Megaloblastic anaemia is a type of anaemia characterized by the formation of unusually large, abnormal and immature red blood cells called as megaloblasts by the bone marrow, which are released into the blood. To know more visit here: www.lazoi.com
A presentation made by Dr Gauhar Mahmood Azeem on the interpretations of a simple CBC and the information it can give us, Various conditions which may cause derangement are mentioned,
Megaloblastic anaemia is a red blood cell disorder due to the inhibition of DNA synthesis during erythropioesis.
Mitotically, the inhibition of the DNA synthesis impaires the progression of the cell cycle development from G2 to (M) stage.
Megaloblastic anaemia is a type of anaemia characterized by the formation of unusually large, abnormal and immature red blood cells called as megaloblasts by the bone marrow, which are released into the blood. To know more visit here: www.lazoi.com
A presentation made by Dr Gauhar Mahmood Azeem on the interpretations of a simple CBC and the information it can give us, Various conditions which may cause derangement are mentioned,
Megaloblastic anaemia is a red blood cell disorder due to the inhibition of DNA synthesis during erythropioesis.
Mitotically, the inhibition of the DNA synthesis impaires the progression of the cell cycle development from G2 to (M) stage.
Heart failure (HF) is a common cardiovascular condition with increasing incidence and prevalence. Unlike western countries where heart failure is predominantly a disease of elderly, in India it affects younger age group. Heart failure is a chronic condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to support other organs in your body.
Hypertension is defined as persistently elevated arterial blood pressure (BP).
JNC7 Guidelines: Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
JNC7 is the national clinical guideline that was developed to aid clinicians in the management of hypertension.
Anemia Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diet, and Treatment Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/0gv9ijneu7hf
Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells and binds oxygen. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen.
Heart failure (HF) is a common cardiovascular condition with increasing incidence and prevalence. Unlike western countries where heart failure is predominantly a disease of elderly, in India it affects younger age group. Heart failure is a chronic condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to support other organs in your body.
Hypertension is defined as persistently elevated arterial blood pressure (BP).
JNC7 Guidelines: Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
JNC7 is the national clinical guideline that was developed to aid clinicians in the management of hypertension.
Anemia Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diet, and Treatment Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/0gv9ijneu7hf
Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells and binds oxygen. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen.
This presentation covers on complete blood cells count and it's differentials. Starting with RBC count, WBC count and Platelets interpretation as a whole.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. • Cellular Components of blood derived from pluripotent
stem cells in bone marrow.
• Bone marrow is a hematopoietic and reticuloendothelial
organ, normally produces-
▫ 200 billions RBCs
▫ 1 billion granulocytes daily
As reticuloendothelial organ, involved in processing
antigens, cellular immune reactions, antibody synthesis,
recognition and removal of expired and abnormal cells.
Physiology of Blood Cells & Bone
Marrow
3. • Cell differentiation is differentiation of pluripotent stem
cells into any cell line (red blood cells [RBCs], white
blood cells [WBCs], and platelets) takes place in bone
marrow.
• Hence, hematopoietic system consists of three primary
cell components:
▫ Leukocytes, Platelets, and Erythrocytes.
4. • Leukocytes encompasses a functionally diverse group of
cells that includes
▫ Neutrophils,Eosinophils, Basophils,
Monocytes/Macrophages, Lymphocytes, and Plasma
cells.
• Platelets (thrombocytes) interact to facilitate blood
coagulation.
▫ provision of a specific receptor site for clotting factors, as
well as the necessary phospholipid surface for conversion
of prothrombin to thrombin, and protection of thrombin
from antithrombin.
▫ localization of the thrombus
5. • Reticulocyte is the final cell form that precedes
development of mature RBC or erythrocyte.
• During maturation, Hgb is produced and
incorporated into the cell.
• Present in the circulation for 1-2 days before
maturation
• Mature erythrocytes have a 120-day life span.
6. Introduction
Complete blood count (CBC) or Complete Blood
Examination (CBE) is routinely ordered test
Provides useful information on cellular and non-
cellular elements of blood
Helps in diagnosis of multiple haematological
disorders
7. Routine tests
RBC count
WBC count
Platelet count
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
Hematocrit (Hct)
RBC indices (specifically assess RBCs)
Mean cell volume (MCV)
Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)
Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Reticulocyte Count
RDW
MPV
ESR
8. TOTAL RBC COUNT
• Actual count of red corpuscles in a given amount of blood
(cubic millimeter or liter).The RBC count is interpreted in
conjunction with red cell indices, haemoglobin and
haematocrit.
