Comparison of major peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3 between peanut cultivars from Côte d’Ivoire and the USA using SDS PAGE and Western Blots
Peanut is commonly consumed in many forms. The ubiquitous presence of peanut in processed food is responsible for an increasing number of allergic reactions due to accidental ingestion. The prevalence of peanut allergy seems to be underestimated in the African population possibly because of the lack of testing and clinical documentation. In this study, a comparison was made between raw and roasted peanut seeds from cultivars of Côte d’Ivoire (ARA-CI) and raw peanut seeds from the cultivar Georgia Green, grown commercially in the USA. The main objective of this study was to identify the protein profile of peanut seeds from Côte d’Ivoire and compare it with the molecular specificities of major allergens of Georgia green seeds from the USA using a combination of two methods, SDS PAGE and Western blots. Peanut protein profiles via SDS PAGE, coupled with Western blots were carried out on two collections of peanut seeds. In the raw peanut seed extracts from Côte d’Ivoire, are visible fingerprints of the major allergenic proteins Ara h 1(63.5 kDa),Ara h 2(17, 20 kDa), and Ara h 3(25,36, 40 and 44 kDa) and an allergenic bands of Ara h 3 of about 36kDa.This provides evidence of the presence of the major allergens in peanut from Côte d’Ivoire, this, a presumption of a high allergenic potency peanut despite a low prevalence of peanut allergy in the country. The presence of a strongly expressed 30 kDa protein, potentially corresponding to a component of Ara h 3 in the roasted sample means that cooking processes could increase the allergenic potency of peanut. This study makes it possible to identify molecular specificity in peanut from Côte d’Ivoire for the development of local screening test adapted to the environment.
The nutritional composition and fungal spoilage of Dacryodes edulis fruits were carried out in the Department of Forestry/ Environment Laboratory using standard procedures. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments and three replicates. The fungal pathogens isolated from the rotted fruits were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium pallidoroseum, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The predominant spoilage causing fungi were Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (60%) and Aspergillus niger (52%). Proximate analysis revealed that the affected fruits had significantly reduced (P<0.05) quality when compared to the uninfected fruits in terms of carbohydrate content, protein, oil content, moisture, crude fibre and Ash content. This work holds promise on the importance of the nutritional properties of the fruits in screening for rot tolerance and storage stability.
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...BRNSS Publication Hub
The major cause of resistance mechanism in mosquitoes is the detoxification and degradation of
insecticides by overproduction of various metabolic enzymes. Quantitative metabolic enzyme assays
of carboxylesterases (α and β), mixed function oxidases (MFO), and glutathione S-transferases (GST)
have been commonly used in the detection of insecticide resistance due to its sensitive nature even at low
frequencies. For the present study, larval strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L) were
collected from the Cochin Corporation, Kerala, India, and were assayed to organophosphate temephos
and carbamate propoxur. The resistance ratio of median lethal time for temephos and propoxur from the
field population of C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti is higher than the laboratory population. Elevated
levels of α and β esterase enzyme were observed with the ratio of 1.6 and 1.54 for C. quinquefasciatus
and 1.51 and 1.47 for A. aegypti. In Culex mosquitoes, 1.71, and in Aedes, 1.64 fold increase in GST
enzyme level and 1.38 and 1.3 fold increase for the MFO level determined. The study results revealed
the urgent needs of improving the vector control methods by introducing alternative techniques and
strategies against mosquitoes.
Akoto et al. - 2013 - Health risk assessment of pesticides residue in maize...Henry Andoh
The study measured pesticide residue levels in maize and cowpea samples from Ejura, Ghana. A total of 37 pesticides were investigated, including organochlorines, organophosphorus, and pyrethroids. Results showed that some pesticide residues in maize exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Similarly, residues of some pesticides in cowpea also exceeded the ADI, suggesting potential for chronic toxicity to consumers of these foods.
— Post-harvest diseases are a major problem for banana yield. Despite treatments with chemical fungicides, a persistence of diseases is noticed. This study aims at proposing a biological control method against banana post-harvest diseases by using banana rachis leachate. The effect of leachate has been tested in vitro on mycelial growth, conidial germination and in vivo on pathogenic fungi virulence. All leachate concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) tested showed antifungal activity on the tested fungi. However, the 20% concentration was more effective with complete inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of all fungi. No symptoms of crown rot and anthracnose were observed after treatment of bananas with leachate. However, with azoxystrobin, the prevalence of crown rot and anthracnose was 60% and 30%, respectively. Banana rachis leachate recorded highly significant reduction of banana finger rot prevalence compared to azoxystrobin. Banana rachis leachate have strong antifungal properties that may be useful to control banana post-harvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides Keywords— banana; post-harvest diseases; banana rachis leachate, antifungal activity.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the larvicidal effects of Aegle marmelos (bael tree) leaf extracts on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Specifically, it assessed the efficacy of methanol extracts from A. marmelos leaves in killing A. aegypti larvae (at the third instar stage) and altering their midgut proteins. The study found that the leaf extract achieved 50% larval mortality (LC50) at a concentration of 49 ppm. Proteomic analysis of larval midguts revealed changes in protein expression levels after exposure to the extract, suggesting its bioactive compounds can disrupt the midgut. The aim is to identify specific inhibitor proteins in the midg
This study investigated the presence of residues of the antimicrobials enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in broiler chicken tissues from 10 brands sold for human consumption in Curitiba, Brazil. Samples of breast muscle tissue from each brand were tested using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The analysis detected no residues of enrofloxacin or ciprofloxacin above the allowed limits of 20-100 micrograms per kilogram. The results indicate that regulations regarding antimicrobial residue levels in poultry meat for human consumption are being followed by the companies tested in this region of Brazil.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeuticsBhoj Raj Singh
All AMR Control programs aim for improving antibiotic stewardship & finding alternative antimicrobials with an aim to reduce antibiotic use. The present presentation (delivered at the one-week Short-term Training Course organized by ICAR-IVRI Regional Station, Palampur to the field Veterinarians) summarises the possible antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics.
The nutritional composition and fungal spoilage of Dacryodes edulis fruits were carried out in the Department of Forestry/ Environment Laboratory using standard procedures. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments and three replicates. The fungal pathogens isolated from the rotted fruits were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium pallidoroseum, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The predominant spoilage causing fungi were Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (60%) and Aspergillus niger (52%). Proximate analysis revealed that the affected fruits had significantly reduced (P<0.05) quality when compared to the uninfected fruits in terms of carbohydrate content, protein, oil content, moisture, crude fibre and Ash content. This work holds promise on the importance of the nutritional properties of the fruits in screening for rot tolerance and storage stability.
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...BRNSS Publication Hub
The major cause of resistance mechanism in mosquitoes is the detoxification and degradation of
insecticides by overproduction of various metabolic enzymes. Quantitative metabolic enzyme assays
of carboxylesterases (α and β), mixed function oxidases (MFO), and glutathione S-transferases (GST)
have been commonly used in the detection of insecticide resistance due to its sensitive nature even at low
frequencies. For the present study, larval strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L) were
collected from the Cochin Corporation, Kerala, India, and were assayed to organophosphate temephos
and carbamate propoxur. The resistance ratio of median lethal time for temephos and propoxur from the
field population of C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti is higher than the laboratory population. Elevated
levels of α and β esterase enzyme were observed with the ratio of 1.6 and 1.54 for C. quinquefasciatus
and 1.51 and 1.47 for A. aegypti. In Culex mosquitoes, 1.71, and in Aedes, 1.64 fold increase in GST
enzyme level and 1.38 and 1.3 fold increase for the MFO level determined. The study results revealed
the urgent needs of improving the vector control methods by introducing alternative techniques and
strategies against mosquitoes.
Akoto et al. - 2013 - Health risk assessment of pesticides residue in maize...Henry Andoh
The study measured pesticide residue levels in maize and cowpea samples from Ejura, Ghana. A total of 37 pesticides were investigated, including organochlorines, organophosphorus, and pyrethroids. Results showed that some pesticide residues in maize exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Similarly, residues of some pesticides in cowpea also exceeded the ADI, suggesting potential for chronic toxicity to consumers of these foods.
— Post-harvest diseases are a major problem for banana yield. Despite treatments with chemical fungicides, a persistence of diseases is noticed. This study aims at proposing a biological control method against banana post-harvest diseases by using banana rachis leachate. The effect of leachate has been tested in vitro on mycelial growth, conidial germination and in vivo on pathogenic fungi virulence. All leachate concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) tested showed antifungal activity on the tested fungi. However, the 20% concentration was more effective with complete inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of all fungi. No symptoms of crown rot and anthracnose were observed after treatment of bananas with leachate. However, with azoxystrobin, the prevalence of crown rot and anthracnose was 60% and 30%, respectively. Banana rachis leachate recorded highly significant reduction of banana finger rot prevalence compared to azoxystrobin. Banana rachis leachate have strong antifungal properties that may be useful to control banana post-harvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides Keywords— banana; post-harvest diseases; banana rachis leachate, antifungal activity.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the larvicidal effects of Aegle marmelos (bael tree) leaf extracts on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Specifically, it assessed the efficacy of methanol extracts from A. marmelos leaves in killing A. aegypti larvae (at the third instar stage) and altering their midgut proteins. The study found that the leaf extract achieved 50% larval mortality (LC50) at a concentration of 49 ppm. Proteomic analysis of larval midguts revealed changes in protein expression levels after exposure to the extract, suggesting its bioactive compounds can disrupt the midgut. The aim is to identify specific inhibitor proteins in the midg
This study investigated the presence of residues of the antimicrobials enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in broiler chicken tissues from 10 brands sold for human consumption in Curitiba, Brazil. Samples of breast muscle tissue from each brand were tested using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The analysis detected no residues of enrofloxacin or ciprofloxacin above the allowed limits of 20-100 micrograms per kilogram. The results indicate that regulations regarding antimicrobial residue levels in poultry meat for human consumption are being followed by the companies tested in this region of Brazil.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeuticsBhoj Raj Singh
All AMR Control programs aim for improving antibiotic stewardship & finding alternative antimicrobials with an aim to reduce antibiotic use. The present presentation (delivered at the one-week Short-term Training Course organized by ICAR-IVRI Regional Station, Palampur to the field Veterinarians) summarises the possible antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics.
Who is responsible for Emerging Antimicrobial Drug Resistance: Antibiotic Use...Bhoj Raj Singh
Antimicrobial resistance is an all-time serious problem and clinicians, veterinarians and livestock owners are often held responsible for its emergence and spread. In the presentation, bigger players of this dogma have been revealed.
DETECTION OF FUSARIUM SPECIES THAT PRODUCE FUMONISIN B1 IN MAIZE KERNELS USINGsin74
This study aimed to identify Fusarium species associated with maize kernels in Baghdad, Iraq and their ability to produce the mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 (FB1) using traditional and molecular methods. 88 maize grain samples were collected and eight fungal genera were isolated, with Aspergillus being the most predominant. Of the 109 Fusarium isolates identified, F. verticillioides was the most frequent species. Species-specific PCR revealed that 13 of 77 F. verticillioides isolates and 1 of 9 F. proliferatum isolates possessed genes coding for their identification and the fum1 gene associated with FB1 production. This research helps characterize the mycobiota of
Ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus section Nigri strains isolated from cu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Black aspergilli is an important group of fungi used in biotechnology and food industry. Some species of this group produce hazardous mycotoxins such as ochratoxin A (OTA). During this study, four novel strains of Aspergillus section Nigri isolated from Greek currants (ATHUM 6997, 6998, 6999, 7000) were investigated for OTA production on Yeast Extract Sucrose (YES) medium and currants. As strains control were used both A. carbonarius and A. ochraceus.
