This document provides information about leukemia, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Leukemia is a cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It is defined as a group of malignant disorders affecting the blood and blood-forming tissues. There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia is diagnosed based on blood tests showing low blood cell counts and the presence of immature white blood cells. Treatment depends on the type of leukemia and involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy or stem cell transplant.
Get the facts on Leukemia (cancer of bone marrow and blood), symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment approach, best hospitals in India treating blood cancer and introducing free guidance to patients by experienced patient advisors.
Get the facts on Leukemia (cancer of bone marrow and blood), symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment approach, best hospitals in India treating blood cancer and introducing free guidance to patients by experienced patient advisors.
Blood cancers, or hematologic cancers, affect the production and function of blood cells. Most of these cancers start in the bone marrow where blood is produced.
Austin Leukemia is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Leukemia.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all areas of Leukemia. Austin Leukemia accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of Leukemia.
Austin Leukemia strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Blood cancers, or hematologic cancers, affect the production and function of blood cells. Most of these cancers start in the bone marrow where blood is produced.
Austin Leukemia is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Leukemia.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all areas of Leukemia. Austin Leukemia accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of Leukemia.
Austin Leukemia strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Cancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases. In all types of cancer, some of the body's cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissue.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. Definition
It is a group of malignant disorder,
affecting the blood and blood –
forming tissue of the bone marrow
lymph system and spleen.
3. The word Leukemia comes from
the Greek leukos which means
"white" and aima which means
"blood".
4. The stem cells are committed to
produce specific types of blood
cells. Lymphoid stem cells produce
either T or B lymphocytes.
Myeloid stem cells differentiate
into three broad cell types: RBCs,
WBCs, and platelets.
5.
6. Function of the bone marrow
The bone marrow is found in the inside of
bones. The marrow in the large bones of
adults produces blood cells. Approximately
4% of our total bodyweight consists of bone
marrow.
There are two types of bone marrow:
1. Red marrow, made up mainly of myeloid
tissue.
2. Yellow marrow, made up mostly of fat
cells.
7. Red marrow can be found in the flat
bones, such as the breast bone, skull,
vertebrae, shoulder blades, hip bone
and ribs. Red marrow can also be found
at the ends of long bones, such as the
humerus and femur.
8. White blood cells (lymphocytes), red blood
cells and platelets are produced in the red
marrow. Red blood cells carry oxygen, white
blood cells fight diseases. Platelets are
essential for blood clotting.
Yellow marrow can be found in the inside of
the middle section of long bones.
9. White blood cells, which help to body fight
infection.
Red blood cells, which carry oxygen to all
parts of the body.
Platelets, which help in blood clot.
If a person loses a lot of blood the body can
convert yellow marrow to red marrow in
order to raise blood cell production.
10. Leukemia
Definition
It is a group of malignant disorder,
affecting the blood and blood –
forming tissue of the bone marrow
lymph system and spleen.
11. etiology
Combination of predisposing factors
including genetic and environmental
influences.
Chronic exposure to chemical such as
benzene
Radiation exposure.
Cytotoxic therapy of breast, lung and
testicular cancer.
12. Congenital anomaly
The presence of primary
immunodeficiency and infection
with the human T –cell leukemia
virus type-1
14. The lack of control causes –
nomal bone marrow to be replaced by
immature and undifferentiated
leukocytes or blat cells . –
abnormal immature leukocytes then
circulates in the blood and infiltrate
the blood forming organs ( liver ,
spleen, lymph nodes) and other sites
throughout the body.
15. Different types of leukemia
It may be acute or chronic. Acute
leukemia gets worse very fast and
may make feel sick right away.
Chronic leukemia gets worse slowly
and may not cause symptoms for
years.
16. Lymphocytic and Myelogenous
Leukemias are also subdivided into
the type of affected blood cell. If
the cancerous transformation
occurs in the type of marrow that
makes lymphocytes, the disease is
called lymphocytic leukemia.
17. If the cancerous change occurs in the
type of marrow cells that produce red
blood cells, other types of white cells,
and platelets, the disease is
called myelogenous leukemia
21. INCIDENCE—
In adults, chronic lymphocytic leukemia
(CLL) and acute myelogenous leukemia
(AML) are the most common leukemias.
