Complete blood count
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PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS) UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
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How to read Cbc
This document provides information about how to interpret a complete blood count (CBC). It discusses the components of blood that are analyzed in a CBC, including red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes normal ranges for CBC parameters and potential abnormalities that may be detected, such as anemia, infections, and bone marrow disorders. The CBC is presented as a relatively inexpensive test that can help diagnose various blood diseases, bone marrow conditions, and other organ abnormalities.
CBC interpretation
This document provides information about components of a complete blood count (CBC) test and their normal ranges. It discusses red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, hematocrit, hemoglobin and other components. Abnormal results are explained, such as anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia. Causes of abnormalities in each component are outlined, including infections, deficiencies, diseases. Interpretation of CBC can provide clues to underlying bone marrow or blood disorders.
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This document provides information about how to interpret a complete blood count (CBC). It discusses the components of blood that are analyzed in a CBC, including red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes normal ranges for CBC parameters and potential abnormalities that may be detected, such as anemia, infections, and bone marrow disorders. The CBC is presented as a relatively inexpensive test that can help diagnose various blood diseases, bone marrow conditions, and other organ abnormalities.
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This document provides information about components of a complete blood count (CBC) test and their normal ranges. It discusses red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, hematocrit, hemoglobin and other components. Abnormal results are explained, such as anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia. Causes of abnormalities in each component are outlined, including infections, deficiencies, diseases. Interpretation of CBC can provide clues to underlying bone marrow or blood disorders.
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The document discusses the complete blood count (CBC) test, which evaluates three major blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes the history and development of CBC testing, how automated cell counters analyze blood samples to produce cell counts and indices, and what the results indicate about blood cell abnormalities. Key developments included the microscope, manual counting methods, staining techniques, and the first automated analyzer. Modern automated cell counters use aperture impedance or light scattering methods to efficiently analyze blood samples and flag any abnormal results.
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A complete blood count (CBC) test measures the cells that make up blood including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. A CBC can check for anemia, infections, inflammation, cancer, and other health issues. Abnormal CBC results can help diagnose conditions like infections, cancer, blood disorders, vitamin deficiencies, and effects of medications. The test is done by taking a blood sample from a vein and sending it to a lab for analysis. The results are interpreted to determine if cell counts are normal or indicate underlying health problems.
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This document provides information on interpreting a complete blood count (CBC). It defines various CBC parameters such as anisopokilocytosis, cytometry, and Coulter principle. The importance of the CBC is discussed as it can provide information about the blood, bone marrow, and health of other organs. The CBC evaluates components of the blood including red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red cell indices. Abnormalities in these values can indicate conditions like anemia, bone marrow aplasia, and malignancies. Peripheral blood smear examination is also important for identifying red blood cell morphologies.
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The document provides information on interpreting a complete blood count (CBC). It discusses the parameters assessed in a CBC including white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), and platelets. It outlines the systematic approach to interpreting each component, beginning with ensuring an accurate WBC count and comparing to reference intervals. The WBC differential analysis examines relative and absolute counts as well as morphology. RBC analysis examines hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, red cell distribution width, and morphology. Platelet analysis examines count, mean platelet volume, and morphology. The document also discusses interpreting elevations or decreases in these values.
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The document discusses the interpretation of a complete blood count (CBC) test. A CBC provides information on red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Abnormal CBC results can indicate conditions like infections, anemias, leukemias, and other disorders. The document outlines normal CBC reference ranges and provides guidance on interpreting abnormal high or low blood cell counts based on the specific cell type affected and considering the clinical context.
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This document discusses common reasons for misdiagnosis of hematological disorders and provides guidance on making accurate diagnoses based on complete blood count results. It emphasizes that doing a full CBC, including MCV and RDW, is essential for diagnosing most hematological conditions. The document then provides examples of CBC results and outlines the potential diagnoses and appropriate next steps. The overall purpose is to help arrive at working diagnoses for about 70% of hematological patients based on CBC alone, without requiring a bone marrow examination.
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1. The document discusses the principles and techniques of automated complete blood count (CBC) analysis using automated hematology analyzers. It covers topics like the Coulter principle, optical scatter techniques, histogram analysis and differentiatial counting.