OTA determined using HPLC (Fluorescence Detector). Results revealed that OTA production by A. carbonarius in currants was not significantly different compared to OTA production by the Aspergillus section Nigri strains.
However the maximum amounts of OTA produced by the strains ATHUM 6997 and 6999 in currants were found to be ~2-fold lower than that by A. carbonarius. The maximum OTA levels produced by the strains ATHUM 6997, 6998, 6999 and 7000 were found to be ~7, ~12, ~9 and ~11 fold higher respectively, if compared to the maximum OTA production by A. ochraceus. The novel strains of Aspergillus section Nigri isolated from currants of Greek origin, produced significant amounts of OTA in YES medium and in currants. Along with a previous study, in the present work it is concluded that the four Aspergillus section Nigri strains are able to produce both aflatoxin B1 and OTA.
Enterocin 55 produced by non rabbit-derived strain Enterococcus faecium EF55 ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of enterocin 55 (Ent55), produced by Enterococcus faecium EF55, on the microbiota and health parameters of broiler rabbits. Ent55 was administered to an experimental group of rabbits for 3 weeks. Microbial analysis found that Ent55 reduced counts of coagulase-negative staphylococci, Pseudomonas species, and coliforms in fecal and intestinal samples. Ent55 also increased phagocytic activity and reduced Eimeria oocyst counts, while not negatively impacting growth performance or biochemical parameters. The results indicate that Ent55 produced by a non-native strain can provide protective and beneficial effects in broiler rabbits.
Evaluation of four cowpea lines for bruchid (callosobruchus maculatus) toleranceAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the tolerance of four cowpea lines to infestation by the bruchid beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus). The lines were exposed to bruchids for three days, and data on seed damage, weight loss, and emerged insects was collected over 37 days. Results showed the most susceptible line was TVx 3236, with the highest seed damage, weight loss, and emerged insects. IT81D-994 showed moderate tolerance. Though reported as resistant in previous studies, IT99K-494-6 and IT84S-2246-4 were susceptible in this study. Periodic re-evaluation is needed to assess stability of resistance in released
This document reviews several studies on the microbiological quality of meat and meat products sold in Tripoli, Libya from 2005-2009. The following key points are made:
- Beef burger samples were highly contaminated with pathogenic bacteria like E. coli (74.5%), E. coli O157:H7 (27.1%), S. aureus (28.8%) and Aeromonas (18.6%).
- Fresh sausage samples were contaminated with E.coli O157:H7 (39.3%) and salmonella (2.1%).
- Chicken burger samples had E. coli (10.9%) and E. coli O157:H7 (4.68%).
-
biological activity of Calotropis procera against desert locust and migratory...Narimene Kaidi
The treatments based on acetone extracts of Calotropis procera against imagos of Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria have been
very convincing due to the speed and efficiency of the action of said plant, on mortality and on haemogram of treated locusts.
The document describes research on expressing the matrix protein of Nipah virus (NiV) in Escherichia coli. Key findings include:
1) The NiV matrix protein gene was cloned and expressed as a fusion protein in E. coli, producing a protein of about 43 kDa.
2) About 50% of the expressed matrix protein was soluble and localized in the bacterial cytoplasm.
3) Purification using nickel affinity chromatography and sucrose gradient centrifugation yielded spherical virus-like particles ranging from 20-50 nm in diameter.
4) The purified matrix protein reacted significantly with sera from pigs infected during the 1998 NiV outbreak, demonstrating potential for diagnostic applications.
This document discusses a study investigating the potential mutagenic effects of the synthetic food dye tartrazine (E102) using the plant Allium cepa. The results showed that tartrazine caused reductions in mitotic index, increases in mitotic abnormalities, and decreases in DNA and RNA content in A. cepa roots in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Tartrazine also induced changes to the protein banding pattern in A. cepa seeds. However, administering the antioxidant vitamin C was found to minimize the toxic effects caused by tartrazine. The study demonstrates the genotoxic effects of tartrazine and the protective action of vitamin C against this DNA damage.
Efficacy of insecticides against citrus psylla diaphorina citri kuwayama in f...Muhammad Qasim
The experiments were conducted in a citrus orchard to check the efficacy of insecticides against citrus psylla, and mortality was observed after three days, seven days and then after one month. Four insecticides, Polytrin-C, Talstar, Bifenthrin and Imidacloprid applied, had an almost equal effect on the population reduction of citrus psylla on all citrus plants. The trial was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) having five treatments with three replications in a citrus orchard, after three days of spray showed percentage control as 96.91%, 94.33%, 93.83% and 93.06% of following insecticides Polytrin- C, Imidacloprid, Bifenthrin and Actara, respectively, calculated by Minitab 15. Psylla adults were exposed to different concentrations (500, 400, 300, 200 and 100 ppm) of Imidacloprid and Bifenthrin, and two controlled conditions (with leaves and without leaves). Both Imidacloprid and Bifenthrin insecticides proved to be the most effective against D. citri with lethal times (LT50s) of 4 and 5 hours, respectively, at a concentration of 500 ppm, calculated from probability test with Minitab-15
Resistance of some olive (Olea europaea) cultivars and hybrids to leaf spot d...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In order to investigate the resistance of some olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars and hybrids to leaf spot disease caused by Venturia oleaginea, this study was conducted on high susceptible cultivar Meski and nine hybrids. Samples were collected from a field site located in Nabeul (North East of Tunisia) and evaluated for their susceptibility to leaf spot disease by means of visible and latent infection. Therefore, the studied plants were classified into three categories: very susceptible, intermediate and resistant. Meski cultivar and three hybrids (MxA) obtained through controlled crosses between Meski and Arbequina were the most susceptible to the disease. The hybrids MxC resulting from the crosses between Meski and Chétoui olive cultivars presented less severity. However, the hybrids obtained through crosses between Meski and Picholine cultivars showed the lowest incidence of infection. Microsatellites were used as markers to analyze the genetic relationships between parental olive cultivars and hybrids and the effects of crossing on the disease resistance. Cluster analyses, using the SSR data, showed that olive cultivars and hybrids obtained by controlled cross between MeskixPicholine, Meski x Arbequina and Meski ×Picholine were related to Picholine cultivar. The hybrid Meski x Chétoui was more related to cultivar Meski. Data analyses revealed that the GAPU101 showed the highest number of alleles (8) followed by the tow loci UDO99 and GAPU71 with 6 alleles. The DCA18 locus showed 5 alleles. Genetic variability was wide as indicated by the values of observed heterozygosity as noted 1.00 at locus of the four studied loci. Polymorphic information content (PIC) varied from 0.669 to 0.776. The gene diversity values were higher than 0.53. Genetic distances were determined based on the SSR genotype data and component principal analysis were used for finding possible correlation between severity disease, Meski cultivar and hybrids.
— The microbiological content of Lettuce (a vegetable), commonly vended in the Benin metropolis of Edo state were evaluated. Five vending locations were chosen for the study. Whole and soft rot samples were purchased and analysed for microbiological composition. Results showed high counts in soft rot samples in lettuce. Nutrient agar plated lettuce samples had bacterial counts in the range of 2.0x 103 to 4.7x10 7. Pseudomonas species was the dominant species found in lettuce samples. Bacillus species was isolated from one location in the lettuce samples. Mac Conkey agar plated lettuce plated had bacterial counts in the range of 2.3 x 10 3 to 5.7x 10 7. Enterobacter species, E. coli, and Klebsiella species were the dominant species isolated. Though, Proteus species was isolated from lettuce samples obtained from location five only. The study observes that consuming soft rot samples could pose a risk of introducing pathogens to the consumer due to their high microbial counts and could be detrimental to the health of the consumer.
Antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of opuntia ficus indicaAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica. In vitro tests found the ethyl acetate extract of cladodes had activity against Plasmodium berghei, with lower parasitemia compared to controls. In vivo tests in mice found treatment with the cladode extract resulted in lower parasitemia than the control group on days 5, 8, and 10, though parasitemia was higher than the chloroquine group. However, some mice treated with the extract died between days 7-9, while no deaths occurred in the chloroquine group. The study presents an evaluation of antiplasmodial effects of O
Many Gram negative bacteria, especially Aeromonas hydrophila are notorious for their heightened capacity to acquire and exchange antibiotic resistance genes and consequently, are commonly targeted as indicator organism for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in aquatic milieus. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and drug resistance patterns of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from farm raised catfish at Epe fish farm, Lagos State, Nigeria. Swabs were aseptically taken from the kidney, intestine, liver, gills, and skin after dissecting the fish samples. The specimens were bacteriologically analyzed. After series of biochemical test, the isolated bacteria were identified presumptively according to Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology, 7th Edition. Fifty-seven (57) Aeromonas hydrophila were recovered out of seventy-one (71) bacterial isolated from the 35 fish samples collected from the fish farms studied. The study reveals multiple antibiotics resistance pattern among the isolates as Aeromonas hydrophila were 100% resistant to Streptomycin, Oxytetracycline, Chloranphenicol, Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin and 70, 65 and 55% resistant to Gentamycin, Amoxycillin and Erythromycin respectively. However, all the isolates were 100% susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole only. The presence of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila in fish could be a vehicle of horizontal gene transfer to previously susceptible bacteria and these could constitute a serious public health hazard to human and animal in the environment. Thus, the use of antibiotics in catfish production as growth promoter or disease prevention should be discouraged and some safer, biological alternatives strategies should suffice to mitigate bacteria drug resistance and its associated problems.
The study screened extracts from 21 species of Clusiaceae native to Mexico for anti-HIV activity. Five species showed significant inhibition (≥70%) of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Of these, extracts from Calophyllum brasiliense (hexane) and Clusia quadrangula inhibited the enzyme and were non-toxic to human cells. The C. brasiliense extract was the most potent, inhibiting viral replication with an ED50 of 37.1 μg/ml, while the C. quadrangula extract was less active. The results support Clusiaceae as a source of potential anti-HIV compounds.
