Leukemia is a cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It causes the body to overproduce immature white blood cells that do not function properly. There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The document discusses the definition, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment approaches which may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy and stem cell transplant, and management of the different types of leukemia.
This PPT covers pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia which includes causes of thrombocytopenia, symptoms of thrombocytopenia and diagnosis of thrombocytopenia
It is a malignant disease of a blood forming organs. The common feature of leukemia is an unregulated proliferation of white blood cells (WBCs) in the bone marrow.
This PPT covers pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia which includes causes of thrombocytopenia, symptoms of thrombocytopenia and diagnosis of thrombocytopenia
It is a malignant disease of a blood forming organs. The common feature of leukemia is an unregulated proliferation of white blood cells (WBCs) in the bone marrow.
DEFINITION
• Myxedema coma is a rare life-threatening condition.It is the decompensated state of severe hypothyroidism in whichthe patient is hypothermic and unconscious.The condition occurs most often among elderly women in the winter months and appears to be precipitated by cold.
• Myxedema coma, occasionally called myxedema crisis, is a rare life- threatening clinical condition that represents severe hypothyroidism with physiological decompensation. The condition usually occurs in patients with long-standing, undiagnosed hypothyroidism and is usually precipitated by infection, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, trauma, or drug therapy.
• Myxedema is also used to describe the dermatologic changes that occur in hypothyroidism which refers to deposition of mucopolysaccharides in the dermis, which results in swelling of the affected area.
Bleeding Disorders: Causes, Types, and Diagnosis Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/wxvqfbo7ywqu
A bleeding disorder is a condition that affects the way your blood normally clots. The clotting process, also known as coagulation, changes blood from a liquid to a solid. When you’re injured, your blood normally begins to clot to prevent a massive loss of blood. Sometimes, certain conditions prevent blood from clotting properly, which can result in heavy or prolonged bleeding.
Bleeding disorders can cause abnormal bleeding both outside and inside the body. Some disorders can drastically increase the amount of blood leaving your body. Others cause bleeding to occur under the skin or in vital organs, such as the brain.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy is a serious disease which needs awareness among health personnel as well as common people. this presentation helps them to understand about DIC & its management.
THROMBOCYTOPENIA is decreased platelet count we call it thrombocytopenias. causes of this are called an infection, cancer condition, some type of the drugs like heparin, etc. signs and symptoms of the is bleeding tendency patiche, purpuraetc/ the management of this is plasma transfusion admin situation of some of the drug immunotherapy is helpful for this condition. surgery splenectomy.
The terms leukopenia and neutropenia are often used interchangeably. However, they refer to slightly different conditions. Leukopenia is an umbrella term that refers to a reducation in any of the white blood cell types.
Neutropenia is a type of leukopenia but refers specifically to a decrease in neutrophils, the most common type of white blood cell. A person’s neutrophil count is an important indicator of their infection risk.
This would give an idea of the various bleeding disorders, associated clotting factors and more specifically management in the dental office of the patients with bleeding disorders
DEFINITION
• Myxedema coma is a rare life-threatening condition.It is the decompensated state of severe hypothyroidism in whichthe patient is hypothermic and unconscious.The condition occurs most often among elderly women in the winter months and appears to be precipitated by cold.
• Myxedema coma, occasionally called myxedema crisis, is a rare life- threatening clinical condition that represents severe hypothyroidism with physiological decompensation. The condition usually occurs in patients with long-standing, undiagnosed hypothyroidism and is usually precipitated by infection, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, trauma, or drug therapy.
• Myxedema is also used to describe the dermatologic changes that occur in hypothyroidism which refers to deposition of mucopolysaccharides in the dermis, which results in swelling of the affected area.
Bleeding Disorders: Causes, Types, and Diagnosis Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/wxvqfbo7ywqu
A bleeding disorder is a condition that affects the way your blood normally clots. The clotting process, also known as coagulation, changes blood from a liquid to a solid. When you’re injured, your blood normally begins to clot to prevent a massive loss of blood. Sometimes, certain conditions prevent blood from clotting properly, which can result in heavy or prolonged bleeding.
