This document reports on a study that assessed the microbiological quality and safety of fresh and dried mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) that were gamma irradiated and stored. Fresh mushrooms were irradiated at doses of 0, 1, and 2 kGy and stored for 5 days, while dried mushrooms were irradiated at doses of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 kGy and stored for 12 months. Microbial analysis found that gamma irradiation effectively reduced aerobic mesophiles, Bacillus cereus, and yeast/mold counts in both fresh and dried mushrooms. No Salmonella, coliforms, or Staphylococcus aureus were detected. Decimal reduction doses
This study examines the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of a 5-kDa peptide fraction isolated from the coelomocytes (immune cells) of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The peptide fraction, called 5-CC, showed inhibitory activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 253.7 to 15.8 mg ml-1. 5-CC also inhibited the formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. At sub-MIC concentrations, 5-CC inhibited the formation of young (6-hour) and mature (24-hour) biofilms of
Mobile phone has been source of microorganisms that cause diseases of public health concerns. In a study, one-fi fth of cellular phones examined were found to harbor pathogenic bacteria indicating that these devices may serve as vehicles of transmission. Swab samples were collected aseptically from the phones of different handlers like motor bike riders, food vendors, meat sellers and nursing mothers. Bacteria isolation and identifi cation were carried out using pour plating technique with distinctive morphological and biochemical characteristics.The pathogenicity of the bacterial isolates was investigated through oral inoculation into albino rats. Eighty-eight (88) bacteria were isolated and selected based on their resistance to antibiotics for pathological study. Loss in weight was observed in some albino rat. Along with reduction in the packed cell volume, hemoglobin but raised white blood cell. Animal inoculated with Bacillus cereus showed meningitis like symptom after the first week of inoculation. Also, there were short and stunted villi; low crystal depth with necrotic
debris in the lumen. It has been observed that cell phones may harbor pathogenic bacteria and can subsequently plays role as fomite in the disease transmission. Therefore, the need to educate community phone handlers in the rural area becomes imperative.
American Journal of Bioterrorism, Biosecurity and Biodefense is an international scholarly peer reviewed Open Access journal, aims to promote the research in all the related fields of Bioterrorism, Biosecurity and Biodefence.
American Journal of Bioterrorism, Biosecurity and Biodefense is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives (Editorials), Clinical Images.
American Journal of Bioterrorism, Biosecurity and Biodefense support the scientific modernization and enrichment in Bioterrorism, Biosecurity and Biodefense research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Influence of low dose of gamma radiation and storage on some vitamins and min...Nii Korley Kortei
This study investigated the effects of gamma radiation at doses between 0.5-2 kGy and 12 months of storage on vitamins A, C, and D, mineral elements, and total soluble solids in dried oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus). The study found that gamma radiation and storage caused decreases in vitamin content over time, though mineral elements and total soluble solids were not significantly affected. The levels of heavy metals detected remained below international safety standards. Overall, oyster mushrooms were found to contain appreciable levels of nutrients and can be considered a medicinal food.
Fernando Vaquero-El impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la medicina, la nutrici...Fundación Ramón Areces
El 29 de marzo de 2016 celebramos un Simposio Internacional sobre el 'Impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la medicina, nutrición y biotecnología'. Organizado por la Fundación Ramón Areces en colaboración con la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina y BioEuroLatina, abordó cómo un mejor conocimiento del genoma humano está permitiendo notables avances hacia una medicina de precisión.
Metagenomic Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Dairy Cow Feces follow...Partha Ray
This study examined the effects of administering the antibiotic ceftiofur to dairy cows on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in their fecal microbiome using metagenomic analysis. The researchers found that β-lactam ARGs, which provide resistance to cephalosporins like ceftiofur, were more abundant in the feces of cows treated with ceftiofur compared to untreated cows. However, the total number of ARGs was not significantly different between the groups likely due to the dominance of unaffected tetracycline ARGs. Functional analysis showed ceftiofur treatment enriched genes associated with horizontal transfer of ARGs and caused taxonomic shifts in the fecal microbiome. The
This document summarizes a study that evaluated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragmentation as a potential time-temperature integrator for monitoring safety and quality in dry roasted peanuts. MtDNA fragmentation was measured using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and compared to reduction of the Salmonella surrogate Enterococcus faecium and changes in peanut color (Hunter L value) during roasting. While E. faecium reduction curves were highly repeatable, mtDNA fragmentation did not correlate linearly with time at a given temperature. Dissection of individual peanuts also showed differential heating effects depending on peanut part. The researchers determined that mtDNA fragmentation as measured by qPCR was too variable for validation of dry roasted peanut processes but could help evaluate heat penetration through
1) A study investigated Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from 65 burn victims admitted to a hospital in Iraq over 2 months.
2) PCR and phenotypic assays found that the majority of P. aeruginosa isolates were able to form alginate biofilm and had high antibiotic multi-drug resistance.
3) Specifically, 82% of isolates were found to be positive for alginate biofilm formation by PCR and 91% by a phenotypic assay, and the isolates showed resistance to many antibiotics with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.4.
