply.
- 9. Composition of nutrient medium
- 10. ● Salts are supplied in the form of macronutrients viz. N, Mg, K, Ca, P ● Micronutrients Cu, Ni, Mn, Co, etc. ● Iron is supplied in the chelated, Fe-EDTA (Ferric-Sodium Ethylene-Amine Tetra Acetate) form. ● Vitamins viz. meso-inositol, thiamin (B1), nicotinic acid (B3), pyridoxine (B6), etc. ● Aminoacids, mostly glycine is used. ● Carbohydrate is supplied usually in the form of sucrose.
- 11. ● Phytohormones (auxins and cytokinins), their chemical form, concentration and ratio may vary from plant to plant. ● In general Auxins, such as IAA (Indole Acetic Acid) NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid), IBA (Indole Butyric acid); Cytokinins viz. Kinetin (6-furfuryl amino purine) 6-BAP (6, Benzyl Amino Purine) and Zeatin are used in nutrient medium.
- 13. 1 3 COUMPOUNDS Mg/Ml NH4NO3 1,650.00 KNO3 1,900.00 CaCl2 (anhyd) 332.20 MgSO4 (anhyd) 180.70 KH2PO4 170.00 Na2EDTA 37.25 FeSO4.7H2O 27.80 H3BO3 6.20 MnSO4.H2O 16.90 ZnSO4.H2O 5.37 KI 0.83 Na2Mo4.2H2O 0.25 Sucrose 30,000.00 i-Inositol 100.00 Thiamine.HCl 0.40 INORGANIC & ORGANIC SUPLLEMENTS
- 16. Antibiotics : Stertomycin,kanamycin Activated charcoal Other organic supplements : Protein, coconut milk,yest,malt extract, orange juice, and tomato juice Growth regulators : Auxins,cytokinins Water : Demineralized or distilled water Solidifying agents : Agar, gelatin. pH adjusters : 5 - 6 it is considered to be optimum. 1 6
- 17. 1 7 PREPARATION OF CULTURE MEDIA: Stock solution 1 : MgSo4,KH2Po4,KNO3,NH4No3,CaCl2 Stock solution 2 : H3Bo3,MnSo4,ZnSo4,CuSo4,Cocl2 Stock solution 3 : FeSo4,sodium EDTA Stock solution 4 : ionositol,thiamine,pyridamine,nicotinic acid,glycine To prepare 1 liter of medium: Take 50 ml of stock solution 1 + 5ml of stock solution 2 & 4 in a beaker. The stock solution 3 prepared separately in a other 450ml flask by adding double distilled water and heat with constant stirring. Mix two solutions and adjust PH to 5.5.
- 20. Contamination Issues • Sterile Incubator • Thawing Step Source of Contamination • Spray with 70% Ethanol, gloves • Sterile Hood • Sterile Hands • Minimize Exposure to Open Air
- 21. STERILISATION OF MEDIA • The prepared media should be sterilized by ISI mark Autoclave( for large amounts) at 121º Domestic pressure cookers( for small amounts) • For the sterilization of glassware and metallic equipments Hot air oven with adjustable tray is required. 9 Incubator Hot air oven
- 22. Sterilization ● ● ● ● Culture medium supports the growth of microbes e.g bacteria, fungi, etc. these grow fast and kills the plant cells. Microbes may come from glass vials, instruments, nutrient medium and also from the plant material. Therefore, the surface of plant tissue and all non-living articles including nutrient medium must be sterilized. Sterilization of non-living articles: The non-living articles viz. Nutrient medium, glassware, distilled water, instruments (wrapped with brown paper) are sterilized by autoclaving under steam at a 15 lb/inc2 and temperature 121oC for 15 min. The glassware can also be sterilized by heating in oven at 150oC for 3-4 hrs. The thermoilabile compounds are sterilized by passing through the bacterial filters.
- 23. Sterilization of the plant material (Surface) sterilization ● The plant material should be surface sterilized to remove the surface borne micro-organisms. Water 10% v/v solution of liquid detergent (Teepol) for 10-15 min. 70% ethyl alcohol for 1 min. in front of laminar air flow. Treatment with 0.1% HgCl2 (W/V) or 5-10% sodium hypochlorite.
- 24. SURFACE STERILISATION OF EXPLANT For surface sterilization chromic acid, Hgcl(0.11%),calcium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite(1-2%),alcohal(70%) are used. Process depends on the type of explant. SEED : absolute ethyl alcohol calcium hypochlorite bromine water sterile water FRUIT : ethyl alcohol STEM : running water LEAF : surface clean sodium hypochlorite sodium hypochlorite Hgcl2 sterile water sterile water sterile water dried explant
- 25. Thank you