2. Advantages of automated CBC include speed, accuracy, ability to perform multiple tests on a single platform, and reduced labor requirements. Disadvantages include inability to assess red cell morphology and potential errors from interfering factors.
3. Automated analyzers can differentiate white blood cells into three, five or seven parts depending on the instrument. Histograms are analyzed to determine parameters like red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet indices.
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This document summarizes anemia, including its definition, classification, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment. Anemia is defined as a deficiency in red blood cells, hemoglobin, or hematocrit. It is classified based on size, color, and cause of the red blood cells. Common causes include blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell breakdown. Signs and symptoms vary based on severity but can include fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations. Diagnostic testing includes complete blood count and iron studies. Treatment involves treating the underlying cause, oral or intravenous iron supplementation, blood transfusions, and medications.
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This guide has been produced for use by both Canadian
Blood Services and hospital personnel.
This guide is divided into four sections covering the
four blood components. Each section begins with a
brief explanation of the component, a description of the
variations in appearance for that component and criteria for
acceptability.
Iron deficiency anemia
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia worldwide. It occurs when iron levels in the body are low, preventing adequate hemoglobin production. Common causes include deficient diet, blood loss from menstruation or gastrointestinal issues, and increased needs during pregnancy or lactation. Symptoms include fatigue, palpitations, and pale skin. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low ferritin, increased total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation below 16%. Treatment focuses on oral iron supplementation, but parenteral iron may be used if oral iron is not tolerated or absorption is impaired.
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This document provides information on how to read a complete blood count (CBC). It defines a CBC as a series of blood tests that evaluate the cellular components of blood. The CBC measures red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count. It also provides indices to characterize red blood cells, such as mean corpuscular volume. The summary discusses the clinical implications of abnormalities in these values, such as indicating infection or anemia.
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The document discusses components of a complete blood count test (CBC) including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and associated indices. It describes the normal ranges and functions of these components as well as some common conditions that cause abnormalities in CBC results, such as infections which increase white blood cells and deficiencies which decrease red blood cells or platelets. The CBC provides important information about overall health and detects a wide range of diseases.
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The document discusses the complete blood count (CBC) test and the parameters it measures. A basic CBC includes measurements of hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count and indices, white blood cell count and differential, and platelet count. Modern cell counters use principles like impedance and fluorescence to rapidly and accurately measure these parameters. The CBC provides useful information to evaluate and diagnose conditions like anemias, infections, leukemias, and other hematological disorders.
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This document provides an overview of interpreting complete blood count (CBC) reports and recognizing common blood disorders. It discusses the objectives of CBC testing, components of blood, bone marrow function, factors that can affect CBC results, components of CBC reports like hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell indices, and white blood cell differentials. Common causes of anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and abnormalities seen in blood smears are outlined. The document also provides summaries of common blood disorders like leukemias, highlighting features seen on CBC reports.
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The document discusses the complete blood count (CBC) test, which evaluates three major blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes the history and development of CBC testing, how automated cell counters analyze blood samples to produce cell counts and indices, and what the results indicate about blood cell abnormalities. Key developments included the microscope, manual counting methods, staining techniques, and the first automated analyzer. Modern automated cell counters use aperture impedance or light scattering methods to efficiently analyze blood samples and flag any abnormal results.
Automation in haematology
Automated hematology instruments can measure more variables than semi-automated instruments with fewer manual steps required. Fully automated instruments use electrical impedance or light scattering to count and size red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from a blood sample. These instruments provide highly precise results and can flag abnormal readings. Automated instruments also measure hemoglobin concentration and calculate derived red blood cell indices.
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The document provides information about a complete blood count (CBC) test. It discusses the various cellular components of blood that are evaluated in a CBC like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. For each cell type, it describes their normal ranges, clinical significance of abnormal values, and what conditions they may indicate. The CBC provides important clues about a person's overall health by examining the number and types of circulating cells in their blood.
Acquired haemolytic anaemia
The document discusses various causes of acquired hemolytic anemia, including immune causes like autoimmune hemolytic anemia (warm and cold types) and alloimmune hemolytic anemia, as well as non-immune causes like mechanical hemolysis, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, infections, drugs, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, and treatment of each condition.