Identification and control of fungi associated with the post harvest rot of s...Alexander Decker
This document reports on a study that identified and evaluated methods to control fungi associated with post-harvest rot of Solenostemon rotundifolius (Hausa potato). Four fungi - Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillum expansum, and Rhizopus stolonifer - were consistently isolated from diseased tubers collected from markets in Yola, Nigeria. The efficacy of wood ash, sawdust, and guinea corn chaff in reducing tuber rot caused by these fungi was evaluated. Results showed that the plant materials reduced rot and have potential as alternatives to synthetic fungicides for controlling post-harvest fungal rot of Solenostemon rotundifol
The Antibiotic and Antixenotic Resistance of Some Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.)...IJRES Journal
Resistant varieties is one of the important components in integrated pest management. Studies of the Antixenotic and antibiotic resistance of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) varieties aims to obtain varieties resistant and suitable to be cultivated in the province of North Sulawesi. Research using factorial experiment, treatment peanut varieties: Local varieties (V1), Giraffe (V2), Bison (V3), Bima (V4), Elephant (V5) and Rabbit (V6). Organic fertilizer treatments: Without fertilization (P0) and Super Petroganik as much as 20 tonnes/ha (P1) with three replications. Application of organic fertilizer made one month before planting seeds. Antixenosis and antibiosis resistance research results at 30 days after planting (DAP), the highest stomata diameter contained in P1V1 treatment is 12.62 μm, the longest trichomes on P0V3 is 88.07 μm, the highest stem cotrtex on P1V2 is 88.30 μm, and the highest contained on P1V6 is 9.96 mg/g. The result of the 60 DAP is obtained that the highest yields diameter stomata, trichomes length and content of flavonoids in P1V6 each is 13.85 μm, 136.33 μm and 14:57 mg/g, being the highest cortex diameter on P1V5 is 158.80 μm. Based on the results of analysis of variance, flavonoid content peanut varieties 30 DAP and 60 DAP significantly different (P < 0.05), while the diameter of stomata, trichomes numbers and length number, and corticial stem not significant (P > 0.05). Resistance mechanisms developed peanut plants are antibiosis.
Antibiotic resistance and molecular characterizationAlexander Decker
This document reports on a study of antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of Salmonella isolated from stool samples of diarrhoeal patients in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. A total of 69 Salmonella isolates (S. Typhimurium, S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi A) were obtained from 187 stool samples. The isolates showed high resistance to nitrofurantoin, ceftriazone, and augmentin. Sixty-seven isolates were resistant to at least two antibiotic classes, with resistance to combinations of four antibiotics being most common. Plasmid DNA analysis of resistant isolates identified multiple plasmids ranging from 1.46-23.13 kbp. Resistance genes blaCTX and
Molecular Identification of Bulinus Species in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria...AI Publications
The study considers the distribution of a small sample of 100 Bulinus snails, across 8 localities within Ogun State, Nigerian. Snails were identified using a molecular method of fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. The results showed that the majority of Bulinus samples tested belonged to the species Bulinustruncatus while only one was Bulinusglobosus. The use of Rsa1 restriction endonuclease to cleave the ribosomal its of Bulinus, as a method of species identification, was adopted for the majority of samples, this being a quicker and cheaper method better suited to small laboratory environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosome Dra1 repeat within each of the collected Bulinus samples was employed to determine the extent and distribution of infected snails within the sample areas. Successful amplification of the Dra1 repeat demonstrated that 23% of snails were infected with schistosome
This study analyzed the microbiological quality of commonly consumed ready-to-eat foods (rice, beans, yam, fufu, and meat) obtained from food vendors at Ekiti State University in Nigeria. Aerobic plate counts and fungal counts were determined for the food samples, with mean plate counts ranging from 1.0 x 102 to 6.0 x 104 CFU/g and fungal counts ranging from 1.3 x 102 to 5.2 x 104 CFU/g. Eleven species of microorganisms were isolated including Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Aspergillus spp. Bacillus cereus was the most frequently isolated organism
Using next generation sequencing to describe epiphytic microbiota associated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Its seems likely that agricultural management as diverse as certified organic and conventional IPM practices would impact the microbiota associated with crop surfaces differently. We sampled organic and conventionally managed apples at multiple time-points in a growing season and characterized the bacterial taxa associated with replicates of each treatment type. Surprisingly, no evidence of significant differences persisting across multiple time-points was observed. Significant differential abundance of certain taxa was documented but when it was, it was primarily associated with a single time-point making it difficult to understand if these observations resulted from an environmental or a treatment effect. Principal component analyses demonstrated that sampling time-point explained more of the differences between bacterial communities than treatment. Description of dominant shared bacterial families for both organic and conventional samples included Oxalobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae.
Who is responsible for Emerging Antimicrobial Drug Resistance: Antibiotic Use...Bhoj Raj Singh
Antimicrobial resistance is an all-time serious problem and clinicians, veterinarians and livestock owners are often held responsible for its emergence and spread. In the presentation, bigger players of this dogma have been revealed.
DETECTION OF FUSARIUM SPECIES THAT PRODUCE FUMONISIN B1 IN MAIZE KERNELS USINGsin74
This study aimed to identify Fusarium species associated with maize kernels in Baghdad, Iraq and their ability to produce the mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 (FB1) using traditional and molecular methods. 88 maize grain samples were collected and eight fungal genera were isolated, with Aspergillus being the most predominant. Of the 109 Fusarium isolates identified, F. verticillioides was the most frequent species. Species-specific PCR revealed that 13 of 77 F. verticillioides isolates and 1 of 9 F. proliferatum isolates possessed genes coding for their identification and the fum1 gene associated with FB1 production. This research helps characterize the mycobiota of
Ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus section Nigri strains isolated from cu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Black aspergilli is an important group of fungi used in biotechnology and food industry. Some species of this group produce hazardous mycotoxins such as ochratoxin A (OTA). During this study, four novel strains of Aspergillus section Nigri isolated from Greek currants (ATHUM 6997, 6998, 6999, 7000) were investigated for OTA production on Yeast Extract Sucrose (YES) medium and currants. As strains control were used both A. carbonarius and A. ochraceus.
OTA determined using HPLC (Fluorescence Detector). Results revealed that OTA production by A. carbonarius in currants was not significantly different compared to OTA production by the Aspergillus section Nigri strains.
However the maximum amounts of OTA produced by the strains ATHUM 6997 and 6999 in currants were found to be ~2-fold lower than that by A. carbonarius. The maximum OTA levels produced by the strains ATHUM 6997, 6998, 6999 and 7000 were found to be ~7, ~12, ~9 and ~11 fold higher respectively, if compared to the maximum OTA production by A. ochraceus. The novel strains of Aspergillus section Nigri isolated from currants of Greek origin, produced significant amounts of OTA in YES medium and in currants. Along with a previous study, in the present work it is concluded that the four Aspergillus section Nigri strains are able to produce both aflatoxin B1 and OTA.
Enterocin 55 produced by non rabbit-derived strain Enterococcus faecium EF55 ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of enterocin 55 (Ent55), produced by Enterococcus faecium EF55, on the microbiota and health parameters of broiler rabbits. Ent55 was administered to an experimental group of rabbits for 3 weeks. Microbial analysis found that Ent55 reduced counts of coagulase-negative staphylococci, Pseudomonas species, and coliforms in fecal and intestinal samples. Ent55 also increased phagocytic activity and reduced Eimeria oocyst counts, while not negatively impacting growth performance or biochemical parameters. The results indicate that Ent55 produced by a non-native strain can provide protective and beneficial effects in broiler rabbits.
Evaluation of four cowpea lines for bruchid (callosobruchus maculatus) toleranceAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the tolerance of four cowpea lines to infestation by the bruchid beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus). The lines were exposed to bruchids for three days, and data on seed damage, weight loss, and emerged insects was collected over 37 days. Results showed the most susceptible line was TVx 3236, with the highest seed damage, weight loss, and emerged insects. IT81D-994 showed moderate tolerance. Though reported as resistant in previous studies, IT99K-494-6 and IT84S-2246-4 were susceptible in this study. Periodic re-evaluation is needed to assess stability of resistance in released
This document reviews several studies on the microbiological quality of meat and meat products sold in Tripoli, Libya from 2005-2009. The following key points are made:
- Beef burger samples were highly contaminated with pathogenic bacteria like E. coli (74.5%), E. coli O157:H7 (27.1%), S. aureus (28.8%) and Aeromonas (18.6%).
- Fresh sausage samples were contaminated with E.coli O157:H7 (39.3%) and salmonella (2.1%).
- Chicken burger samples had E. coli (10.9%) and E. coli O157:H7 (4.68%).
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biological activity of Calotropis procera against desert locust and migratory...Narimene Kaidi
The treatments based on acetone extracts of Calotropis procera against imagos of Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria have been
very convincing due to the speed and efficiency of the action of said plant, on mortality and on haemogram of treated locusts.
The document describes research on expressing the matrix protein of Nipah virus (NiV) in Escherichia coli. Key findings include:
1) The NiV matrix protein gene was cloned and expressed as a fusion protein in E. coli, producing a protein of about 43 kDa.
2) About 50% of the expressed matrix protein was soluble and localized in the bacterial cytoplasm.
3) Purification using nickel affinity chromatography and sucrose gradient centrifugation yielded spherical virus-like particles ranging from 20-50 nm in diameter.
4) The purified matrix protein reacted significantly with sera from pigs infected during the 1998 NiV outbreak, demonstrating potential for diagnostic applications.
This document discusses a study investigating the potential mutagenic effects of the synthetic food dye tartrazine (E102) using the plant Allium cepa. The results showed that tartrazine caused reductions in mitotic index, increases in mitotic abnormalities, and decreases in DNA and RNA content in A. cepa roots in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Tartrazine also induced changes to the protein banding pattern in A. cepa seeds. However, administering the antioxidant vitamin C was found to minimize the toxic effects caused by tartrazine. The study demonstrates the genotoxic effects of tartrazine and the protective action of vitamin C against this DNA damage.
Efficacy of insecticides against citrus psylla diaphorina citri kuwayama in f...Muhammad Qasim
The experiments were conducted in a citrus orchard to check the efficacy of insecticides against citrus psylla, and mortality was observed after three days, seven days and then after one month. Four insecticides, Polytrin-C, Talstar, Bifenthrin and Imidacloprid applied, had an almost equal effect on the population reduction of citrus psylla on all citrus plants. The trial was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) having five treatments with three replications in a citrus orchard, after three days of spray showed percentage control as 96.91%, 94.33%, 93.83% and 93.06% of following insecticides Polytrin- C, Imidacloprid, Bifenthrin and Actara, respectively, calculated by Minitab 15. Psylla adults were exposed to different concentrations (500, 400, 300, 200 and 100 ppm) of Imidacloprid and Bifenthrin, and two controlled conditions (with leaves and without leaves). Both Imidacloprid and Bifenthrin insecticides proved to be the most effective against D. citri with lethal times (LT50s) of 4 and 5 hours, respectively, at a concentration of 500 ppm, calculated from probability test with Minitab-15
Resistance of some olive (Olea europaea) cultivars and hybrids to leaf spot d...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In order to investigate the resistance of some olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars and hybrids to leaf spot disease caused by Venturia oleaginea, this study was conducted on high susceptible cultivar Meski and nine hybrids. Samples were collected from a field site located in Nabeul (North East of Tunisia) and evaluated for their susceptibility to leaf spot disease by means of visible and latent infection. Therefore, the studied plants were classified into three categories: very susceptible, intermediate and resistant. Meski cultivar and three hybrids (MxA) obtained through controlled crosses between Meski and Arbequina were the most susceptible to the disease. The hybrids MxC resulting from the crosses between Meski and Chétoui olive cultivars presented less severity. However, the hybrids obtained through crosses between Meski and Picholine cultivars showed the lowest incidence of infection. Microsatellites were used as markers to analyze the genetic relationships between parental olive cultivars and hybrids and the effects of crossing on the disease resistance. Cluster analyses, using the SSR data, showed that olive cultivars and hybrids obtained by controlled cross between MeskixPicholine, Meski x Arbequina and Meski ×Picholine were related to Picholine cultivar. The hybrid Meski x Chétoui was more related to cultivar Meski. Data analyses revealed that the GAPU101 showed the highest number of alleles (8) followed by the tow loci UDO99 and GAPU71 with 6 alleles. The DCA18 locus showed 5 alleles. Genetic variability was wide as indicated by the values of observed heterozygosity as noted 1.00 at locus of the four studied loci. Polymorphic information content (PIC) varied from 0.669 to 0.776. The gene diversity values were higher than 0.53. Genetic distances were determined based on the SSR genotype data and component principal analysis were used for finding possible correlation between severity disease, Meski cultivar and hybrids.