This study examines the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of a 5-kDa peptide fraction isolated from the coelomocytes (immune cells) of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The peptide fraction, called 5-CC, showed inhibitory activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 253.7 to 15.8 mg ml-1. 5-CC also inhibited the formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. At sub-MIC concentrations, 5-CC inhibited the formation of young (6-hour) and mature (24-hour) biofilms of
Mobile phone has been source of microorganisms that cause diseases of public health concerns. In a study, one-fi fth of cellular phones examined were found to harbor pathogenic bacteria indicating that these devices may serve as vehicles of transmission. Swab samples were collected aseptically from the phones of different handlers like motor bike riders, food vendors, meat sellers and nursing mothers. Bacteria isolation and identifi cation were carried out using pour plating technique with distinctive morphological and biochemical characteristics.The pathogenicity of the bacterial isolates was investigated through oral inoculation into albino rats. Eighty-eight (88) bacteria were isolated and selected based on their resistance to antibiotics for pathological study. Loss in weight was observed in some albino rat. Along with reduction in the packed cell volume, hemoglobin but raised white blood cell. Animal inoculated with Bacillus cereus showed meningitis like symptom after the first week of inoculation. Also, there were short and stunted villi; low crystal depth with necrotic
debris in the lumen. It has been observed that cell phones may harbor pathogenic bacteria and can subsequently plays role as fomite in the disease transmission. Therefore, the need to educate community phone handlers in the rural area becomes imperative.
American Journal of Bioterrorism, Biosecurity and Biodefense is an international scholarly peer reviewed Open Access journal, aims to promote the research in all the related fields of Bioterrorism, Biosecurity and Biodefence.
American Journal of Bioterrorism, Biosecurity and Biodefense is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives (Editorials), Clinical Images.
American Journal of Bioterrorism, Biosecurity and Biodefense support the scientific modernization and enrichment in Bioterrorism, Biosecurity and Biodefense research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Influence of low dose of gamma radiation and storage on some vitamins and min...Nii Korley Kortei
This study investigated the effects of gamma radiation at doses between 0.5-2 kGy and 12 months of storage on vitamins A, C, and D, mineral elements, and total soluble solids in dried oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus). The study found that gamma radiation and storage caused decreases in vitamin content over time, though mineral elements and total soluble solids were not significantly affected. The levels of heavy metals detected remained below international safety standards. Overall, oyster mushrooms were found to contain appreciable levels of nutrients and can be considered a medicinal food.
Fernando Vaquero-El impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la medicina, la nutrici...Fundación Ramón Areces
El 29 de marzo de 2016 celebramos un Simposio Internacional sobre el 'Impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la medicina, nutrición y biotecnología'. Organizado por la Fundación Ramón Areces en colaboración con la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina y BioEuroLatina, abordó cómo un mejor conocimiento del genoma humano está permitiendo notables avances hacia una medicina de precisión.
Metagenomic Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Dairy Cow Feces follow...Partha Ray
This study examined the effects of administering the antibiotic ceftiofur to dairy cows on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in their fecal microbiome using metagenomic analysis. The researchers found that β-lactam ARGs, which provide resistance to cephalosporins like ceftiofur, were more abundant in the feces of cows treated with ceftiofur compared to untreated cows. However, the total number of ARGs was not significantly different between the groups likely due to the dominance of unaffected tetracycline ARGs. Functional analysis showed ceftiofur treatment enriched genes associated with horizontal transfer of ARGs and caused taxonomic shifts in the fecal microbiome. The
This document summarizes a study that evaluated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragmentation as a potential time-temperature integrator for monitoring safety and quality in dry roasted peanuts. MtDNA fragmentation was measured using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and compared to reduction of the Salmonella surrogate Enterococcus faecium and changes in peanut color (Hunter L value) during roasting. While E. faecium reduction curves were highly repeatable, mtDNA fragmentation did not correlate linearly with time at a given temperature. Dissection of individual peanuts also showed differential heating effects depending on peanut part. The researchers determined that mtDNA fragmentation as measured by qPCR was too variable for validation of dry roasted peanut processes but could help evaluate heat penetration through
1) A study investigated Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from 65 burn victims admitted to a hospital in Iraq over 2 months.
2) PCR and phenotypic assays found that the majority of P. aeruginosa isolates were able to form alginate biofilm and had high antibiotic multi-drug resistance.
3) Specifically, 82% of isolates were found to be positive for alginate biofilm formation by PCR and 91% by a phenotypic assay, and the isolates showed resistance to many antibiotics with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.4.
SYNERGISTIC ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN CRUDE EXTRACTS OF T...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have doubled in the last decade worldwide. However, as a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the effectiveness of sesame leaves in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude leaves extracts of Sesame radiatum and Sesame indicum. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of both leaves were studied for their in-vitro synergistic antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms, and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed that the major compounds in essential oils are of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups especially, the most potent antioxidants known to man like sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin among others. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested pathogenic micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of Nigeria .