Bleeding disorders can cause abnormal bleeding both outside and inside the body. Some disorders can drastically increase the amount of blood leaving your body. Others cause bleeding to occur under the skin or in vital organs, such as the brain.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy is a serious disease which needs awareness among health personnel as well as common people. this presentation helps them to understand about DIC & its management.
THROMBOCYTOPENIA is decreased platelet count we call it thrombocytopenias. causes of this are called an infection, cancer condition, some type of the drugs like heparin, etc. signs and symptoms of the is bleeding tendency patiche, purpuraetc/ the management of this is plasma transfusion admin situation of some of the drug immunotherapy is helpful for this condition. surgery splenectomy.
The terms leukopenia and neutropenia are often used interchangeably. However, they refer to slightly different conditions. Leukopenia is an umbrella term that refers to a reducation in any of the white blood cell types.
Neutropenia is a type of leukopenia but refers specifically to a decrease in neutrophils, the most common type of white blood cell. A person’s neutrophil count is an important indicator of their infection risk.
This would give an idea of the various bleeding disorders, associated clotting factors and more specifically management in the dental office of the patients with bleeding disorders
Cancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases. In all types of cancer, some of the body's cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissue.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. Definition
It is a group of malignant
disorder, affecting the blood and
blood –forming tissue of the bone
marrow lymph system and spleen.
3. The word Leukemia comes from
the Greek leukos which means
"white" and aima which means
"blood".
4. The stem cells are committed to
produce specific types of blood
cells. Lymphoid stem cells produce
either T or B lymphocytes.
Myeloid stem cells differentiate
into three broad cell types:
RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
5.
6. Function of the bone marrow
The bone marrow is found in the inside of
bones. The marrow in the large bones of
adults produces blood cells. Approximately
4% of our total bodyweight consists of bone
marrow.
There are two types of bone marrow:
1. Red marrow, made up mainly of myeloid
tissue.
2. Yellow marrow, made up mostly of fat
cells.
7. Red marrow can be found in the flat
bones, such as the breast
bone, skull, vertebrae, shoulder
blades, hip bone and ribs. Red marrow
can also be found at the ends of long
bones, such as the humerus and femur.
8. White blood cells (lymphocytes), red blood
cells and platelets are produced in the red
marrow. Red blood cells carry oxygen, white
blood cells fight diseases. Platelets are
essential for blood clotting.
Yellow marrow can be found in the inside of
the middle section of long bones.
9. White blood cells, which help to body fight
infection.
Red blood cells, which carry oxygen to all
parts of the body.
Platelets, which help in blood clot.
If a person loses a lot of blood the body can
convert yellow marrow to red marrow in
order to raise blood cell production.
10. Leukemia
Definition
It is a group of malignant
disorder, affecting the blood and blood
–forming tissue of the bone marrow
lymph system and spleen.
11. etiology
Combination of predisposing factors
including genetic and environmental
influences.
Chronic exposure to chemical such as
benzene
Radiation exposure.
Cytotoxic therapy of breast, lung and
testicular cancer.
12. Congenital anomaly
The presence of primary
immunodeficiency and infection
with the human T –cell leukemia
virus type-1
14. The lack of control causes –
nomal bone marrow to be replaced by
immature and undifferentiated
leukocytes or blat cells . –
abnormal immature leukocytes then
circulates in the blood and infiltrate
the blood forming organs ( liver
, spleen, lymph nodes) and other sites
throughout the body.
15. Different types of leukemia
It may be acute or chronic. Acute
leukemia gets worse very fast and
may make feel sick right away.
Chronic leukemia gets worse slowly
and may not cause symptoms for
years.
16. Lymphocytic and Myelogenous
Leukemias are also subdivided into
the type of affected blood cell. If
the cancerous transformation
occurs in the type of marrow that
makes lymphocytes, the disease is
called lymphocytic leukemia.
17. If the cancerous change occurs in the
type of marrow cells that produce red
blood cells, other types of white
cells, and platelets, the disease is
called myelogenous leukemia
21. INCIDENCE—
In adults, chronic lymphocytic leukemia
(CLL) and acute myelogenous leukemia
(AML) are the most common leukemias.