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This document discusses cell counts on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and other body fluids. It defines CSF and other serous fluids like pleural, pericardial, and synovial fluid. The analysis and clinical significance of CSF is explained, including how to perform cell counts, quality control measures, and sources of error. A normal CSF analysis includes a gross examination, cell count and differential count, and measurements of glucose and protein. An increased number of neutrophils in the CSF differential count indicates bacterial infection or meningitis.
Complete Blood Count Test - Interpretation of Results
A complete blood count (CBC) test measures the cells that make up blood including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. A CBC can check for anemia, infections, inflammation, cancer, and other health issues. Abnormal CBC results can help diagnose conditions like infections, cancer, blood disorders, vitamin deficiencies, and effects of medications. The test is done by taking a blood sample from a vein and sending it to a lab for analysis. The results are interpreted to determine if cell counts are normal or indicate underlying health problems.
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Complete blood count test
A complete blood count (CBC) is a group of tests that provide information about blood cells like Red Blood Cells (RBC), White Blood Cells (WBC) and platelets. It is routinely performed to provide an overview of a patient's general health status.
Reference: https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/complete-blood-count-1717
Full Blood Count (FBC) - Thyolo Hospital, Malawi
This is a presentation made by final year Bachelor of Sciences in Medical Laboratory students [Symon Nayupe and Peace Morrison] from University of Malawi, College of Medicine during their Laboratory practicum at Thyolo District Hospital, Malawi.
Interpretation of cbc
This document provides information on interpreting a complete blood count (CBC). It defines various CBC parameters such as anisopokilocytosis, cytometry, and Coulter principle. The importance of the CBC is discussed as it can provide information about the blood, bone marrow, and health of other organs. The CBC evaluates components of the blood including red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red cell indices. Abnormalities in these values can indicate conditions like anemia, bone marrow aplasia, and malignancies. Peripheral blood smear examination is also important for identifying red blood cell morphologies.
CBC
The document provides information on interpreting a complete blood count (CBC). It discusses the parameters assessed in a CBC including white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), and platelets. It outlines the systematic approach to interpreting each component, beginning with ensuring an accurate WBC count and comparing to reference intervals. The WBC differential analysis examines relative and absolute counts as well as morphology. RBC analysis examines hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, red cell distribution width, and morphology. Platelet analysis examines count, mean platelet volume, and morphology. The document also discusses interpreting elevations or decreases in these values.
Interpretation of cbc
The document discusses the interpretation of a complete blood count (CBC) test. A CBC provides information on red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Abnormal CBC results can indicate conditions like infections, anemias, leukemias, and other disorders. The document outlines normal CBC reference ranges and provides guidance on interpreting abnormal high or low blood cell counts based on the specific cell type affected and considering the clinical context.
Approach to hematological diagnosis (with cbc alone
This document discusses common reasons for misdiagnosis of hematological disorders and provides guidance on making accurate diagnoses based on complete blood count results. It emphasizes that doing a full CBC, including MCV and RDW, is essential for diagnosing most hematological conditions. The document then provides examples of CBC results and outlines the potential diagnoses and appropriate next steps. The overall purpose is to help arrive at working diagnoses for about 70% of hematological patients based on CBC alone, without requiring a bone marrow examination.
ABC of automated CBC
1. The document discusses the principles and techniques of automated complete blood count (CBC) analysis using automated hematology analyzers. It covers topics like the Coulter principle, optical scatter techniques, histogram analysis and differentiatial counting.
2. Advantages of automated CBC include speed, accuracy, ability to perform multiple tests on a single platform, and reduced labor requirements. Disadvantages include inability to assess red cell morphology and potential errors from interfering factors.
3. Automated analyzers can differentiate white blood cells into three, five or seven parts depending on the instrument. Histograms are analyzed to determine parameters like red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet indices.
Anemia
This document summarizes anemia, including its definition, classification, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment. Anemia is defined as a deficiency in red blood cells, hemoglobin, or hematocrit. It is classified based on size, color, and cause of the red blood cells. Common causes include blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell breakdown. Signs and symptoms vary based on severity but can include fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations. Diagnostic testing includes complete blood count and iron studies. Treatment involves treating the underlying cause, oral or intravenous iron supplementation, blood transfusions, and medications.