— The microbiological content of Lettuce (a vegetable), commonly vended in the Benin metropolis of Edo state were evaluated. Five vending locations were chosen for the study. Whole and soft rot samples were purchased and analysed for microbiological composition. Results showed high counts in soft rot samples in lettuce. Nutrient agar plated lettuce samples had bacterial counts in the range of 2.0x 103 to 4.7x10 7. Pseudomonas species was the dominant species found in lettuce samples. Bacillus species was isolated from one location in the lettuce samples. Mac Conkey agar plated lettuce plated had bacterial counts in the range of 2.3 x 10 3 to 5.7x 10 7. Enterobacter species, E. coli, and Klebsiella species were the dominant species isolated. Though, Proteus species was isolated from lettuce samples obtained from location five only. The study observes that consuming soft rot samples could pose a risk of introducing pathogens to the consumer due to their high microbial counts and could be detrimental to the health of the consumer.
Antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of opuntia ficus indicaAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica. In vitro tests found the ethyl acetate extract of cladodes had activity against Plasmodium berghei, with lower parasitemia compared to controls. In vivo tests in mice found treatment with the cladode extract resulted in lower parasitemia than the control group on days 5, 8, and 10, though parasitemia was higher than the chloroquine group. However, some mice treated with the extract died between days 7-9, while no deaths occurred in the chloroquine group. The study presents an evaluation of antiplasmodial effects of O
Many Gram negative bacteria, especially Aeromonas hydrophila are notorious for their heightened capacity to acquire and exchange antibiotic resistance genes and consequently, are commonly targeted as indicator organism for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in aquatic milieus. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and drug resistance patterns of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from farm raised catfish at Epe fish farm, Lagos State, Nigeria. Swabs were aseptically taken from the kidney, intestine, liver, gills, and skin after dissecting the fish samples. The specimens were bacteriologically analyzed. After series of biochemical test, the isolated bacteria were identified presumptively according to Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology, 7th Edition. Fifty-seven (57) Aeromonas hydrophila were recovered out of seventy-one (71) bacterial isolated from the 35 fish samples collected from the fish farms studied. The study reveals multiple antibiotics resistance pattern among the isolates as Aeromonas hydrophila were 100% resistant to Streptomycin, Oxytetracycline, Chloranphenicol, Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin and 70, 65 and 55% resistant to Gentamycin, Amoxycillin and Erythromycin respectively. However, all the isolates were 100% susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole only. The presence of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila in fish could be a vehicle of horizontal gene transfer to previously susceptible bacteria and these could constitute a serious public health hazard to human and animal in the environment. Thus, the use of antibiotics in catfish production as growth promoter or disease prevention should be discouraged and some safer, biological alternatives strategies should suffice to mitigate bacteria drug resistance and its associated problems.
The study screened extracts from 21 species of Clusiaceae native to Mexico for anti-HIV activity. Five species showed significant inhibition (≥70%) of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Of these, extracts from Calophyllum brasiliense (hexane) and Clusia quadrangula inhibited the enzyme and were non-toxic to human cells. The C. brasiliense extract was the most potent, inhibiting viral replication with an ED50 of 37.1 μg/ml, while the C. quadrangula extract was less active. The results support Clusiaceae as a source of potential anti-HIV compounds.
Identification and control of fungi associated with the post harvest rot of s...Alexander Decker
This document reports on a study that identified and evaluated methods to control fungi associated with post-harvest rot of Solenostemon rotundifolius (Hausa potato). Four fungi - Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillum expansum, and Rhizopus stolonifer - were consistently isolated from diseased tubers collected from markets in Yola, Nigeria. The efficacy of wood ash, sawdust, and guinea corn chaff in reducing tuber rot caused by these fungi was evaluated. Results showed that the plant materials reduced rot and have potential as alternatives to synthetic fungicides for controlling post-harvest fungal rot of Solenostemon rotundifol
The Antibiotic and Antixenotic Resistance of Some Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.)...IJRES Journal
Resistant varieties is one of the important components in integrated pest management. Studies of the Antixenotic and antibiotic resistance of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) varieties aims to obtain varieties resistant and suitable to be cultivated in the province of North Sulawesi. Research using factorial experiment, treatment peanut varieties: Local varieties (V1), Giraffe (V2), Bison (V3), Bima (V4), Elephant (V5) and Rabbit (V6). Organic fertilizer treatments: Without fertilization (P0) and Super Petroganik as much as 20 tonnes/ha (P1) with three replications. Application of organic fertilizer made one month before planting seeds. Antixenosis and antibiosis resistance research results at 30 days after planting (DAP), the highest stomata diameter contained in P1V1 treatment is 12.62 μm, the longest trichomes on P0V3 is 88.07 μm, the highest stem cotrtex on P1V2 is 88.30 μm, and the highest contained on P1V6 is 9.96 mg/g. The result of the 60 DAP is obtained that the highest yields diameter stomata, trichomes length and content of flavonoids in P1V6 each is 13.85 μm, 136.33 μm and 14:57 mg/g, being the highest cortex diameter on P1V5 is 158.80 μm. Based on the results of analysis of variance, flavonoid content peanut varieties 30 DAP and 60 DAP significantly different (P < 0.05), while the diameter of stomata, trichomes numbers and length number, and corticial stem not significant (P > 0.05). Resistance mechanisms developed peanut plants are antibiosis.
Antibiotic resistance and molecular characterizationAlexander Decker
This document reports on a study of antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of Salmonella isolated from stool samples of diarrhoeal patients in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. A total of 69 Salmonella isolates (S. Typhimurium, S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi A) were obtained from 187 stool samples. The isolates showed high resistance to nitrofurantoin, ceftriazone, and augmentin. Sixty-seven isolates were resistant to at least two antibiotic classes, with resistance to combinations of four antibiotics being most common. Plasmid DNA analysis of resistant isolates identified multiple plasmids ranging from 1.46-23.13 kbp. Resistance genes blaCTX and
Antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization
Similar to Comparison of major peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3 between peanut cultivars from Côte d’Ivoire and the USA using SDS PAGE and Western Blots
Molecular Identification of Bulinus Species in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria...AI Publications
The study considers the distribution of a small sample of 100 Bulinus snails, across 8 localities within Ogun State, Nigerian. Snails were identified using a molecular method of fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. The results showed that the majority of Bulinus samples tested belonged to the species Bulinustruncatus while only one was Bulinusglobosus. The use of Rsa1 restriction endonuclease to cleave the ribosomal its of Bulinus, as a method of species identification, was adopted for the majority of samples, this being a quicker and cheaper method better suited to small laboratory environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosome Dra1 repeat within each of the collected Bulinus samples was employed to determine the extent and distribution of infected snails within the sample areas. Successful amplification of the Dra1 repeat demonstrated that 23% of snails were infected with schistosome
This study analyzed the microbiological quality of commonly consumed ready-to-eat foods (rice, beans, yam, fufu, and meat) obtained from food vendors at Ekiti State University in Nigeria. Aerobic plate counts and fungal counts were determined for the food samples, with mean plate counts ranging from 1.0 x 102 to 6.0 x 104 CFU/g and fungal counts ranging from 1.3 x 102 to 5.2 x 104 CFU/g. Eleven species of microorganisms were isolated including Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Aspergillus spp. Bacillus cereus was the most frequently isolated organism
Using next generation sequencing to describe epiphytic microbiota associated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Its seems likely that agricultural management as diverse as certified organic and conventional IPM practices would impact the microbiota associated with crop surfaces differently. We sampled organic and conventionally managed apples at multiple time-points in a growing season and characterized the bacterial taxa associated with replicates of each treatment type. Surprisingly, no evidence of significant differences persisting across multiple time-points was observed. Significant differential abundance of certain taxa was documented but when it was, it was primarily associated with a single time-point making it difficult to understand if these observations resulted from an environmental or a treatment effect. Principal component analyses demonstrated that sampling time-point explained more of the differences between bacterial communities than treatment. Description of dominant shared bacterial families for both organic and conventional samples included Oxalobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae.
Human health risks impact of pesticide applicationAlexander Decker
This document discusses pesticide use and associated health risks in Gaza Strip, Palestine. It finds that large quantities of pesticides are used annually in Gaza's agriculture, especially for controlling pests on vegetables and fruits. Exposure to some of these pesticides has led to increasing numbers of acute toxic cases and congenital malformations reported in health records. Classification of the pesticides identifies some as extremely or highly toxic. The document examines the need to implement pesticide restriction measures and conduct food residue analysis to address health risks.
Genetic Variability for Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content in Fo...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
This document reports on a study that assessed genetic variability for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in 139 genotypes of four pulse crops: chickpea, lentil, pigeonpea, and blackgram. Significant genetic variation was found for both total phenolic content and antioxidant activity across all genotypes. Blackgram genotypes had the highest mean phenolic content and antioxidant activity, followed by pigeonpea, chickpea, and lentil. Within each crop, phenolic content and antioxidant activity varied between genotypes. Highly significant correlations between phenolic content and antioxidant activity were found for all crops except pigeonpea. The study indicates genetic diversity exists that can be exploited for improving antioxidant levels in these important pulse crops.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Potato (Solanum Tube...Premier Publishers
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) used as fresh products and commercially processed foods such as French fries and chips.The objective of the experiment was to assess the nature and magnitude of variability in potato genotypes for tuber quality, yield and yield-related traits. Twenty four potato genotypes were evaluated at Holetta Agricultural Research Centre using a randomized complete block design with three replications during the growing season of 2017. The results of the analysis of variance indicated there was highly significant differences among the genotypes for all traits excepted peel content. The phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficient of variation ranged between 0.90 to 46.43% and 0.75 to 40.0%. Heritability in the broad sense (H2) and genetic advance as percent of the mean (GAM) ranged from 38.13 to 91.64% and 1.28 to 73.50%. High phenotypic coefficients of variation and genotypic coefficients of variation coupled with high heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean were observed for shoot dry mass weight, average tuber number, average tuber weight, unmarketable tuber yield, small size tuber and large size tubers. Therefore, selection for these characters would be effective for the emerging processing industry and could be selected as parents for future crossing program in Ethiopia.
Presentation from the International Life Sciences Institute, India - "Scientific Workshop on Safety Assessment of GM Foods" held on 14-15 October, 2015 in New Delhi, India
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB)ijcsity
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Biology. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Biological sciences and applications.