In children, the most common leukemia is
acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
Childhood leukemias also include acute
myelogenous leukemia (AML) and other
myeloid leukemias, such as chronic
myelogenous leukemia (CML) and juvenile
myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML).
22. Relate to problems caused by
Bone marrow failure
Overcrowding by abnormal cells
Inadequate production of normal
marrow elements
Anemia, thrombocytopenia, ↓ number
and function of WBCs
23. Relate to problems caused by
Leukemic cells infiltrate
patient’s organs
Splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly
Lymphadenopathy
Bone pain, meningeal
irritation, oral lesions
(chloromas)
24. Classification of leukaemia
1. 1. Acute lymphatic leukaemia (ALL)
Usually occurs before 14 years of age peak
incidence is between 2-9 years of age, older adult
Pathophysiology
It arising from a single lymphoid stem cell, with
impaired maturation and accumulation of the
malignant cells in the bone marrow.
26. Generalized lymphadenopathy
Infection of respiratory tract
Anaemia and bleeding of mucus
membrane
Weight lossa
Mouth sore
27. Acute lymphatic leukaemia Cont.
Diagnosis
Low RBCs count, Hb, Hct, low platelet count , low
normal or high WBC count.
Blood smear show immature lymph blasts.
Treatment
Chemotherapeutic agent, it involve three phases
1. Induction: Using vincristine and prednisone.
2. Consolidation: Using modified course of
intensive therapy to eradicate any remaining.
3. Maintenance
28. Acute lymphatic leukaemia Cont.
Treatment Cont.
Prophylactic treatment of the CNS
, intrathecal administration and /or
craniospinal radiation with eradicate
leukemic cells.
Eat diet that contains high in
protein, fibres and fluids.
29. Acute lymphatic leukaemia Cont.
Treatment Cont.
Avoid infection (hand washing, avoid
crowds),injury
Take measure to decrease nausea and to
promote appetite, smoking and spicy
and hot foods.
Maintain oral hygiene.
31. Acute Myelogenous Leukaemia
(AML)
It occurs at any age but occurs most often at
adolescence and after age of 55
Pathophysiology
Characterized by the development of immature
myeloblasts in the bone marrow.
Clinical manifestation
Similar to ALL plus sternal tenderness.
Management
Diagnosis
Low RBC, Hb, Hct, low platelet count, low to high
WBC count with myeloblasts.
32. Acute Myelogenous Leukaemia (AML) Cont.
Treatment
Use of cytarabine, 6-thioquanine, and
doxorubic
The same care of client as All, plus give
adequate amounts of fluids(2000 to 3000
ml per day.)
Instruct client about
medication, effects, side effects and nursing
measures
34. Chronic lymphocytic Leukaemia
(CLL)
The incidence of CLl increases with age and is rare
under the age of 35.It is common in men.
Pathophysiology
It is characterized by proliferation of
small, abnormal , mature B lymphocytes, often
leading to decreased synthesis of immunoglobulin
and depressed antibody response.
The number of mature lymphocytes in peripheral
blood smear and bone marrow are greatly
increased
35. Chronic lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL) Cont
Clinical Manifestation
Usually there is no symptoms.
Chronic fatigue , weakness , anorexia, splenomegaly
, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly.
Signs and Symptoms
Pruritic vesicular skin lesions .
Anaemia
Thrombocytopenia.
The WBC count is elevated to a level between
20,000 to 100,000.
Increase blood viscosity and clotting episode.
36. Chronic lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL) Cont
Management
I. Persons are treated only when symptoms, particular
anaemia , thrombocytopenia , enlarged lymph
nodes and spleen appear.
I. Chemotherapy agents such as chlorambucil , and
the glucocorticoids.
I. Client and family education is that describe for
AML.
39. Occurs between 25-60 years of age. Peak 45
year
It is caused by benzene exposure and high
doses of radiation.
Clinical Manifestation
There is no symptoms in disease. The classic
symptoms, include:
Fatigue, weakness, fever.
Weight loss, joint & bone pain.
40. Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia(CML) Cont.
Clinical Manifestation Cont.