Lecture 6 .iron deficiency anemia
This document discusses anemia and iron deficiency anemia. It defines anemia as a low level of hemoglobin and classifies it as mild, moderate, or severe based on hemoglobin levels. Iron deficiency anemia is described as the most common type worldwide, caused by too little iron in the body. Symptoms, causes like blood loss or poor diet, diagnostic tests, and iron metabolism are summarized. Iron is stored in the liver and spleen and transported by transferrin to support erythropoiesis when needed.
Visual inspection guide for blood compopnents
This guide has been produced for use by both Canadian
Blood Services and hospital personnel.
This guide is divided into four sections covering the
four blood components. Each section begins with a
brief explanation of the component, a description of the
variations in appearance for that component and criteria for
acceptability.
Iron deficiency anemia
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia worldwide. It occurs when iron levels in the body are low, preventing adequate hemoglobin production. Common causes include deficient diet, blood loss from menstruation or gastrointestinal issues, and increased needs during pregnancy or lactation. Symptoms include fatigue, palpitations, and pale skin. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low ferritin, increased total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation below 16%. Treatment focuses on oral iron supplementation, but parenteral iron may be used if oral iron is not tolerated or absorption is impaired.
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The document discusses components of a complete blood count test (CBC) including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and associated indices. It describes the normal ranges and functions of these components as well as some common conditions that cause abnormalities in CBC results, such as infections which increase white blood cells and deficiencies which decrease red blood cells or platelets. The CBC provides important information about overall health and detects a wide range of diseases.
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This document summarizes thalassemia, a hereditary blood disorder caused by reduced or absent production of hemoglobin A. It describes the main types (alpha and beta thalassemia), clinical features like anemia and jaundice, diagnostic testing, and management which includes lifelong blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy to prevent complications from iron overload. The most severe forms can be fatal without treatment while milder forms may cause few symptoms.
Soffacation (suicidal)
Suffocation is a general term used to indicate death due to lack of oxygen from either lack of oxygen in the breathable environment or obstruction of external air passages. Asphyxia is caused by lack of oxygen in respired air leading to hypoxaemia and hypercapnia. Smothering causes asphyxia through mechanical obstruction of the external airways (nose and mouth). Suicidal smothering often involves placing a plastic bag over the head in an attempt to cut off oxygen. Classic signs of asphyxia include petechial hemorrhages, cyanosis, congestion, and soft tissue swelling due to increased venous pressure and fluid leakage from blood vessels.
Road & railway injury (suicidal)
Road accidents typically cause gross musculoskeletal or organ damage, severe haemorrhaging, airway blockage from blood, or traumatic asphyxiation from chest crushing. Railway suicides often result in decapitation or extensive body disintegration from being struck by a fast-moving train. Toxicology screens should be performed to check for alcohol or drugs which may have contributed to suicidal behavior. Electrical injuries may also complicate cases where high-voltage train systems are involved.
Strangulation (Hanging)
Strangulation, hanging, suffocation, road/railway injuries, and electrocution are common methods of suicidal death. Strangulation causes asphyxia by compressing the neck and blocking blood flow and air passage to the brain. Hanging causes cerebral hypoxia by compressing the neck and jugular veins. Suffocation involves blocking external airways. Road/railway injuries typically cause severe trauma, hemorrhage or organ damage. Electrocution usually causes cardiac arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation leading to cardiac arrest. Autopsies look for neck furrows, petechiae, internal injuries or electrical marks depending on the method.
Retinitis pigmentosa (opthalmology)
Retinitis pigmentosa is a slow degenerative, hereditary disease of the retina that involves the rods and cones. It typically appears as a recessive trait due to consanguinity of the parents. Patients experience night blindness in childhood, tunnel vision or central visual loss in middle age, and complete blindness in advanced age. Physical examination shows black spots resembling bone corpuscles across the retina, extremely attenuated retinal blood vessels, and pale optic discs, indicating optic nerve atrophy. There is no specific treatment currently available, but cataract surgery and rehabilitation services can help manage complications.