RESIDUAL ESTIMATION OF ISOPROTURON, ATRAZINE AND GRAIN PROTECTANTS IN STORED ...ijabjournal
This study was carried out to see the occurrence and level of pesticide residues in stored wheat grain samples. Wheat grains were collected from different godowns located in Faisalabad district. Weedicide residues in wheat grains were analyzed by using thin plate liquid chromatography and validated high
performance liquid chromatography. On the basis of extent of inhibition of the Hill reaction, it was found that the level of atrazine was (0-0.028 ngkg-1) and the level of isopproturon was (0-0.024 ngkg-1) in test samples. The calculated values were below the Maximum Residue Limit (MEL) i.e. 100 ngkg-1 for atrazine and 2200 ngkg-1 for isoproturon. It was found that presence of herbicide residues in stored wheat was negligible. Further, on wheat grain samples placed in jars and treated with deltamethrin and cypermethrin @0.4 and 0.8% concentration. The persistency data was calculated after 1 hour, 7, 15 and 30 days of treatment. The grain protectants were continuously degraded with the passage of time and after the 30 days
the amount of residues of the grain protectants was found to be very small. It was concluded that the use of the grain protectants in the powder form in combination with other botanicals on stored wheat samples is feasible to reduce the insect pest in stored grains.
Ethical and bio-safety issues related to GM cropsMahammed Faizan
a seminar presentation on ethical and bio-safety issues related GM crops.
impact of gm crops on human, animal and environmental health.
safety measure related transgenic crops.
international governmental bodies
Bacterial assessment and quality analysis of raw milk sold in gwagwalada area...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the bacterial assessment and quality analysis of raw milk sold in Gwagwalada Area Council of Abuja, Nigeria. Samples were taken from four local farms and analyzed for their bacterial content. The main findings were:
1) The total bacterial counts ranged from 1.0x106 to 5.6x107 cfu/ml, exceeding the standard limit of 1x105 cfu/ml.
2) The most common bacteria identified were Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species.
3) Treatment T3 (Kutunku herd) had the lowest bacterial counts, indicating better
This document reports on a study that assessed the microbiological quality and safety of fresh and dried mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) that were gamma irradiated and stored. Fresh mushrooms were irradiated at doses of 0, 1, and 2 kGy and stored for 5 days, while dried mushrooms were irradiated at doses of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 kGy and stored for 12 months. Microbial analysis found that gamma irradiation effectively reduced aerobic mesophiles, Bacillus cereus, and yeast/mold counts in both fresh and dried mushrooms. No Salmonella, coliforms, or Staphylococcus aureus were detected. Decimal reduction doses
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus amendment on the yield of a Chlorella sp. s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A strain of microalgae was isolated from phytoplankton samples collected from the sea coast of Amsheet, North Lebanon. Molecular diagnosis based on ribosomal RNA genes showed it to be most closely related to Chlorella sp. (GenBank accession KC188335.1) with over 90 % nucleotide identity. It was then evaluated whether N and P amendments of seawater fertilized with Guillard’s f/2 medium would improve algal growth and production. Addition of nitrogen (30 ppm) and/or phosphorus (2 ppm) to microalgae grown under laboratory conditions in 3L bioreactors resulted in improved biomass yield (mg dry matter/ L) by approximately 48%, and increased protein yield by approximately 56%, from 19.5% to 30.6% of DM content. Total protein yield/L of culture medium was therefore increased by approximately 83%. Total lipid content and carotenoid levels of the microalgal culture were not affected by the N+P amendement, whereas chlorophyll content was almost doubled. When lower levels of N+P supplementations, 10 and 20 ppm N, were tried, the biomass yield was also improved. The experiment was repeated in 20 L bioreactors in a plastic greenhouse, under normal environmental conditions, with an average temperature of 28°C and a maximum temperature of 36°C. At these relatively high temperatures, the growth rate was slowed down, but N supplementations at 10 and 20 ppm resulted in improved dry matter yield by 25 and 45% respectively, and protein content by 17 and 35%, respectively. Knowledge of the optimal culturing conditions of this local Chlorella strain is essential for its efficient production and is expected to serve future environmental and biotechnological purposes.
This document summarizes a study examining the incidence and antibiotic sensitivity of Bacillus cereus isolated from ready-to-eat foods sold in markets in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Sixty-four food samples were tested and Bacillus cereus was found in all samples, with the highest frequency occurring in cooked rice (29.51%) and masa (26.23%). All Bacillus cereus isolates were susceptible to several antibiotics including rifampin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin, but were 100% resistant to norfloxapin, floxapen, and ampiclox. The presence of Bacillus cereus in foods sold in markets poses a public health risk due to poor sanitation
Allergic skin testing - a 4 year experience in Hospital AmpangFuad Ridha Mahabot
This study analyzed the results of skin prick tests (SPT) performed on 239 patients in Malaysia between 2009-2012. The SPT identified sensitizations to common aeroallergens like dust mites and cockroaches as well as food allergens like crab and shrimp. The majority (95%) of patients tested positive on SPT. The most common sensitizations were to the dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae (34.8%) and Blomia tropicalis (32.6%). For food allergens, crab (17.06%) and shrimp (17.94%) were the most common sensitizations. The study aims to identify specific allergies in patients with poorly controlled allergic
Occurrence of Aflatoxin Levels in Harvest and Stored Groundnut Kernels in Kad...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study on the occurrence of aflatoxin levels in harvested and stored groundnut kernels in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The study found that both harvested and stored products had significantly higher numbers of samples containing Aspergillus flavus than Aspergillus parasiticus. Though only 9.02% of samples screened had aflatoxin levels above the recommended limit of 20ppb, the persistent detection of moulds and total aflatoxin could pose a health threat to human and animal consumers of groundnut products. While most samples from non-mechanized processors were within safety limits, the ability to detect low levels of aflatoxin means contamination could still enter the food chain
This document describes a study that used molecular methods including PCR and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region to analyze the genetic diversity of anaerobic fungi in the gastrointestinal tracts of buffalo. Total DNA was extracted from rumen samples and the ITS1 region was amplified and sequenced. Sequence analysis of 12 clones showed diversity among the anaerobic fungal isolates. The results indicate that analysis of the ITS1 spacer through molecular techniques is a promising approach for comparing rumen fungal populations and diversity.
The pharmaceutical efferct of date palm fruit extract (phoenixAlexander Decker
The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE). Science, Technology and Medicine Journals Call for Academic Manuscripts
Similar to Comparison of major peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3 between peanut cultivars from Côte d’Ivoire and the USA using SDS PAGE and Western Blots (20)
Cytogenetic an Experimental Monitoring Test for Plant ExtractsIOSRJPBS
More than two centuries have been passed since the chromosomes have been firstly observed in plant cells by Nageli in 1842. During this long period, chromosomes have been discovered in human cells and well recognized as a source of genes locations. The effects of chemicals and environmental pollution in human health and caners became an interested field of studying diver mutagens and their role in affecting the genetic materials. Cytogenetic tests were the main tools to evaluate the effects of those mutagens on human genome and chromosomes. Many techniques have been used for these purposes including in vitro and in vivo analyzing tests using human and animal cells. The intent of this article is to review the role of cytogenetic techniques in detecting the effects of mutagens on chromosomal aberrations and the role of plant extracts in monitoring these effects
Prevalence of Rota Virus Detection by Reverse TranscriptasePolymerase Chain R...IOSRJPBS
The present study was conducted for the period from 1/6/2016 to 20/1/2017 in Baquba city. The study aimed to detection of rotavirus in stool specimens of children fewer than five age and also explore the effects of certain demographic factors on the detection rates by revers transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction. The study included 49 patients with acute diarrhea, 32 were male and 17 were female. The age range was two months to 5 years. Demographic information on the patients regarding age, sex, residence, type of feeding and source of drinking water were collected from their parents. Stool specimens were collected from each patients and. Detection of rotavirus in stool specimens was done by conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results of present study showed that the overall infection rate by rotavirus among patients with acute diarrhea by RT-PCR tests was 93.88%. The highest infection rate was recorded among those >10-≤15 months of age. None of the results showed significantly difference between female and male, PCR (88% vs 96.87%). Likewise, there was insignificantly difference between urban and rural residence, PCR (95.65% vs 92.30%). The results revealed insignificantly higher infection rate among patients (those below 2 years) feed mixing (91.66%) and bottled (100%) compared to that breast feeding (77.77%) by RT-PCR. The rotavirus infection rate was insignificantly higher among patients consuming municipal water for drinking (97.22%) compared to those consuming bottled water (84.61%) by the RT-PCR. The study concluded that rotavirus was detected in high rates among children less than 5 years old with acute diarrhea in Baquba city, particularly those less than 2 year old.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic and cytoprotective effects of the ethanolic root extract of Salacia nitida on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Key findings of the study include:
1) The ethanolic extract of S. nitida roots showed significant antidiabetic activity, demonstrated by a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose levels and increase in body weight of treated diabetic rats.
2) Histological examination showed the extract helped restore damaged pancreatic and kidney tissues in treated diabetic rats closer to normal.
3) The extract demonstrated significant glucose tolerance effects and may lower blood glucose through mechanisms like stimulating insulin production or protecting pancreatic beta cells.
Anti Bacterial and Anti Oxidant Activities of Evolvulus Alsinoides LinnIOSRJPBS
: Plants are very important sources of potential useful raw materials as natural chemotherapeutic agents. Shankhpushpi is botanically termed as Evolvulus alsinoides; the extracts have exhibited antioxidant, anti-ulcer, and immunomodulatory activities. The present work is to investigate the invitro therapeutic potential activities of methanolic extract of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides on the antimicrobial activity against five clinical pathogenic bacterial strains viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebshiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhii, using agar well diffusion assay and Anti oxidant activity using 1-1-Diphenyl- 2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Extract inhibited IC50: 40.2. Total phenolic content: 28.4 mg/ml & Total flavonoid content: 20.2 μg /ml. Evolvulus alsinoides (MIC): 512.5mg/ml possess 30 to 40 % inhibition, the antibacterial activity of the herbal extracts was more pronounced on the gram- negative bacteria Klebshiella pneumonia than the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The free radical scavenging activity of methanolic activity of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides increase in a concentration dependent manner, and posses statistically significance DPPH free radical scavenging & Anti microbial activities
A Study on Biomarkers in a Spatially Distributed Type – 2 Diabetes mellitus G...IOSRJPBS
Diabetes, a dreaded disease already ravaged a huge population worldwide, whether it is inherited through generations or invited by the people by their uncontrolled way of life is still obscure. Biomarkers assay is a boon to the diseased to opt proper prophylactic measures to curb or eradicate diseases. The elevated levels of various biomarkers related to inflammation of vital organs, liver function, kidney function and other vital parameters in our diabetic cases reveals the extent of organ(s) damage in these subjects. It is also evident that the levels of various biomarkers are similar in our diabetic subjects, irrespective of their habits or habitats.
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study on the toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extract. The study found:
1) The tolerated dose of the extract in rats was 800mg/kg while the toxic dose was 1600mg/kg, with behavioral and neurological signs observed at toxic doses.
2) The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was calculated to be 2663.92 mg/kg in acute toxicity testing.