Radiation Response of Bacteria Associated with Human Cancellous BoneIOSR Journals
Cancellous bones from twenty five live tissue donors were tested for bacterial contamination and initial bioburden ranged from 4.1×101 to 3.1×103 cfu/g (average 9.0×102 cfu/g). Forty six representative bacterial isolates were characterized on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. Staphylococcus spp. was found to be predominant contaminant in tissue samples (41.30%). To assess the radiation resistance all the bacterial isolates were exposed to 1 to 10 kGy gamma radiation from 60Co gamma source. The radiation decimal reduction dose values (D10) and twelve log reduction values (12 D value) of the isolates were calculated. D10 values of the isolates were ranged from 0.59 to 1.20 kGy. Among the studied bacterial isolates, Streptococcus spp. was the most radioresistant isolates (D10 value 0.93-1.20 kGy) and three of the Streptococcus spp. survived up to 8 kGy. All the bacterial isolates were killed at 9 kGy. Twelve log reduction value (12D value) of the most resistant isolate was 14.4 kGy. These results indicate that standard radiation sterilization dose (25 kGy) is satisfactory for the sterilization of the cancellous bone allografts
The annual Research Poster Session at the conference features cutting-edge food safety research related to fresh and fresh-cut produce from researchers around the world. Posters will be on display during the conference and researchers will be available at their posters on June 21 from 2-4pm to discuss their research. The document then provides summaries of 4 research posters that will be presented on topics including the antimicrobial effects of haskap berry extracts on foodborne pathogens, using whole genome sequencing and genetic analysis to map contamination sources in produce packing facilities, developing alternative seed disinfection methods for sprouted vegetables, and developing methods to encapsulate ethylene to control fruit ripening.
IRJET- Screening the Antibacterial Activity of Scutellaria Baicalensis Agains...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antibacterial activity of Scutellaria baicalensis, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, against both human and animal pathogens. The study found that methanol extracts of S. baicalensis exhibited the highest zone of inhibition against Vibrio cholerae, a pathogen of both humans and shrimp. Overall, the results indicate that S. baicalensis possesses compounds with good antibacterial activity and has potential for use as an alternative to antibiotics in both human and aquaculture applications.
1) Maggot therapy employs sterile fly larvae to promote wound healing through debridement, disinfection, and stimulation of wound healing.
2) Maggots secrete antibacterial factors that combat wound infections, including potential agents active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
3) Maggots may enhance wound healing through physical stimulation of tissue, secretion of allantoin and ammonia to increase pH, and stimulation of growth factors involved in proliferation and remodeling of extracellular matrix.
Biochemical Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureusdeeptimishra10
The specific biochemicals showed some changes against S. aureus after biofiel d treatment. In this study, overall 37.93% biochemical reactions were altered in tested twenty nine biochemicals with respect to control after biofield treatment.
The document provides a detailed overview on the basic principles of operating a biotech or micro laboratory along with basic techniques with which to handle organisms, chemicals &equipment and ensuring your own, your colleagues and your environment's safety.
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...Scientific Review
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44 were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42) tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes (MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1 and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
This document proposes research on experimenting with a novel seaweed extract to control Pseudomonas infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa commonly causes infections and is difficult to treat due to antibiotic resistance. The aim is to screen Pseudomonas strains using a micro-assay to test if the seaweed extract inhibits their growth. Seaweed extracts contain bioactive compounds and have potential pharmaceutical benefits. The proposed methodology involves culturing bacteria, analyzing growth with and without the extract, and examining changes at the DNA and carbohydrate levels to evaluate the extract's effects on bacterial exploitation and possible adaptation. The goal is to develop a cheap, effective, and environmentally friendly treatment for Pseudomonas infections.
Project genetical modified organisms. By subhrajyoti sahooSubhrajyotisahoo6
This document contains a declaration from students submitting a project report on the process of developing genetically modified organisms. It declares that the work is original and has not been previously submitted. It is being submitted to partially fulfill degree examination requirements in Zoology. The document contains signatures of the students and date. It also includes an acknowledgements section thanking the project guide and others who provided support and facilities. Finally, it contains a certificate from the head of the Zoology department certifying that the project work was carried out under supervision and is based on bonafide work.
Phenotypic and Biotypic Characterization of Klebsiella oxytoca: An Impact of ...albertdivis
Klebsiella oxytoca (K. oxytoca) is a Gram-negative microbe generally associated with community and hospitalacquired infections. Due to its clinical significance, we evaluated the effect of biofield treatment on phenotype and biotype characteristics of K. oxytoca (ATCC 43165).
Nanotechnology deals with manipulating and controlling matter at the nanoscale, between 1 to 100 nanometers. It has many applications in food processing, packaging, and production. For food processing, nanomaterials are used to fortify foods with nutrients and modify properties like taste and texture. In packaging, nanomaterials enhance barrier properties and can release antimicrobials to increase shelf life. Nanoparticles are also used as biosensors and indicators in smart and intelligent packaging. While nanotechnology provides benefits, the toxicity of nanoparticles used in food needs further evaluation to ensure safety.