Massive splenomegaly
The accelerated phase of disease(blostic
phase) is characterized by increasing
number of granulocytes in the peripheral
blood.
There is a corresponding anaemia and
thrombocytopenia.
41. Chronic Myelogenous
Leukaemia(CML) Cont.
Diagnosis
Lower RBC count, Hb, Hct, high platelet
count early, lower count later.
Normal number of lymphocytes and normal
or low number of monocytes in WBC .
Treatment
The commonly drugs are hydroxyurea and
busulfan (monitor of WBC count needed
with therapy).
42. The only potential curative therapy of CML is
the bone marrow transplant.
Nursing Intervention
Taking measures to prevent infection.
Promoting safety.
Providing oral hygiene.
Preventing fatigue.
Promoting effective coping.
Client and family education.
45. The choice of treatment depends
mainly on the following:
The type of leukemia (acute or chronic)
Age
Whether leukemia cells were found in
cerebrospinal fluid
46. WATCHFUL WAITING
chronic leukemia without
symptoms, may not need cancer
treatment right away.
Watch for health closely so that
treatment can start when it begin to
have symptoms.
Not getting cancer treatment right
away is called watchful waiting.
47. chemotherapy
People with acute leukemia need to be
treated right away.
The goal of treatment is to destroy
signs of leukemia in the body and make
symptoms go away. This is called a
remission.
After people go into remission, more
therapy may be given to prevent a
relapse.
48. The 3 phases of treatment
protocols are;
Induction phase; the usual
criteria for complete remission are
5% of the bone marrow cells and
normal peripheral blood counts.
Once remission completes the
consolidation phase begins.
49. Consolidation phase; modified
course of intensive chemotherapy are
given to eradicate any remaining
disease. Usually a higher dose of 1 or
more chemotherapeutic agents are
administered.
50. Maintainance phase; small dose of
different combination of
chemotheraptic agents are given every
3 to 4 weeks. This phase may continue
for a year or longer and is structured to
allow the client to live as normal life as
possible
51. Targeted therapy
This affects only tumor cells and spare
normal cells. hence decreasing the
associated toxicities. Gemtuzumab
ozofamicin (mylotarg) is an anti
D33nmonoclonal antibody linked to
calicheamicin, which is potent
cytotoxic agent.
52. STEM CELL TRANSPLANT
Goal;
Totally eliminate leukemic cells from the body
using combinations of chemotherapy with or
without total body irradiation
Eradicates patient’s hematopoietic stem cells
Replaced with those of an HLA-matched
(Human Leukocyte Antigen)
53. Sibling (is a brother or a sister; that
is, any person who shares at least one of
the same parents )
Volunteer
Identical twin
Patient’s own stem cells removed
before
54. TYPES OF STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION
1. Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant
stem cells are taken from a matching donor.
To determine if a donor’s stem cells are the
right match, the patient undergoes a
human leukocyte antigens (HLA) test.
Through this test, we compare the patient’s
blood and tissue type against blood
samples from the donor.
55. Donors may include:
HLA-matched relative (most often a sibling)
HLA-matched unrelated donor
HLA miss-matched family member
Unrelated umbilical cord blood
56. 2. Autologous Stem Cell Transplant
In this type of transplant, stem cells are
collected from the patient themselves. The
stem cells are then harvested, frozen and
stored, and then given back to the patient.
This type of transplant is rare for leukemia
patients and is typically used in select cases
of AML.
57. Nutrition and Physical Activity
It's important for you to take care of eating
well and staying as active.
right amount of calories to maintain a good
weight. enough protein. Eating well may
help to feel better and have more energy.
60. Nursing diagnosis
1. Impaired oral mucous membrane related to
low platelet counts or effect of pathologic
conditions and treatment.
2. Ineffective therapeutic management related
to lack of knowledge of disease process, activity
and medication.
3. imbalanced nutrition less than body
requirement reated to anorexia , pain and
fatigue.
4. risk for injury related to low platelet counts
and treatment
61. Overall goals
Understand and cooperate with the
treatment plan
Experience minimal side effects and
complications of disease and treatment
Feel hopeful and supported during the
periods of treatment, relapse, and
remission
Many physical and psychological needs
Evokes great fear