3) In a 28-day sub-acute toxicity study, rats administered 800mg/kg of the extract daily showed no changes in body weight, hematological, or biochemical parameters compared to controls.
Flora of Kansai Basin at Lalgarh of Paschim Medinipur District in West Bengal...IOSRJPBS
Flora is systematic enumeration of plant species in a given community of a given ecosystem. It reflects the quality as well as the health of the ecosystem because the floral community are the producers which support the growth and development of ecosystem. It reflects the inflow of nutrients and recycling processes through bio-geochemical processes. Indiscriminate use of different chemicals and articles for different purposes produced by different leading factories for the modern development of human societies causes threat to the environment and loosing the biodiversity which significantly destroying the environment rapidly. The main reason is increasing load of human population which damaging the environment and degrading the ecosystem by pollution directly or indirectly. The present paper reflects the 57 floral elements under 29 families and the community structure including eco-degradation process which could be a starting point of extension through community research by a group of workers in future. Hope that interested people will come and take that opportunity to record the problems for future study and assessment about the dwindling ecosystem for our existence at Lalgarh.
Although ATP production is very important for mitochondria, little is known about the actual rate of production and the value of “unit of currency” for mitochondrial energy transactions. “Unit of currency” for all transactions in general is named “quantum” in Physics, and no value of ATP quantum is accurately given in bibliography, other than rough estimates. This work focuses to calculating produced energy unit in mitochondrial metabolism (Quantum for ATP, or QATP for sort) and the rate of ATP production (power of “mitochondrial factory”)
High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Saudi Children And Adolescents ...IOSRJPBS
Background: Vitamin D inadequacy constitutes an increasingly recognized comorbidity among Saudi populations. There were limited data about its prevalence in Saudi children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Saudi children and adolescents with T1DM in Albaha region, southwestern of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 117 Saudi children and adolescents with T1DM. These patients were recruited from Albaha diabetic center, Saudi Arabia. The range of age of the participants was 1 –18 years.. All participants were subjected to history taking including, age, gender, duration of diabetes, clinical presentation at the onset of diabetes. Measurement of serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D was done in all participants. Results: There were 117 Saudi children and adolescent with T1DM, 52 (44.4%) were boys, and 65 (55.6%) were girls with a mean age 8.8 ± 3.4 and 9.2 ± 3.9 for boys and girls respectively (p=0.52). The mean serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels among them was 17.1± 10.1 ng/ml and the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy was 88.9% (59.9% of subjects had vitamin D deficiency and 29 % had vitamin D insufficiency) and 11.1% had sufficient levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D. There was a significant difference in vitamin D level among different groups of vitamin D level (p˂ 0.001). The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency was greater in the girls with 34.2%, as compared to 25.6% among boys. Vitamin D deficiency was more common among children in the range of age 1-10 years (52.1% vs 36.8%). In vitamin D deficient group, the mean levels of vitamin D were significantly lower in patients presented with DKA as compared to those presented with hyperglycemic symptoms (p= 0.016). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is common in Saudi children and adolescent with T1DM in Albaha region. This is more common in girls and in the younger age groups. Therefore, screening for vitamin D deficiency, creating awareness to increase sunlight exposure, increase the fortification of food products with vitamin D and vitamin D supplementation for these patients should be warranted to prevent future morbidity.
Development of Nimbolide from Seeds of Azadirachta Indica Extract Assisted by...IOSRJPBS
The recent studies on Nimbolide, a robust cervical anticancer agent was identified for the separation of Nimbolide from Azadirachta indica berry collected from Ranga Reddy- Dist, the seeds were initially isolated, dried and transformed into coarse powder. The seed core was defatted and concentrated using methanol in a soxhlet apparatus. The methanolic extract obtained from seeds is subjected to High Performance Liquid Chromatography [HPLC] by direct reverse phase method for isolation of Nimbolide using Molecular Docking of Nimbolide through Molecular Operatin Environment [MOE] 2008 software. This declared that Nimbolide has capability of binding 12.3% to a Glycine 131 undergoing polar interactions. Nimbolide was found to interact with Cyclin E, was redeemed from the Protein Data Bank [PDB code; 1W98]. It was observed that Nimbolide showed an satisfactory increased life span (54.32 and 65.16), decreased the viable cells (52.3±1.5 and 32.5±1.3), and tumor volume (3.2±0.03 and 2.4±0.04).
A Review on Different Benefits of MushroomIOSRJPBS
This paper reviews mushrooms. In this paper, nutritional and medicinal values, other uses of mushrooms were discussed. Mushrooms have been important in human history as food, as medicine, as legands, and in folk lore and religion. Mushrooms are basically consumed for their texture and flavor. They have recently become attractive as health - beneficent food and as sources for the development of drugs. Many higher mushrooms are known to contain a number of biologically active components that show promising antitumor and immunomodulating, cardiovascular, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic and antidiabetic effects. Nutritional value of mushrooms lies between that of meat and vegetables. The rich source of proteins, vitamins and minerals and low in fat content (2-8%) unique chemicals constitution of mushrooms makes them low calorie food 8 and choice diet for those suffering from hypertension, arthrosclerosis, diabetes, obesity. Mushrooms play a role in the development of new biological remediation techniques and filtration technologies (e.g. using fungi to lower bacterial levels in contaminated water). From the review it was observed that developing countries should harness the potentials of mushrooms as this would boost the revenue income and healthy living. It is hoped that this paper would add to existing information on this fungus
Evaluation of plasma Creatine Kinase activity and Inorganic phosphate among S...IOSRJPBS
Background: CK and phosphorus are helpful biomarker for detection of early renalabnormality particularlyCK which has been shown to be abetter predicator of acute renal failure. Objectives: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study.Conducted in Khartoum and White Nile state from March to June 2016.The aim of this study to assess serum creatine kinase (CK) activity and inorganic phosphate concentrations in Sudanese patients with sickle cell anemia. 80 subjects were enrolled in this study they were classified into 40 with sickle cell disease (SCD) as casegroup and 40 healthy apparently as control group. CK activity and phosphorus level was measured by using Spectrophotometry method. Results: The results showed significantly higher Ck activity in patients with SCD when compared with control group with (P = 0.021), and not significant differences in mean of serum phosphorus concentration in case when compared with control with (P = 0.547). Also show serum CK activity in patients used hydroxyurea when compare with the mean of patients not used hydroxyurea it is significantly decrease with (P= 0.006)
A Clinical Study of Amoebic Dysentery and Its Homoeopathic ManagementIOSRJPBS
A Clinical Study of Amoebic Dysentery and Its Homoeopathic Management, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India. Background: To study the clinical presentation of amoebic dysentery and to study the results of Homeopathic management and treatment of amoebic dysentery. To assess the influence of miasm in the case of Amoebic Dysentery. Methodology: Thirty out-patients with clinically confirmed symptomatic cases of amoebic dysentery were entered trial and treated with Homoeopathic remedies on the basis of Homoeopathic principles with fixed criteria to know the results of treatment as recovered, improved or not improved. For the present study he patients who visited on Sriganganagar Homoeopathic Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Sri Ganganagar, Rajsthan, India and peripheral Out Patient Department were selected on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: Totally 30 patients were selected for this study. At the end of the study it was observed that, out of 30 patients, 24 patients recovered (80%), 5 case improved (16.66%) and1case is not improved (3.3%). with the help ofsuitable homoeopathic medicines. Conclusion: There were no side effects during the treatment and it can be concluded that Homoeopathic Medicines can be help the patient to take a new lease on life
Biological Efficacy of Quassia Indica (Geratn) Nooteb and Centella Asiatica (...IOSRJPBS
Antimicrobial activity of different extracts of two selected plants, Quassia indica (Geartn) Nooteb and Centella asiatica (L.) Urban were tested against selected strains of bacteria viz; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sps, Bacillus thuringiensis, Klebsiella sps and Serratia sps using agar disc diffusion technique. Petroleum ether, acetone, methanol and water extracts of seed and leaf of Q. indica and leaf of C. asiatica showed moderate to significant antimicrobial activity. Of the four extracts tested, petroleum ether and water fractions showed more activity against all the bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition of the active fractions for the petroleum ether ranged from 8.57 to 12.63 mm and 8.53 to 14.5mm for the water fraction of Q. indica seed and leaf and C. asiatica leaf; and exhibited comparable results with widely used commercial antimicrobial agents (16 to19 mm for Kanamycin and 14 to 17mm for Cefotaxime). The results prove the efficacy of the most active fractions of the selected plant extracts to be used for developing potent antimicrobial formulations.
Comparative Testing of Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous Extract of Bergenia ...IOSRJPBS
The aim of this research was to formulate a gel comprising of the both extracts of Bergenia ligulata rhizomes and Butea monosperma flowers that would aid in wound healing by exhibiting antibacterial activity at the site of wound infection if any. As per the literature survey conducted it was found that aqueous extract of Bergenia ligulata rhizomes and ethanolic extract of Butea monosperma flowers have good potential of antibacterial activity. Hence this antibacterial activity was studied with the help of agar well-diffusion assay method, against the micro-organisms-S. aureus, MRSA, Pr. vulgaris, and E.coli . Both these extracts were obtained through Soxhlet extraction process and this process was optimized to get maximum yield of extraction. By agar gel well- diffusion assay at the concentration of about 100µg/mL both the extracts exhibited maximum zone of inhibition. This concentration was helpful in deciding the dose for topical gel formulation.
Yield Performances of Pleurotus ostreatus on Different Growth Substrates as I...IOSRJPBS
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of some vegetables (Diplazium sammatii, Moringa oleifera, and Justicia insularis) as additives on the growth parameters of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on two substrates; banana leaves (BL) and banana leaves/sawdust (BL/SD). The substrates were amended with these vegetables at different concentration levels (0 g, 5 g, 10 g and 15 g). Spawn running was completed in 30, 35, and 40 days in banana leaves, banana leaves/sawdust and the control respectively. Parameters assessed included area of pileus, number of fruit bodies, fresh weight, dry weight, length of stipe and girth of stipe. Higher mean values for fresh weight (21.69 g), area of pileus (42.58 cm2 ), length of stipe (5.10 g) and girth of stipe (4.30 g) were obtained from BL substrate treated to 5 g M. oleifera leaf powder. These values were significantly different from values obtained for other plant additives. Considering the number of fruit bodiesthat emerged on BL/SD substrates, the control produced more fruit bodies than the substrates with additives. The best performance in BL/SD substrates was observed when the substrate was treated to 10 g J. insularis in some of the parameters assessed. These included fresh weight (20.64 g), number of fruit bodies (8.00) and stipe girth (3.44 cm).Other parameters like area of pileus (36.08 cm2 ) and dry weight (2.39 cm), control had a better performance. While for length of stipe, 15 g M. oleifera leaf powder had the highest mean value that was significantly different (P≤0.05) from what was observed in substrates amended with other additives. It is therefore evident that these vegetables have high potential for utilization as additives or supplements for growing of Pleurotus ostreatus especially when using BL as substrates. In addition, substratesadditive concentration combination played a significant role in selective organ growth of the test mushroom.