Antibacterial activities of some commercially available herbal remedies in ow...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the antibacterial activities of 10 herbal medicinal products from traditional medicine outlets in Imo State, Nigeria. The products showed varying levels of antibacterial activity against test organisms like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Product H exhibited the best antibacterial activity, inhibiting most test organisms, while Product B had the least activity. The highest zone of inhibition was produced by Product D against S. aureus. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed high resistance. There is a need to standardize and regulate production of herbal remedies in Nigeria to improve quality and efficacy.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the larvicidal effects of Aegle marmelos (bael tree) leaf extracts on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Specifically, it assessed the efficacy of methanol extracts from A. marmelos leaves in killing A. aegypti larvae (at the third instar stage) and altering their midgut proteins. The study found that the leaf extract achieved 50% larval mortality (LC50) at a concentration of 49 ppm. Proteomic analysis of larval midguts revealed changes in protein expression levels after exposure to the extract, suggesting its bioactive compounds can disrupt the midgut. The aim is to identify specific inhibitor proteins in the midg
This document summarizes the development and testing of water dispersible powder (WDP) formulations containing a novel mosquitocidal bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis/tochigiensis (VCRC B-474), and different carrier materials for mosquito larval control. The bacterial strain was characterized and formulated into WDPs with chalk, bentonite, or talc as carriers. The formulations were tested for mosquito larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae over 12 months. The chalk formulation showed the highest activity with LC50 values ranging from 0.274-0.523 μg/ml and maintained activity for up to 6 months of storage at room
This document discusses safety aspects and precautions for biological workers. It covers classifications of biological safety levels from BSL-1 to BSL-4 based on the hazard level of pathogens. The speaker discusses concepts of biosafety including standard microbiological practices, safety equipment, facility design and increasing levels of protection. Specific practices and containment measures are outlined for different biosafety levels including personal protective equipment, facility requirements and handling of biological materials and waste. Risk assessments and addressing accidental spills are also covered.
The variants of New delhiMetallo – lactamase-1: A Comparative Assessmentinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
wheat article samar final reprint 2014 okSamar Adel
This study investigated biochemical, histological, and molecular changes in susceptible and resistant wheat cultivars inoculated with the stripe rust fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Disease severity, symptoms, and electrolyte leakage were lower in resistant cultivars, while chlorophyll concentrations were higher. Resistant cultivars over-accumulated the Yr18 resistant gene and had higher reactive oxygen species and lower antioxidant enzyme activities. Susceptible cultivars were colonized extensively by the fungus with many hyphae and haustoria, while resistant cultivars restricted fungal growth and development.
This research article studied the effects of gamma radiation on total phenolic content, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity in dried Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms stored in different packaging materials. Dried mushrooms were exposed to gamma radiation doses from 0 to 2 kGy and stored for 1 month. Extracts from the mushrooms were analyzed for total phenolic content, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. Statistical differences were found between the extracts and radiation doses. A significant positive correlation was observed between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The results suggest that P. ostreatus mushrooms can be a promising source of natural antioxidants and low dose gamma radiation may help improve quality, shelf-life and nutrient preservation of mushrooms.
This document compares the nutritional and antioxidant properties of two mushroom species, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eous, cultivated on rice straw in Ghana. Nutritional analysis found differences between the species in moisture, ash, fiber, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, soluble solids, and energy content. Mineral analysis also found differences in levels of various minerals. Antioxidant analysis measured total phenolic content, flavonoid content, free radical scavenging ability, and IC50 values, finding significant differences between the species. Overall, P. eous was determined to have better nutritional and antioxidant properties than P. ostreatus based on the results.
SYNERGISTIC ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN CRUDE EXTRACTS OF T...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have doubled in the last decade worldwide. However, as a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the effectiveness of sesame leaves in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude leaves extracts of Sesame radiatum and Sesame indicum. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of both leaves were studied for their in-vitro synergistic antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms, and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed that the major compounds in essential oils are of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups especially, the most potent antioxidants known to man like sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin among others. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested pathogenic micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of Nigeria .
Radiation Response of Bacteria Associated with Human Cancellous BoneIOSR Journals
Cancellous bones from twenty five live tissue donors were tested for bacterial contamination and initial bioburden ranged from 4.1×101 to 3.1×103 cfu/g (average 9.0×102 cfu/g). Forty six representative bacterial isolates were characterized on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. Staphylococcus spp. was found to be predominant contaminant in tissue samples (41.30%). To assess the radiation resistance all the bacterial isolates were exposed to 1 to 10 kGy gamma radiation from 60Co gamma source. The radiation decimal reduction dose values (D10) and twelve log reduction values (12 D value) of the isolates were calculated. D10 values of the isolates were ranged from 0.59 to 1.20 kGy. Among the studied bacterial isolates, Streptococcus spp. was the most radioresistant isolates (D10 value 0.93-1.20 kGy) and three of the Streptococcus spp. survived up to 8 kGy. All the bacterial isolates were killed at 9 kGy. Twelve log reduction value (12D value) of the most resistant isolate was 14.4 kGy. These results indicate that standard radiation sterilization dose (25 kGy) is satisfactory for the sterilization of the cancellous bone allografts
The annual Research Poster Session at the conference features cutting-edge food safety research related to fresh and fresh-cut produce from researchers around the world. Posters will be on display during the conference and researchers will be available at their posters on June 21 from 2-4pm to discuss their research. The document then provides summaries of 4 research posters that will be presented on topics including the antimicrobial effects of haskap berry extracts on foodborne pathogens, using whole genome sequencing and genetic analysis to map contamination sources in produce packing facilities, developing alternative seed disinfection methods for sprouted vegetables, and developing methods to encapsulate ethylene to control fruit ripening.
IRJET- Screening the Antibacterial Activity of Scutellaria Baicalensis Agains...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antibacterial activity of Scutellaria baicalensis, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, against both human and animal pathogens. The study found that methanol extracts of S. baicalensis exhibited the highest zone of inhibition against Vibrio cholerae, a pathogen of both humans and shrimp. Overall, the results indicate that S. baicalensis possesses compounds with good antibacterial activity and has potential for use as an alternative to antibiotics in both human and aquaculture applications.