Normal Range-
Male: 4.6 to 6.2 x106 cells /mm3
Female: 4.2 to 5.4 x106 cells /mm3
9. • Increased in
Certain myeloproliferative neoplasms (example
polycythemia vera ),
severe dehydration ,RBC counts may be
appropriately decreased or increased in certain
physiological states.
• Decreased in
Various types of anemia
10. TOTAL LEUCOCYTE COUNT
• Number of leukocytes in a given amount of
blood. Describe and classify the white cell components
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils,
basophils
• Normal Range
4.3-10.3 x 10³ cells/ mm³
11. Increased in
• Monocytes: If a person has high levels of monocytes, it may
indicate the presence of chronic infection, an autoimmune or
blood disorder, cancer, or other medical conditions.
• Lymphocytes: If there is an elevation in the level of
lymphocytes, the condition is known as lymphocytic
leukocytosis. This may occur as a result of a virus, or an
infection such as tuberculosis. It may also be linked to
specific lymphomas and leukemias.
• Neutrophils: If a person has heightened levels of neutrophils in
their body, the disorder is known as neutrophilic leukocytosis.
This condition is a normal physical response to an event, such as
infection, injury, inflammation, some medications, and certain
types of leukemia.
12. • Basophils: Increased levels of basophils may occur
in people with a history of underactive thyroid
disease, known as hypothyroidism, or in certain other
medical conditions.
• Eosinophils: If a person registers high levels of
eosinophils, the body may be reacting to a parasitic or
other infection, allergen, or asthma.
13. Decreased in
• Viral infections that temporarily disrupt the work of
bone marrow
• Certain disorders present at birth (congenital) that
involve diminished bone marrow function
• Canceror other diseases that damage bone marrow
• Autoimmune disorders that destroy white blood cells
or bone marrow cells
• Severe infections that use up white blood cells faster
than they can be produced
• Medications, such as antibiotics, that destroy white
blood cells
• Sarcoidosis (collections of inflammatory cells in the
body)
14. HEMOGLOBIN (Hb)
Hemoglobin is the respiratory protein of RBCs, consisting of
3.8 % heme and 96.2 % globin.
Hb amount in he given volume(100ml or 1 liter) of whole
blood. Provides a direct indication of the oxygen-transport
capacity of the blood.
Normal Range
Male: 14 to 18g/dl
Female: 12 to 16g/dl
15. Decreased in
Hb is educed in all anemias , in most cases as a
consequence of another underlying disease or a
deficiency (iron , folate, vitamin B12 )
Increased in
Hb is higher as a physiologic response to high altitude
due to low oxygen tension or in advanced lung or
cardiac disease
Certain meloproliferative neoplasms (example
polycythemia vera )
16. PLATELET COUNTS
• They are small discoid blood corpuscles, the primary link in
achieving hemostasis.
• Normal Range
150-450 x 1000 cells /mm³
Increased in
Clonal bone marrow disorders such as myeloproliferative
neoplasms
Reactive: after acute haemorrhage, in malignancies ( about
50 % of patients with ‘ unexpected’ thrombocytosis are
found to have a malignancy), after splenectomy, severe
trauma, infections, chronic inflammatory disorders, drug
reactions, and many miscellaneous conditions
17. Decreased in
Immune destruction such as in ITP, reaction to certain drugs,
aplastic anemia, leukemias, lymphoproliferative diseases,
hypersplenism,DIC, or TTP/HUS and with extracorporeal
circulation
Following chemotherapy, post-transfusion thrombocytopenia
Numerous congenital conditions which may be associated
with low platelet counts.
18. HEMATOCRIT (HCT) / PACKED CELL
VOLUME (PCV):
It is the percentage volume of blood that is composed of
erythrocytes.
Hct is usually about 3 times the value of Hgb.
Normal Range:
Male: 42 to 52 %
Female: 37 to 47%
Abnormalities in Hct levels parallel those for Hb.
19. Decreased in
Hb is educed in all anemias , in most cases as a
consequence of another underlying disease or a
deficiency (iron , folate, vitamin B12 )
Increased in
Hb is higher as a physiologic response to high altitude
due to low oxygen tension or in advanced lung or
cardiac disease
Certain meloproliferative neoplasms (example
polycythemia vera )
20. RBCs Indices
• They are part of the complete blood count (CBC) test that
provide information about the hemoglobin content and
size of red blood. They are used in diagnosis of anemia
and it’s causes.