Dermatoglification Analysis for Selection and Training of Sports TalentsIOSRJPBS
: The term sports talent can be defined as the individual who, through his inherited and acquired conditions, has a special ability for sports performance, above the average of the general population. Fingerprints are genetic markers and can function as indicators of sporting talents. The objective of the present study was to use dermatoglyphics to identify the genetic-physical profile of soccer athletes. Twenty-four athletes belonging to the Palmeiras Sports Society Athletes' Capture Center participated in this study in the Nordeste sub-category category 16. The dermatoglyphic protocol of Cummins and Midlo (1961) was used. Standard fingerprint indices were calculated: the number of drawings for the 10 fingers and the delta index (D10). We also analyzed the types of digital formulas that indicate the representation in individuals of different types of drawings. Based on the classification of Fernandes (2002), the group presented somatofunctional classification for height, velocity and explosive strength, due to the delta index of 11.54. We conclude that dermatoglyphics can be a parameter to identify the potentiality of an individual and can be incorporated into a policy of selection and formation of sports talent.
Establishment of suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. for benzyl isoth...IOSRJPBS
Successful scale-upof the anticancer benzyl isothiocyanate compound production was achieved from cell suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. Cell cultures were established from the stem internodal segments derived callus. Elicitation with two biotic elicitors; chitosan and salicylic acid, increased callus biomass and benzyl isothiocyanate accumulation, but chitosan induced the maximum accumulation, which reached about four-fold higher over the control at the concentration of 100 mg/L. Benzyl isothiocyanate production from cell suspension cultures was studied in shake-flask culture and stirred-tank bioreactor with the application of the optimum concentration of chitosan in the medium. Both methods elevate the compound production; however its yield was higherin the stirred-tank bioreactor.It achieved about eight-fold increase in the production of benzyl isothiocyanate after 24 days of incubation. This protocol can act as a roadmap for large-scale production of benzyl isothiocyanate from cell suspension cultures ofSalvadora persica by using bioreactors
Antimicrobial Activity of Bauhinia Purpurea (L) by Minimum Inhibitory Concent...IOSRJPBS
MIC methods are widely used in the comparative testing of new agents, or when a more accurate result is required for clinical management. As there are no CLSI (formerly NCCLS) recommendations for the determination of MICs of varies bio-compounds against gram positive and gram negative organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration is the lowest concentration (in μg/ml) of an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of a given strain of bacteria. In Diagnostic laboratories these MIC’S are used to confirm resistance and also most often used to determine antimicrobial invitro activity. In the present MIC method, one can get the information about Antibiotic agent, preparation of stock solutions, media and inoculation, conditions of incubation, ultimately reading and interpretation of results. The present study is focused to evaluate antibacterial activities of ethanolic extract and purified fractions of Bauhinia purpurea using a gram-positive and a gram-negative organisms Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella, E.coli and enterococcus
Evaluations of Some Biological Properties of Ethanolic Leave Extract of Costu...IOSRJPBS
Costus afer plant has been known to the traditionalist for a very long time. The locals having realized its medicinal potentials have employed it in a variety of ways. This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial, biochemical and CNS depressant properties of ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer in albino mice and anti-inflammatory activity in albino rats. Ninety albino mice (22-29g) of both sexes were selected and divided into eighteen groups of five mice each. Four groups for analgesic activity, three groups for in-vivo clothing time, four groups for spontaneous locomotor activity, three groups for heamatological evaluation and four groups for phenobarbitone induced hypnosis. Twenty albino rats (180-200g) of both sexes were also selected and divided into four groups of five rats each and used for anti-inflammatory activity. In all, the control groups receive 0.2ml of normal saline while two dose groups of the extract was used 400 and 1200mg/kg representing low and high dose in the treatment group. Indomethacin, Phenobarbitone, Chropromazine, Indomethacine, Ciprofloxacin and Fluconazole were used as reference drug for anlagesic activity, locomotor activity, hypnosis, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal test respectively. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer was performed. The result of the qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, glycosides and terpenoids whereas anthraquinones, essential oil and phlobatannins were absent. The results obtained shows that ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer posses antibacterial activity but no antifungal activity. There was a dose dependent increase in analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities, bleeding/clotting time and CNS activity. The hematological evaluation of the leaves of costusafer shows that the extract has no noticeable effect on the HB, PCV, RBC, but decreases the WBC, platelet count, neutrophils and lymphocytes components of the blood, also the clotting/bleeding time was seen to increase dose dependently in the treated groups. In conclusion, ethanol extract of costus afer ker Gawl leaves possess antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and CNS depressant activity.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Comparison of major peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3 between peanut cultivars from Côte d’Ivoire and the USA using SDS PAGE and Western Blots
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN:2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 12, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan. - Feb.2017), PP 31-36
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1201013136 www.iosrjournals.org 31 | Page
Comparison of major peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3
between peanut cultivars from Côte d’Ivoire and the USA using SDS
PAGE and Western Blots
Chiayé Claire Antoinette Yapo-Crezoit1
, Antony Ananga2
,Francis Yapo 3
,
Koffi Konan4
, Hortense Dodo 4
1
Laboratory of Immunology. Abidjan ,Institut Pasteur of Côte d’Ivoire.
2
Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States.
3
Laboratory of Biochimistry. University of Félix Houphouët Boigny. Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.
4
Ingatey Gen LLC, Elizabeth City, North Carolina, USA.
Summary: Peanut is commonly consumed in many forms. The ubiquitous presence of peanut in processed food
is responsible for an increasing number of allergic reactions due to accidental ingestion. The prevalence of
peanut allergy seems to be underestimated in the African population possibly because of the lack of testing and
clinical documentation. In this study, a comparison was made between raw and roasted peanut seeds from
cultivars of Côte d’Ivoire (ARA-CI) and raw peanut seeds from the cultivar Georgia Green, grown
commercially in the USA. The main objective of this study was to identify the protein profile of peanut seeds
from Côte d’Ivoire and compare it with the molecular specificities of major allergens of Georgia green seeds
from the USA using a combination of two methods, SDS PAGE and Western blots. Peanut protein profiles via
SDS PAGE, coupled with Western blots were carried out on two collections of peanut seeds. In the raw peanut
seed extracts from Côte d’Ivoire, are visible fingerprints of the major allergenic proteins Ara h 1(63.5 kDa),Ara
h 2(17, 20 kDa), and Ara h 3(25,36, 40 and 44 kDa) and an allergenic bands of Ara h 3 of about 36kDa.This
provides evidence of the presence of the major allergens in peanut from Côte d’Ivoire, this, a presumption of a
high allergenic potency peanut despite a low prevalence of peanut allergy in the country. The presence of a
strongly expressed 30 kDa protein, potentially corresponding to a component of Ara h 3 in the roasted sample
means that cooking processes could increase the allergenic potency of peanut. This study makes it possible to
identify molecular specificity in peanut from Côte d’Ivoire for the development of local screening test adapted to
the environment.
Keywords: peanuts, allergy, allergen, Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3, SDS-PAGE, Western blot, Côte d’Ivoire
I. Introduction
The global prevalence of allergy is reported to be in the range of 20–30% of the world’s population for
different forms of allergic diseases, and this global prevalence seems to have increased in the last 3 decades
[1,2].
Peanuts are known to be one of the most allergenic food, often responsible for severe clinical allergic
reactions through hypersensitivity mechanism with variable clinical signs in atopic subjects[3]
. In the United
States, as many as 15 million people (9 million adults and nearly 6 million children) have food allergies with an
estimated prevalence of 0.6-1.3% of peanut allergy among the U.S. population [4,5,6,7,8].
Self-reported prevalence
of allergy to common foods in Europe ranged from 0.1 to 6.0%. Prevalence of peanut allergy with 0.2% in the
general European population was found to be more common among older children[9].
In a 2010,Swedish study of
peanut allergy in children, the authors estimated the prevalence of clinical peanut allergy among a sensitized
population to be 22.4% [10]
.In France, the prevalence of peanut allergy is estimated at 1% among children aged
six to ten years, and 0.2% after the age of 11 years. The prevalence of peanut allergy in the general French
population was estimated between 1 and 2.5%.
In Africa, despite the limited information on allergy and allergens, most of the allergy cases in rural
areas are contact allergies that may lead to mild dermatitis and pruritus. Further, people living in grasslands, in a
traditional setting, with traditional dietary practices rarely suffer from allergic diseases[11,12]
. Food allergy seems
to be uncommon in the general population, but more frequently occurring in children (up to8%) compared with
adults (2%). About 35% of children with severe eczema experience food allergy involving IgE antibodies,and
6% of children with asthma experience food induced wheezing[13,14.]
.In Togo, food sensitization to
trophallergens interested 36.70% of children with 19% of peanut sensitization[15]
. In Côte d’Ivoire the
prevalence of peanut allergy was estimated at 9.09% [16]
. In Senegal, clinical cases revealed that allergic diseases
seem to be on the rise. However, in a hundreds of patients, oral food challenges indicated three patients were
allergic to peanut; a number which usually would not exceed two17
. In Ghana, a skin prick test (SPT) for food
(mango, banana, orange, papaya, pineapple, apple and peanut) allergy was conducted on a cohort of 1695
2. Comparison of major peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3 between peanut cultivars from ..
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1201013136 www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page
schoolchildren aged 5-16 years. Pineapple (~ 1.7%) and peanut (~1.7%) were the most frequent SPT positives,
with a slightly higher proportion in urban public schoolchildren compared to their rural counterpart [18].
The physical symptoms coupled with the clinical data make it possible to confirm a diagnosis for
peanut allergy. The low amount of information on the prevalence of peanut allergy and food allergy in general
in Africa necessitates a much more dedicated involvement of the scientific community. However, food allergy
screening tests manufactured and sold by European or American companies in Africa have a high cost. Thus, it
is critical for African countries to develop local low cost screening tests and kits, for food and peanut allergies.
Among the large array of panels available, serological tests to identify specific IgE antibodies to peanut may be
an appropriate screening strategy to be developed large scale as suggested by some authors [19,20]
.Enzyme
immunoassays are used to determine not only peanut proteins but traces of allergens in food and feeds [21, 19, 22]
.
The main objective of this study was to identify the protein profile of peanut seeds from Côte d’Ivoire and
compared the molecular specificities of the major allergens to that of Georgia green peanut seeds from the USA
using a combination of SDS PAGE and western blots.
II. Materials
Three peanut cultivars were used:
- Two (2) non processed protein samples from a collection of peanut seeds from Côte d’Ivoire (ARA- CI) [16]
,
one (1) extracted from roasted peanuts (170°C for 20 minutes[35 ]
) labeled sample N°2, and a second protein
sample extracted from raw peanut and labeled sample N°3,
-The third protein sample was extracted from raw peanut seed of the Georgia Green variety, and provided to us
by Dr. H. Dodo[29],
and labeled No
.1(Fig 1).