1) Maggot therapy employs sterile fly larvae to promote wound healing through debridement, disinfection, and stimulation of wound healing.
2) Maggots secrete antibacterial factors that combat wound infections, including potential agents active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
3) Maggots may enhance wound healing through physical stimulation of tissue, secretion of allantoin and ammonia to increase pH, and stimulation of growth factors involved in proliferation and remodeling of extracellular matrix.
Biochemical Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureusdeeptimishra10
The specific biochemicals showed some changes against S. aureus after biofiel d treatment. In this study, overall 37.93% biochemical reactions were altered in tested twenty nine biochemicals with respect to control after biofield treatment.
The document provides a detailed overview on the basic principles of operating a biotech or micro laboratory along with basic techniques with which to handle organisms, chemicals &equipment and ensuring your own, your colleagues and your environment's safety.
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...Scientific Review
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44 were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42) tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes (MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1 and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
This document proposes research on experimenting with a novel seaweed extract to control Pseudomonas infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa commonly causes infections and is difficult to treat due to antibiotic resistance. The aim is to screen Pseudomonas strains using a micro-assay to test if the seaweed extract inhibits their growth. Seaweed extracts contain bioactive compounds and have potential pharmaceutical benefits. The proposed methodology involves culturing bacteria, analyzing growth with and without the extract, and examining changes at the DNA and carbohydrate levels to evaluate the extract's effects on bacterial exploitation and possible adaptation. The goal is to develop a cheap, effective, and environmentally friendly treatment for Pseudomonas infections.
Project genetical modified organisms. By subhrajyoti sahooSubhrajyotisahoo6
This document contains a declaration from students submitting a project report on the process of developing genetically modified organisms. It declares that the work is original and has not been previously submitted. It is being submitted to partially fulfill degree examination requirements in Zoology. The document contains signatures of the students and date. It also includes an acknowledgements section thanking the project guide and others who provided support and facilities. Finally, it contains a certificate from the head of the Zoology department certifying that the project work was carried out under supervision and is based on bonafide work.
Phenotypic and Biotypic Characterization of Klebsiella oxytoca: An Impact of ...albertdivis
Klebsiella oxytoca (K. oxytoca) is a Gram-negative microbe generally associated with community and hospitalacquired infections. Due to its clinical significance, we evaluated the effect of biofield treatment on phenotype and biotype characteristics of K. oxytoca (ATCC 43165).
Nanotechnology deals with manipulating and controlling matter at the nanoscale, between 1 to 100 nanometers. It has many applications in food processing, packaging, and production. For food processing, nanomaterials are used to fortify foods with nutrients and modify properties like taste and texture. In packaging, nanomaterials enhance barrier properties and can release antimicrobials to increase shelf life. Nanoparticles are also used as biosensors and indicators in smart and intelligent packaging. While nanotechnology provides benefits, the toxicity of nanoparticles used in food needs further evaluation to ensure safety.
Antibacterial activities of some commercially available herbal remedies in ow...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the antibacterial activities of 10 herbal medicinal products from traditional medicine outlets in Imo State, Nigeria. The products showed varying levels of antibacterial activity against test organisms like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Product H exhibited the best antibacterial activity, inhibiting most test organisms, while Product B had the least activity. The highest zone of inhibition was produced by Product D against S. aureus. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed high resistance. There is a need to standardize and regulate production of herbal remedies in Nigeria to improve quality and efficacy.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the larvicidal effects of Aegle marmelos (bael tree) leaf extracts on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Specifically, it assessed the efficacy of methanol extracts from A. marmelos leaves in killing A. aegypti larvae (at the third instar stage) and altering their midgut proteins. The study found that the leaf extract achieved 50% larval mortality (LC50) at a concentration of 49 ppm. Proteomic analysis of larval midguts revealed changes in protein expression levels after exposure to the extract, suggesting its bioactive compounds can disrupt the midgut. The aim is to identify specific inhibitor proteins in the midg
This document summarizes the development and testing of water dispersible powder (WDP) formulations containing a novel mosquitocidal bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis/tochigiensis (VCRC B-474), and different carrier materials for mosquito larval control. The bacterial strain was characterized and formulated into WDPs with chalk, bentonite, or talc as carriers. The formulations were tested for mosquito larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae over 12 months. The chalk formulation showed the highest activity with LC50 values ranging from 0.274-0.523 μg/ml and maintained activity for up to 6 months of storage at room
This document discusses safety aspects and precautions for biological workers. It covers classifications of biological safety levels from BSL-1 to BSL-4 based on the hazard level of pathogens. The speaker discusses concepts of biosafety including standard microbiological practices, safety equipment, facility design and increasing levels of protection. Specific practices and containment measures are outlined for different biosafety levels including personal protective equipment, facility requirements and handling of biological materials and waste. Risk assessments and addressing accidental spills are also covered.
The variants of New delhiMetallo – lactamase-1: A Comparative Assessmentinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
wheat article samar final reprint 2014 okSamar Adel
This study investigated biochemical, histological, and molecular changes in susceptible and resistant wheat cultivars inoculated with the stripe rust fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Disease severity, symptoms, and electrolyte leakage were lower in resistant cultivars, while chlorophyll concentrations were higher. Resistant cultivars over-accumulated the Yr18 resistant gene and had higher reactive oxygen species and lower antioxidant enzyme activities. Susceptible cultivars were colonized extensively by the fungus with many hyphae and haustoria, while resistant cultivars restricted fungal growth and development.