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): is the average size of
a red blood cell and is calculated by dividing the
hematocrit (Hct) by the red blood cell count.
• MCV = Hct / RBC
▫ Normal range: (78-98) fL (femto- is 10-15)
▫ Normal MCV = normocytic anemia
▫ Decreased MCV = microcytic anemia
▫ Increased MCV = macrocytic anemia
21. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): is the average amount of
hemoglobin (Hb) per red blood cell and is calculated by dividing the
hemoglobin by the red blood cell count.
• MCH = Hb / RBC
• Normal range: 27-32 pg/cell (pico- is 10-12)
• MCH levels over 34 pg are generally considered abnormally high.
The most common reason for high MCH is macrocytic anemia,
which is a blood disorder in which the body fails to produce enough
red blood cells
• MCH levels below 26 pg are considered abnormally low. Common
causes of Low MCH results include blood loss, iron deficiency and
microcytic anemia, which is a condition in which red blood cells are
abnormally small, carrying less hemoglobin
22. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC): is the average concentration of hemoglobin
per Packed red blood cells and is calculated by dividing the hemoglobin by the hematocrit.
• MCHC = Hb / Hct
• Normal range: 30-35 g/dL (deci is 10-1)
• Generally, if the MCHC level is over 36%, this is considered to be too high. One reason that the
MCHC level would be too high is because of spherocytosis.
• Spherocytosis is the presence of spherocytes in the blood. Spherocytes are types of red blood
cells that contain an abnormally high amount of hemoglobin.
• If the hemoglobin is not stable, this can also cause the MCHC level to be too high.
• If the MCHC level is below 28%, this is considered too low. The MCHC level can be too low
because of blood loss over time, too little iron in the body, or hypochromic anemia.
• Hypochromic anemia is a condition in which the red blood cells have a decreased amount of
hemoglobin
23. RDW
• The red cell distribution width (RDW) blood test
measures the amount of red blood cell variat.
• A normal range for red cell distribution width is
11.9 to 15.5 percent in adult females and 11.8 to
15.6 percent in adult males. If you score outside
this range, you could have a nutrient deficiency,
infection, or other disorder. However, even at
normal RDW levels, you may still have a medical
condition.
24. MPV
• One of the tests run during a CBC is a mean platelet volume (MPV)
test. An MPV test measures the average size of your platelets. It's
closely related to a platelet count test, which measures the number
of platelets in your blood.
• The normal result for MPV for MPV is 7.5-11.5fL for Unisex gender
and for All age groups
• A high MPV means that your platelets are larger than average. This
is sometimes a sign that you're producing too many platelets.
• Platelets are produced in the bone marrow and released into the
bloodstream. Larger platelets are usually young and more recently
released from the bone marrow. Smaller platelets are more likely to
have been in circulation for a few days.
• low MPV means your platelets are smaller than average. Smaller
platelets tend to be older, so a low MPV could mean your bone
marrow isn't producing enough new ones. Again, a low MPV on its
own doesn't mean anything.ve been in circulation for a few days.
25. ESR
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or sed rate) is a test that indirectly measures the
degree of inflammation present in the body. The test actually measures the rate of fall
(sedimentation) of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in a sample of blood
• The normal range is 0-22 mm/hr for men and 0-29 mm/hr for women
• There are multiple causes of a high ESR test result. Some common conditions
associated with high rates include:
• anemia
• kidney disease
• lymphoma
• multiple myeloma
• old age
• pregnancy
• A low ESR test result may be due to:
• congestive heart failure
• hypofibrinogenemia
• leukocytosis
• low plasma protein
• polycythemia
• sickle cell anemia
26. RETICULOCYTE
• Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells.,It’s also known as a retic count, corrected reticulocyte
count, or reticulocyte index
• A reticulocyte count can help if your bone marrow is producing enough red blood cells.
• . The reference range, or healthy range, of the reticulocyte percentage in adults is 0.5 percent to 1.5
percent.
• High reticulocyte levels could be a sign of:
acute bleeding,chronic blood loss,hemolytic anemia ,erythroblastosis fetalis, also called hemolytic
disease in a newborn, a potentially fatal blood disorder that affects some fetuses and newborns
• kidney disease
• Low reticulocyte levels could indicate:
• iron deficiency anemia
• aplastic anemia
• folic acid deficiency
• vitamin B-12 deficiency
• bone marrow failure caused by drug toxicity, infection, or cancer
• kidney disease
• cirrhosis
• side effects from radiation therapy