III. Methods
1-Extraction of Peanut Proteins
Extraction of peanut proteins from the raw and roasted peanut was performed using a modification of
the protocol by Koppelman et al., 2001 [23]
.200µg of peanut seed was crushed in 2mL of 50mM Tris-HCl, pH
8.0.The mixture was stirred for 2 hrs at room temperature, and the aqueous fraction was collected by
centrifugation (3,000g) for 5 min at room temperature. The aqueous phase was subsequently centrifuged
(10,000g) for 15 min at room temperature to remove residual traces of oil and insoluble particles. Each extract
was stored at -20°
C until used to perform SDS-PAGE and Western Blots. The protein concentration of soluble
peanut extracts was determined by the Bradford method [24 ]
.All remaining extracted soluble peanut seed proteins
were stored overnight at - 20°C.
2 - SDS-PAGE Analysis
The SDS-PAGE was performed essentially according to Laemmli[25]
using a Mini Protein II system
(Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) with 17% acrylamide gels (15x10 cm). Pre-stained molecular weight markers
with standard molecular weights of 10, 15, 20, 25, 37, 50, 75, 100, and 220 kDa were used as reference. Soluble
peanut protein extracts were mixed in a 1 to 3 ratio with 4x XT buffer (BioRad) and were subsequently boiled
for 5 min.
Approximately 10μg/ml of samples were loaded on the gel and let to run for 1hr at 200V. Gels were
stained with Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 (Biorad) for 30 min and de-stained twice with Coomassie brilliant
R-250 for 1hr. After de-staining, gel pictures were taken using Kodak EDAS-290 (BioRad).
3-Western blot analysis
Peanut proteins separated by SDS-PAGE were electrophoretically transferred to polyvinylidene-
difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Bio-Rad). Blotting was performed in transfer buffer (10 mMTris-HCl, 100
mMGly, 10% methanol) using a Mini-Trans Blot system (Bio-Rad). A modified protocol was used for
immunoblotting [23]
. Membranes were blocked overnight with Tris-buffered saline plus Tween 20 (TBST; 25
mMTris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mMNaCl, 0.05% Tween 20) containing nonfat 2% dry milk and subsequently
incubated overnight at room temperature with the specific monoclonal antibodies for Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h
3 diluted 1:10000, 1:20000, and 1:10000 respectively in Tris-Buffered Saline and Tween (TBST). After three
washes of 10 min each with TBST, membranes were incubated with the secondary antibody peroxidase labeled
Goat anti-Human IgE() (Kirkegaard& Perry Laboratories, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD, Cat number 074-1004 Lot
QH67-1) diluted 1:10,000 in TBST. Membranes were washed as above with TBST, and antigen-antibody
complexes were detected by chemiluminescence by incubating with SuperSignalR
West Pico Chemiluminescent
Substrate (Pierce, Cat number 34080 kit containing SuperSignalR
West Pico Luminol/Enhancer solution and
SuperSignalR
West Pico Stable Peroxidase solution) for 30 sec to 1 min. The blot was placed against the film in
a cassette and exposed.
3. Comparison of major peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3 between peanut cultivars from ..
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1201013136 www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page
IV. Results
SDS PAGE and Western Blot displays the profile of the proteins extracted from peanut seeds from Cote d’Ivoire
(ARA-CI) and from Georgia green peanut from the USA
(B)(A)
Fig.1: (A) –SDS-PAGE: Protein profile of raw (Lane 3) and roasted (Lane 2) peanut seeds from Côte d'Ivoire
(ARA-CI) compared to raw Georgia green seeds (Lane 1) from the USA. (B) Western Blot : To detect the
presence of the three major allergens (Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3) in peanut seeds from Côte d’Ivoire and
from the USA.
M= Molecular weight marker.
#1=control (raw peanut seed of Georgia Green market type from USA)
#2=Roasted peanut seeds from Côte d’Ivoire (ARA-CI)
# 3= Raw peanut seeds from Côte d’Ivoire (ARA-CI).
SDS PAGE data revealed the raw peanut seed extract of ARA-CI (Lane 3) and the raw peanut seeds extract
from the USA (Lane 1) were similar in protein profile, with fingerprint bands corresponding to the molecular
weights, for Ara h 1(63.5 kDa), Ara h 2(17, 20 kDa), and Ara h 3(25, 36,40, 44 and kDa). The fingerprint of
these three major allergenic proteins (Ara h 1 Ara h 2, Ara h 3) was also confirmed in Western blots.
However, for the roasted peanut from Côte d’Ivoire, (ARA-CI) (Lane 2), the fingerprint bands corresponding to
Ara h 3, with molecular weights of 25,36,40, and 44 kDa were present with lower intensity in both the SDS
PAGE and in the Western Blot.
These isoforms of Ara h 3 were completely destroyed by the roasting process, while Ara h 1 and Ara h 2
appeared to be thermostable, and were not affected by the roasting process.
On the SDS PAGE of the two ARA-CI(Lane 2 and Lane 3) the Ara h 3 isoform of 30 kDa was strongly evident,
and is highly expressed in the roasted form where its seem more thermostable than in the raw form.
The 30 kDa protein is not distinctly visible in lane 3, of the raw ARA-CI. May be another SDS PAGE can be
run with a higher / better resolution to distinguish between the 44, 40, 36 and 30 kDa protein bands.
V. Discussion
Peanut is a legume and its seeds are a powerhouse of nutritious proteins and good quality fats. Peanut
allergens are seed storage proteins and constitute about 5% of the total proteins of a cell.
Peanut allergy is caused by ingestion of crude peanut proteins and food products derived from peanuts.
Three peanut proteins Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3 are considered major allergens because they are recognized
by more than 50% of peanuts allergic patients [26,27]
. The three major allergens were present in the US
commercial cultivar Georgia green and in the peanut cultivar collected in Côte d’Ivoire (ARA-CI)[28]
.
Scientific protocols such as protein profiling, SDS PAGE and ELISA reveal that allergens are not usually
present as a single compound but sometime as a group of isoforms of a same protein whose structure varies
slightly due to certain post-translational modifications such as glycosylation and phosphorylation [29]
.
Studies on protein isoforms of the major peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3 have revealed
many specific information ;Ara h 1 migrates as a 63-kDa band [30,38]
, Ara h 2 migrates as a doublet at 20 and
17kDa [27,31,38]
and Ara h 3 consists of a series of polypeptides from 45 to14 kDa [32]
.
4. Comparison of major peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3 between peanut cultivars from ..
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1201013136 www.iosrjournals.org 34 | Page
Recently, an isoform of Ara h 3, identified as Ara h 3-imappears to be less allergenic than the other isoforms of
Arah 3, and migrates as the 36-kDa band. It was partially cloned from cDNA [33]
.This newly discovered Ara h 3
isoform (Ara h 3-im) was present in the raw peanut seed from Cote d’Ivoire (ARA-CI, Lane 3) but was absent
or less intense in the roasted peanut from Côte d’ Ivoire, (ARA-CI, lane 2).
Comparing with the Georgia Green peanut cultivar (Lane 1), the apparent molecular fingerprints bands
migrating approximately at 63.5 kDa for Ara h 1, 20 and 17 kDa for Ara h 2, 22, 36,40, 44, kDa for Ara h 3
are more clearly distinguishable than in the raw extract of peanut from Côte d’Ivoire (Lane 3). Therefore, it is
very important to characterize allergens from peanut cultivars of different geographic locations to identify
various isoforms of allergens. It is also critical to detect variations in the level of sensitization of various
populations while using specific commercially available biological tests and provide guidance for more effective
prevention against possible allergy to peanut in each region.
Quality data on the burden of peanut allergy is lacking in most of the African countries. A study of
food allergy in Côte d'Ivoire [16]
showed a relatively low prevalence of 9,09% of sensitization despite a high
consumption of peanuts in all forms including raw, roasted, or boiled. Explanation for the low prevalence of
peanut allergy within the population of Côte d’Ivoire is not known. Koppelman proposed that it could be due to
the action of gastric juices on the allergens. In fact,a literature search reveals that Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 were
rapidly hydrolyzed by pepsin, while Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 were resistant to pepsin digestion, even at very high
concentrations of pepsin. Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 are considerably more stable to digestion than Ara h 1 and Ara h
3. [44]
The presence of a strong 30 kDa component of Ara h 3 was observed in the roasted peanut of Côte
d’Ivoire.This 30kDa Ara h 3 component is usually not present. For example, in a study, [45]
the protein profile
of fresh peanuts crude extracts prepared in the presence of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS), a denaturing agent
which inhibits proteases, revealed some bands of Ara h 3 (14, 25, 42 and 45 kDa), and among others, a major
band of Ara h 1(63 kDa),and a doublet for Ara h 2(17–21 kDa). The relative intensities of the Ara h 3 bands did
not change as a function of the purification procedure. Thus, it appears that the protein extraction process in this
study did not alter the relative intensities of the bands corresponding to Ara h 3 components. These data are in
accordance with an earlier report on SDS-PAGE analysis of different peanut cultivars, and indicate that the
molecular organization of Ara h 3 is similar in different peanut cultivars.
The raw sample of peanut from Côte d’Ivoire revealed the presence of various isoforms of Ara h 3 i.e.
22,36, 40, and 44 kDa as seen in Georgia green peanut, the US cultivar.
In China, peanut allergen Ara h1 is of the most concern, although its level is reduced in the fried and
boiled preparations [35]
.In fact, the prevalence of peanut allergy is lower in China (3,4 to 5 %) than in the USA
and even lower in Africa .The consumption of peanut in China is high and is typically in fried or boiled forms
[43]
, which is different from the way peanut is consumed in the USA typically in dried and roasted forms. Thus,
one can confirm that the type of cooking methods and type of heat treatment of peanut, does have an impact on
peanut allergenicity [35, 37, 39, 40]
.
A Comparison of Western blots for raw and roasted peanuts showed variations in protein recognition
by custom Ara h 1,Ara h 2,and Ara h 3 antibodies[41]
.Both the laboratory prepared and the commercial peanut
flour preparations were used for the evaluation. The two ELISA kits tended to underestimate the levels of
protein in samples that were subjected to elevated heat, respectively, by more than 60- to 400-fold lower for the
autoclaved samples and by as much as 70- to 2000-fold lower for the dark-roast commercial flour samples [42]
.
Future studies will address the proportion of allergenic proteins which may also be determined and
expressed with each isoform of peanut [28]
.The difference of rate by each allergen in peanut extract from many
countries may be interesting to produce local tests [34]
. But 3 findings could be applied:
- (1)Perform another SDS PAGE with protein sample from roasted peanut at a higher gel concentration to
clearly separate the Ara h isoforms of 30, 36, 40, kDa and 44 kDa.(2)Perform a SDS PAGE with the same
concentration of protein samples for roasted and non-roasted peanut; and (3) An easy way to this end is to
freeze-dry the protein samples after extraction, and measure out the same quantity from each sample and
dissolve it for loading .
VI. Conclusion
The comparative protein profiling between peanuts of two different origins (Côte d’Ivoire and the
USA) is important to identify variations and individual specificity from one country to the next. It is therefore
very interesting to know that our peanut samples from Cote d’Ivoire contains three major proteins that and may
be quantified. This should therefore be taken into account in the development of quantitative bioassay screening
for peanut allergy. It is very important for prevention purposes to recommend appropriate dietary measures for
potentially at risk people , pregnant women, children, diabetic’s type 1, and allergic patient [36 ]
.
5. Comparison of major peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3 between peanut cultivars from ..
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1201013136 www.iosrjournals.org 35 | Page
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