This research article studied the effects of gamma radiation on total phenolic content, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity in dried Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms stored in different packaging materials. Dried mushrooms were exposed to gamma radiation doses from 0 to 2 kGy and stored for 1 month. Extracts from the mushrooms were analyzed for total phenolic content, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. Statistical differences were found between the extracts and radiation doses. A significant positive correlation was observed between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The results suggest that P. ostreatus mushrooms can be a promising source of natural antioxidants and low dose gamma radiation may help improve quality, shelf-life and nutrient preservation of mushrooms.
This document compares the nutritional and antioxidant properties of two mushroom species, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eous, cultivated on rice straw in Ghana. Nutritional analysis found differences between the species in moisture, ash, fiber, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, soluble solids, and energy content. Mineral analysis also found differences in levels of various minerals. Antioxidant analysis measured total phenolic content, flavonoid content, free radical scavenging ability, and IC50 values, finding significant differences between the species. Overall, P. eous was determined to have better nutritional and antioxidant properties than P. ostreatus based on the results.
This curriculum vitae outlines the educational and professional background of Nii Korley Kortei. He received a PhD in Radiation Processing from the Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences at the University of Ghana. He has over 15 publications in peer-reviewed journals and has worked as a tutor and research officer. Currently, he is a candidate for his PhD focused on using radiation processing techniques in biotechnology applications related to food and agriculture.
This document examines the effect of gamma radiation on the textural properties of fresh, dried, and rehydrated oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus). Texture profile analysis was used to evaluate textural parameters like hardness, fracturability, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, chewiness, adhesiveness and resilience in mushrooms exposed to gamma radiation doses of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 kGy. Fresh mushrooms had a moisture content of 80.3-85.0%, dried mushrooms had 11-14% moisture, and rehydrated mushrooms had 42.3-49.7% moisture. A radiation dose of 1.5 kGy had the
This document presents a study on the preliminary shelf life and antioxidant potential of gamma irradiated dried oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) stored over 12 months. Total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were measured in aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months. Results showed the mushrooms had high total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity over storage time. Good correlation was found between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The study suggests Pleurotus ostreatus is a promising source of natural antioxidants and that low dose gamma irradiation can help extend shelf life and preserve nutrients of mushrooms.
Drying Characteristics and Physical and Nutritional Properties of Shrimp Meat...Nii Korley Kortei
This research article studied the effects of two traditional drying techniques - solar tunnel drying and air-oven drying - on the physical and nutritional properties of shrimp meat. The drying rate was faster for solar drying than air-oven drying. Both methods produced comparable color development in the shrimp, but solar-dried shrimp appeared darker. Chemical analysis found that protein, fat, and ash contents were similar between drying methods, though fat was slightly higher in air-oven dried shrimp. Rehydration behavior was similar but solar dried shrimp absorbed moisture more rapidly. The results demonstrate that different drying approaches can affect shrimp quality differently.
The potential use of rice waste lignocellulose and its amendments as substrat...Nii Korley Kortei
This document discusses using rice lignocellulose waste as a substrate for cultivating the oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous. It finds that amendment or supplementation of the rice straw substrate with rice bran or composting did not significantly enhance mushroom yield. Yields on unfermented rice straw and straw composted for 4-8 days were comparable, with biological efficiencies of 53.3-72.8% and 67.1-75.1%, respectively. The fruiting bodies from different substrates contained varying levels of nutrients but met recommended mineral levels. While heavy metals were detected, they were below safe limits. Overall, rice lignocellulose showed potential as an alternative substrate for P. eous cultivation.
This paper compares the effect of gamma irradiation and steam sterilization on the growth and yield of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) grown on composted wawa (Triplochiton scleroxylon) sawdust. Sawdust was treated with gamma radiation doses from 0-32 kGy or steam sterilized. Sorghum grains used for spawns were also treated. Highest yield of 1779g with 68.4% biological efficiency was from autoclaved spawn + 32 kGy steam sterilized sawdust. Lowest yield of 0g and 0% efficiency was from non-sterilized substrates. Irradiated and steam treated substrates generally had higher
This document evaluates the effect of gamma irradiation and steam sterilization on the survival and growth of fungi in composted sawdust in Ghana. Fungal counts were evaluated on two growth media after sawdust was composted for 28 days and pretreated with gamma irradiation doses from 5-32 kGy or steam sterilization at 100°C for 2.5 hours. Both pretreatment methods significantly reduced fungal counts compared to untreated sawdust. Five fungal species were isolated on one media and ten species on the other media, with reductions in species diversity observed after pretreatment. Corresponding radiation sensitivities were also determined for fungi on the two media. The presence of microorganisms on sawdust
This document discusses a study that examined the correlation between hue angle and color lightness (L*) of fresh and dried mushrooms that were gamma irradiated at different doses and stored for various time periods. The study found good linear correlations between hue angle and lightness for both fresh mushrooms (r2 =0.54 and r2 = 0.657) and dried mushrooms (r2 = 0.74 and r2 = 0.624). This correlation indicates that monitoring only the lightness parameter could provide information about color changes after treatments like gamma irradiation and storage. The linearity between lightness and hue was strongest for dried mushrooms that were irradiated prior to storage.