In children, the most common leukemia is
acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
Childhood leukemias also include acute
myelogenous leukemia (AML) and other
myeloid leukemias, such as chronic
myelogenous leukemia (CML) and juvenile
myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML).
22. Relate to problems caused by
Bone marrow failure
Overcrowding by abnormal cells
Inadequate production of normal
marrow elements
Anemia, thrombocytopenia, ↓ number
and function of WBCs
23. Relate to problems caused by
Leukemic cells infiltrate
patient’s organs
Splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly
Lymphadenopathy
Bone pain, meningeal
irritation, oral lesions
(chloromas)
24. Classification of leukaemia
1. 1. Acute lymphatic leukaemia (ALL)
Usually occurs before 14 years of age peak
incidence is between 2-9 years of age, older adult
Pathophysiology
It arising from a single lymphoid stem cell, with
impaired maturation and accumulation of the
malignant cells in the bone marrow.
26. Generalized lymphadenopathy
Infection of respiratory tract
Anaemia and bleeding of mucus
membrane
Weight lossa
Mouth sore
27. Acute lymphatic leukaemia Cont.
Diagnosis
Low RBCs count, Hb, Hct, low platelet count , low
normal or high WBC count.
Blood smear show immature lymph blasts.
Treatment
Chemotherapeutic agent, it involve three phases
1. Induction: Using vincristine and prednisone.
2. Consolidation: Using modified course of
intensive therapy to eradicate any remaining.
3. Maintenance
28. Acute lymphatic leukaemia Cont.
Treatment Cont.
Prophylactic treatment of the CNS ,
intrathecal administration and /or
craniospinal radiation with eradicate
leukemic cells.
Eat diet that contains high in protein,
fibres and fluids.
29. Acute lymphatic leukaemia Cont.
Treatment Cont.
Avoid infection (hand washing, avoid
crowds),injury
Take measure to decrease nausea and to
promote appetite, smoking and spicy
and hot foods.
Maintain oral hygiene.
31. Acute Myelogenous Leukaemia
(AML)
It occurs at any age but occurs most often at
adolescence and after age of 55
Pathophysiology
Characterized by the development of immature
myeloblasts in the bone marrow.
Clinical manifestation
Similar to ALL plus sternal tenderness.
Management
Diagnosis
Low RBC, Hb, Hct, low platelet count, low to high
WBC count with myeloblasts.
32. Acute Myelogenous Leukaemia (AML) Cont.
Treatment
Use of cytarabine, 6-thioquanine, and
doxorubic
The same care of client as All, plus give
adequate amounts of fluids(2000 to 3000
ml per day.)
Instruct client about medication, effects,
side effects and nursing measures
34. Chronic lymphocytic Leukaemia
(CLL)
The incidence of CLl increases with age and is rare
under the age of 35.It is common in men.
Pathophysiology
It is characterized by proliferation of small,
abnormal , mature B lymphocytes, often leading to
decreased synthesis of immunoglobulin and
depressed antibody response.
The number of mature lymphocytes in peripheral
blood smear and bone marrow are greatly
increased
35. Chronic lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL) Cont
Clinical Manifestation
Usually there is no symptoms.
Chronic fatigue , weakness , anorexia, splenomegaly ,
lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly.
Signs and Symptoms
Pruritic vesicular skin lesions .
Anaemia
Thrombocytopenia.
The WBC count is elevated to a level between
20,000 to 100,000.
Increase blood viscosity and clotting episode.
36. Chronic lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL) Cont
Management
I. Persons are treated only when symptoms, particular
anaemia , thrombocytopenia , enlarged lymph
nodes and spleen appear.
I. Chemotherapy agents such as chlorambucil , and
the glucocorticoids.
I. Client and family education is that describe for
AML.
39. Occurs between 25-60 years of age. Peak 45
year
It is caused by benzene exposure and high
doses of radiation.
Clinical Manifestation
There is no symptoms in disease. The classic
symptoms, include:
Fatigue, weakness, fever.
Weight loss, joint & bone pain.
40. Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia(CML) Cont.
Clinical Manifestation Cont.