Refrective error (opthalmology)
This document discusses refractive errors of the eye, including emmetropia, myopia, and hypermetropia. Emmetropia is the normal optical condition where light focuses on the retina. Myopia, or near-sightedness, occurs when light focuses in front of the retina. Symptoms include indistinct distant vision. Hypermetropia, or far-sightedness, is when light focuses behind the retina, causing blurred near vision and eye strain. Both conditions are typically corrected with spectacles, while myopia can also be treated through surgical procedures like LASIK in some cases.
Gradual loss of vision (opthalmology)
This document provides guidance on evaluating patients presenting with gradual loss of vision. It outlines taking a history to determine factors like onset, progression, associated symptoms and medical history. The physical exam involves assessing visual acuity, the red reflex, visual fields and optic nerve/macula. Common causes of gradual vision loss include glaucoma, refractive error, cataract, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve prescription lenses, medical management or referral for further evaluation.
Glaucoma (opthalmology)
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often caused by an increase in intraocular pressure. The aqueous humour maintains pressure in the eye and normally flows through the anterior chamber, draining out of the eye. In glaucoma, the drainage pathways become blocked, increasing pressure and damaging the optic nerve. There are several types of glaucoma including open-angle glaucoma, the most common type caused by slow drainage blockage, and closed-angle glaucoma caused by physical blockage of drainage canals. Treatment aims to lower pressure through eye drops or surgery and slow progression of vision loss.
Electrocution (suicidal)
ELECTROCUTION (suicidal)
- The most common cause of death from electrocution is cardiac arrhythmias leading to ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest. Less commonly, respiratory arrest can occur if the current passes through the thorax, causing spasms or paralysis of intercostal muscles and the diaphragm.
- External signs include an areola of blanched skin at the contact points and possible "crocodile skin" lesions from sparking over several centimeters if voltages were in the kilovolt range. Internal autopsy findings are often absent or non-specific since the most common mode of death is cardiac arrhythmia.
Diabetic retinopathy (opthalmology)
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus where changes occur in the retina. It is a leading cause of vision loss among working age adults in Malaysia. The risk of retinopathy rises with longer duration of diabetes and poor blood glucose control. Annual eye screening is recommended to detect early signs and plan treatment. Laser photocoagulation is commonly used to treat early stages while vitrectomy may be used for advanced proliferative cases with vitreous hemorrhage. Anti-VEGF drugs combined with laser can also treat diabetic macular edema.
Cataract (opthalmology)
Cataracts are a clouding of the lens of the eye that can cause gradual vision loss. They are usually caused by aging but can be caused by other factors like diabetes, smoking, or UV exposure. Cataracts are diagnosed based on a decrease in the red reflex seen during eye exams. They can be treated surgically through phacoemulsification to remove the clouded lens and replace it with an intraocular lens, improving vision. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease of the macula that causes central vision loss. Dry AMD involves drusen buildup while wet AMD has abnormal blood vessel growth. Treatments include vitamins for dry AMD and anti-VEGF injections or photod
Mechanism of swallowing
The document summarizes the three stages of swallowing (deglutition):
1) Buccal stage where the tongue retracts forcing the bolus into the oropharynx.
2) Pharyngeal stage is involuntary where the soft palate and larynx elevate to prevent food entering the nasal cavity and lungs. The bolus moves into the upper esophagus.
3) Esophageal stage where peristalsis propels the bolus through the esophagus and into the stomach over 8-20 seconds while the lower esophageal and stomach sphincters relax.
Lung cancer
PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB
BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS)
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
Lung cancer
The document describes a case of a 26-year-old man presenting with facial swelling, lumps in his armpits, chest pain for 3 months, and weight loss over 6 months. Examination found nail clubbing and a chest X-ray showed abnormalities. Biopsy and scans confirmed stage IV lung cancer. Nail clubbing is associated with lung diseases and cancers and results from vascular changes and growth factors from the lungs. Different types of biopsies are used to diagnose cancers including needle, endoscopic, and surgical biopsies. The anatomy of the chest is also described including structures like the ribs, sternum, and thoracic skeleton that make up the rib cage.
ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME
Mr. Lim, a 47-year-old man, presented with abdominal pain and diarrhea. Endoscopy revealed a duodenal ulcer and CT scan showed a 3cm pancreatic head mass suspected to be a gastrinoma. Laboratory tests found highly elevated gastrin and basal gastric acid levels consistent with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Further tests demonstrated increased gastrin response to secretin stimulation, confirming a gastrin-secreting pancreatic tumor as the cause of his symptoms. Complications of ZES include peptic ulcers, diarrhea from excess acid inactivating pancreatic enzymes, and potential malignant spread of gastrinomas. Omeprazole was prescribed to reduce gastric acid levels and treat his
Acute Pancreatitis
PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB
BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS)
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
Hepatitis C virus
PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB
BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS)
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
TREATMENT OF ACUTE CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY
PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB
BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS)
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
Circulatory shock
PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB
BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS)
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
ANATOMY OF KNEE JOINT
PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB
BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS)
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
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- 3. • The complete blood count (CBC) is often used as a broad screening test to determine an individual's general health status. It can be used to: • Screen for a wide range of conditions and diseases • Help diagnose various conditions, such as anemia, infection, inflammation, bleeding disorder or leukemia, to name just a few • Monitor the condition and/or effectiveness of treatment after a diagnosis is established • Monitor treatment that is known to affect blood cells, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy
- 4. TEST FULL NAME LOW VALUE HIGH VALUE WBC White cell blood count Known as leukopenia Bone marrow disorders or damage Autoimmune conditions Severe infections (sepsis) Lymphoma or other cancer that spread to the bone marrow Diseases of immune system (e.g.,HIV) Known as leukocytosis Infection, most commonly bacterialor viral Inflammation Leukemia, myeloproliferative disorders Allergies, asthma Tissue death (trauma, burns, heart attack) The normal white blood cell count : 4.0-10.0 x 109/L.
- 5. TEST FULL NAME LOW VALUE HIGH VALUE RBC Red blood cell count Known as anemia Acute or chronic bleeding RBC destruction (e.g., hemolytic anemia, etc.) Nutritional deficiency (e.g., iron deficiency, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency) Bone marrow disorders or damage Chronic inflammatory disease Known as polycythemia Dehydration Lung (pulmonary) disease Kidney or other tumor that produces excess erythropoietin Smoking Genetic causes (altered oxygen sensing, abnormality in hemoglobin oxygen release) The normal red blood cell count: adult males is 4.5-5.5 x 1012/L adult female is3.8-4.8 x 1012/L
- 6. TEST FULL NAME LOW VALUE HIGH VALUE PLT Platelet count Known as thrombocytopenia: Viral infection (mononucleosis, measles, hepatitis) Rocky mountain spotted fever Platelet autoantibody Drugs (acetaminophen, quinidine, sulfa drugs) Cirrhosis Autoimmune disorders Know as thrombocytosis: Cancer (lung, gastrointestinal,breast, ovari an, lymphoma) Rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus Iron deficiency anemia Hemolytic anemia platelet count for adults : 150-400 x 109/L.
- 7. TEST FULL NAME LOW VALUE HIGH VALUE MCV Means corpuscular vloume It is average volume of single RBC expressed in cubic micron Indicates RBCs are smaller than normal (microcytic); caused by iron deficiency anemia or thalassemias, for example. Indicates RBCs are larger than normal (macrocytic), for example in anemia caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency MCV: 80 to 95 femtoliter
- 8. TEST FULL NAME LOW VALUE HIGH VALUE MCH Mean corpuscular heamoglobin It is average amount of Hb in single RBC express in picogram Mirrors MCV results; small red cells would have a lower value. Mirrors MCV results; macrocytic RBCs are large so tend to have a higher MCH. MCH: 27 to 31 pg/cell
- 9. TEST FULL NAME LOW VALUE HIGH VALUE MCHC mean corpuscular Hb concentration May be low when MCV is low; decreased MCHC values (hypochromia) are seen in conditions such as iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia. Increased MCHC values (hyperchromia) are seen in conditions where the hemoglobin is more concentrated inside the red cells, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, in burn patients, and hereditary spherocytosis, a rare congenital disorder. MCHC: 32 to 36 gm/dL