The document compares the effect of gamma irradiation and steam sterilization of sorghum grains for producing spawn of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. It finds that sterilizing sorghum grains with both steam and gamma irradiation at 25 kGy (S+I) led to the fastest colonization time of 7 days, highest growth rate of 11.8 mm/day, thickest mycelial density, and no contamination. In contrast, non-irradiated sorghum grains (nI) had the slowest colonization time of 13 days, lowest growth rate of 10.0 mm/day, poorest mycelial density, and highest contamination of 80%. The study
Modeling the solar drying kinetics of gamma irradiation-pretreated oyster mus...Nii Korley Kortei
Oyster mushroom slices (Pleurotus ostreatus) were exposed to ɣ-radiation as a pretreatment and
solar dried to investigate the influence of irradiation on drying kinetics. Processing conditions
included exposure of mushrooms to 0 kGy (control), 0.5 kGy, 1.0 kGy, 1.5 kGy and 2.0 kGy
of ɣ-radiation at a dose rate of 1.7 kGy/h and drying at a mean temperature of 53.2±6.4°C.
Experimental drying data were fitted to 5 thin layer drying models by non-linear regression.
Irradiation was observed to enhance the drying rate of mushroom slices, with higher doses
causing faster moisture removal. Drying characteristics of slices exposed to lower dosages were
best described by Page’s model (R2=0.9878, 0.9967, 0.9925 correspondingly for “control” (0.0
kGy), 0.5 and 1.0 kGy while the Diffusion model best fit the data for those exposed to higher
doses of radiation (R2=0.9938, 0.9890 for 1.5 and 2.0 kGy respectively). Deff ranged from 1.88
to 2.44 x 10-08 and increase from “control”, 0.5 kGy, 1.0 kGy, 1.5 kGy to 2.0 kGy. Irradiation
of mushrooms as a pretreatment for drying increases moisture diffusivity and drying rate with
higher doses having the most effect.
This document evaluates the effect of 15 kGy gamma radiation on eight different agro-waste materials for cultivation of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus eous strain P-31). Corn cobs performed the best overall with the fastest mycelia colonization rate, shortest colonization time, no contamination, and highest density. It also had the largest cap diameter, longest stipe length, most primordia and fruit bodies, largest mushroom size, and shortest time between flushes. Corn cobs achieved the highest biological efficiency of 63% and mushroom yield of 377g. The gamma irradiated substrates significantly influenced mushroom growth and yield. Gamma irradiation is concluded to be a potential alternative method for pretreating lignocell
This document analyzes the effect of gamma irradiation and steam sterilization on fungi present on sorghum grains. Nine fungal species were identified on untreated grains, including some that can produce mycotoxins. Both pretreatment methods significantly reduced total fungal populations compared to untreated grains. Gamma irradiation doses above 15 kGy and steam sterilization reduced populations by over 2 log cycles on average. Only the yeast Rhodotorula sp. was able to persist after gamma irradiation. The results indicate these pretreatments can selectively prepare sorghum grains for use as a sterile substrate for oyster mushroom spawn production in Ghana.
This research article assessed the effect of composting cassava peel substrates on yield, quality and characteristics of the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. Different compost heights, periods and substrate mixtures were tested. The highest yield of 299g was from a substrate of cassava peels and corncobs supplemented with chicken manure, composted for 5 days at a height of 1.5m. Mycelial growth was best for substrates composted for 7 weeks at 1.5m height. Nutritional quality and physical characteristics of the mushrooms varied significantly depending on compost conditions. The study demonstrated that cassava peels can be used to successfully cultivate P. ostreatus mushrooms when composted
Combined effect of solar drying and gamma radiation on the microbiological qu...Nii Korley Kortei
This study evaluated the combined effect of solar drying and gamma irradiation on the microbiological quality of dried oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) stored at room temperature. Mushrooms were dried using a solar dryer to 12-14% moisture content. Samples were then gamma irradiated at doses from 0-2 kGy. Initial microbial counts for total viable count, Bacillus cereus, yeasts and molds ranged from 1.2-5.3, 0.95-1.4, 0-1.39, and 0-0.8 log CFU/g, respectively. Solar drying and irradiation resulted in an average 0.55 and 0.38 log reduction of total viable count
This document summarizes a presentation on strategies to reduce food waste and increase profitability. The presentation covers why reducing food waste is important both economically and environmentally, outlines common sources and destinations of food waste in manufacturing and retail, and discusses key performance indicators and reporting metrics for measuring food waste. It also reviews strategies for creating behavioral change around sustainability and includes a case study of food waste reduction efforts. The presentation aims to provide resources on conducting food waste assessments, developing waste reduction plans, and taking advantage of incentives for food donation.
The document summarizes a study that found two fungi isolated from a Brazilian mangrove forest were able to extracellularly synthesize spherical silver nanoparticles (Ag NP) that were 35±10 nm in size. The Ag NP were characterized through various techniques and showed pronounced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic fungi and bacteria. In particular, Ag NP produced by Aspergillus tubingensis were highly effective at inhibiting Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth. This is the first report of extracellular Ag NP synthesis and antimicrobial properties of Ag NP produced by fungi isolated from a Brazilian mangrove, opening possibilities for obtaining biogenic Ag NP with positive surface potential and new applications.