Massive splenomegaly
The accelerated phase of disease(blostic
phase) is characterized by increasing
number of granulocytes in the peripheral
blood.
There is a corresponding anaemia and
thrombocytopenia.
41. Chronic Myelogenous
Leukaemia(CML) Cont.
Diagnosis
Lower RBC count, Hb, Hct, high platelet
count early, lower count later.
Normal number of lymphocytes and normal
or low number of monocytes in WBC .
Treatment
The commonly drugs are hydroxyurea and
busulfan (monitor of WBC count needed
with therapy).
42. The only potential curative therapy of CML is
the bone marrow transplant.
Nursing Intervention
Taking measures to prevent infection.
Promoting safety.
Providing oral hygiene.
Preventing fatigue.
Promoting effective coping.
Client and family education.
45. The choice of treatment depends
mainly on the following:
The type of leukemia (acute or chronic)
Age
Whether leukemia cells were found in
cerebrospinal fluid
46. WATCHFUL WAITING
chronic leukemia without symptoms,
may not need cancer treatment right
away.
Watch for health closely so that
treatment can start when it begin to
have symptoms.
Not getting cancer treatment right
away is called watchful waiting.
47. chemotherapy
People with acute leukemia need to be
treated right away.
The goal of treatment is to destroy
signs of leukemia in the body and make
symptoms go away. This is called a
remission.
After people go into remission, more
therapy may be given to prevent a
relapse.
48. The 3 phases of treatment
protocols are;
Induction phase; the usual
criteria for complete remission are
5% of the bone marrow cells and
normal peripheral blood counts.
Once remission completes the
consolidation phase begins.
49. Consolidation phase; modified
course of intensive chemotherapy are
given to eradicate any remaining
disease. Usually a higher dose of 1 or
more chemotherapeutic agents are
administered.
50. Maintainance phase; small dose of
different combination of
chemotheraptic agents are given every
3 to 4 weeks. This phase may continue
for a year or longer and is structured to
allow the client to live as normal life as
possible
51. Targeted therapy
This affects only tumor cells and spare
normal cells. hence decreasing the
associated toxicities. Gemtuzumab
ozofamicin (mylotarg) is an anti
D33nmonoclonal antibody linked to
calicheamicin, which is potent
cytotoxic agent.
52. STEM CELL TRANSPLANT
Goal;
Totally eliminate leukemic cells from the body
using combinations of chemotherapy with or
without total body irradiation
Eradicates patient’s hematopoietic stem cells
Replaced with those of an HLA-matched
(Human Leukocyte Antigen)
53. Sibling (is a brother or a sister; that is,
any person who shares at least one of
the same parents )
Volunteer
Identical twin
Patient’s own stem cells removed
before
54. TYPES OF STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION
1. Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant
stem cells are taken from a matching donor.
To determine if a donor’s stem cells are the
right match, the patient undergoes a
human leukocyte antigens (HLA) test.
Through this test, we compare the patient’s
blood and tissue type against blood
samples from the donor.
55. Donors may include:
HLA-matched relative (most often a sibling)
HLA-matched unrelated donor
HLA miss-matched family member
Unrelated umbilical cord blood
56. 2. Autologous Stem Cell Transplant
In this type of transplant, stem cells are
collected from the patient themselves. The
stem cells are then harvested, frozen and
stored, and then given back to the patient.
This type of transplant is rare for leukemia
patients and is typically used in select cases
of AML.
57. Nutrition and Physical Activity
It's important for you to take care of eating
well and staying as active.
right amount of calories to maintain a good
weight. enough protein. Eating well may
help to feel better and have more energy.
60. Nursing diagnosis
1. Impaired oral mucous membrane related to
low platelet counts or effect of pathologic
conditions and treatment.
2. Ineffective therapeutic management related
to lack of knowledge of disease process, activity
and medication.
3. imbalanced nutrition less than body
requirement reated to anorexia , pain and
fatigue.
4. risk for injury related to low platelet counts
and treatment
61. Overall goals
Understand and cooperate with the
treatment plan
Experience minimal side effects and
complications of disease and treatment
Feel hopeful and supported during the
periods of treatment, relapse, and
remission
Many physical and psychological needs
Evokes great fear