This study analyzed the microbiological quality of commonly consumed ready-to-eat foods (rice, beans, yam, fufu, and meat) obtained from food vendors at Ekiti State University in Nigeria. Aerobic plate counts and fungal counts were determined for the food samples, with mean plate counts ranging from 1.0 x 102 to 6.0 x 104 CFU/g and fungal counts ranging from 1.3 x 102 to 5.2 x 104 CFU/g. Eleven species of microorganisms were isolated including Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Aspergillus spp. Bacillus cereus was the most frequently isolated organism
Inactivation of bacillus cereus spores in liquid food by combination treatmen...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated using combination treatments of heat and irradiation to inactivate Bacillus cereus spores in liquid foods like milk and carrot juice. The researchers characterized the heat and radiation resistance of B. cereus spores by determining their D-values (decimal reduction times/doses) and Z-values (temperature increase needed for a 10-fold reduction in D-values) in different media. They found that pre-irradiation at 4 kGy followed by heating reduced D90-values (time to reduce population by 90% at a given temperature) 2.8 to 3.4 times compared to heating alone. The combination treatment was more effective at ensuring safety of foods contaminated with B. cere
This document summarizes a study that investigated the use of ultraviolet (UV) light and ultrasound (US) to reduce bacteria on fresh lettuce and strawberries. The researchers inoculated lettuce and strawberries with a cocktail of four bacteria (E. coli, L. innocua, S. Enteritidis, S. aureus) and then treated them with UV or US. Treatment with UV and US significantly reduced bacteria on lettuce, with over a 1 log reduction for each bacteria. Treatment with UV reduced bacteria on strawberries by 1-1.4 log, while treatment with US achieved over a 2 log reduction for some bacteria on strawberries. Treatment with UV and US for up to 45 minutes did not significantly change
Differential antimicrobial activity of the various crude leaves extracts of S...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics resistant strains pathogenic micro-organisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for in-vitro antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) phytochemical screening showed the presence of essential oils mainly the phenolic and carboxylic acids groups. The ethanolic extract mildly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans, while there was no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aurogenosa and Escherichia coli. However, aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on all the five tested micro-organisms
Harvesting of Spirulina platensis using an eco-friendly fungal bioflocculant ...MHAASAID
This study aimed to produce fungal biomass from agro-industrial by-products for later use as a bioflocculant in
the Spirulina harvesting. The production of fungal biomass from Aspergillus niger was carried out in submerged
fermentation, using media composed of wheat bran and/or potato peel. Fungal biomass was used as a bioflocculant in Spirulina cultures carried out in closed 5 L reactors and 180 L open raceway pond operated in batch
and semi-continuous processes, respectively. Fungal biomass was able to harvest Spirulina platensis cultures with
PRELIMINARY STUDY THE USE OF HERBAL EXTRACTS AGAINST IRIDOVIRUS IN TIGER GROU...KB Haw
This preliminary study examined the use of herbal extracts to enhance survival of tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) infected with iridovirus. Tiger grouper were experimentally infected with iridovirus via injection and cohabitation. Those infected were then treated by immersion in an herbal solution for 72 hours. The study found that herbal treatment enhanced survival compared to the non-treated group, but iridovirus was still detected in some fish 8 days later, indicating some were asymptomatic carriers. The results suggest herbal extracts may generate protective immunity against iridovirus infection in tiger grouper.
The document discusses antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues found in chicken meat and eggs sold in Kenya. Some key points:
- 87.5% of meat and 100% of egg samples showed presence of antibiotic residues when tested against various bacteria.
- Bacterial counts were higher in meat samples from Kiwanja market compared to Kenyatta University, with mean counts of 190.25 x 102 CFU and 104.96 x 102 CFU respectively.
- Isolated bacteria like E. coli, Salmonella and Shigella from samples showed resistance to certain commonly used antibiotics like ampicillin and intermediate resistance to others.
- The study reveals the presence of antibiotic residues and resistant bacteria in chicken products in
This document outlines a proposed seminar that will conduct a comparative microbiological and physicochemical analysis of bottled water and water from treatment plants in Ondo State, Nigeria. The objectives are to determine the microbiological and mineral quality of the samples, compare their levels of purity, and assess antibiotic sensitivity of any isolates. Samples will be collected and tested for bacteria, fungi, coliforms, physicochemical properties. Results will provide information on the quality of bottled water and treated water distributed in Ondo State.
Prevalence of nasal carriage of community associated methicillin-Alexander Decker
This study determined the prevalence of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among healthy primary school children in Okada, Nigeria. Nasal swabs were collected from 120 children and tested for S. aureus and MRSA. A total of 22 S. aureus isolates (18.3% prevalence) and 13 MRSA isolates (10.8% prevalence) were identified. The isolates showed high resistance to ampicillin, cloxacillin, penicillin and other antibiotics. All 13 MRSA isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance. This study demonstrates the presence of drug-resistant S. aureus, including MRSA, among healthy school children in this community.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
Bacteriological quality and safety of street vended foods in delta state, nig...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed 106 street food samples from 9 towns in Delta State, Nigeria for bacterial contamination. All food
samples showed some level of bacterial contamination, with counts ranging from 1.2 x 102 to 1.1 x 107 cfu/g. 69% of
samples exceeded the acceptable limit of <104 cfu/g for total bacterial count. Total coliform counts ranged from 36 to
2100 MPN/g, with 67% of samples exceeding the recommended limit of <100 MPN/g. Nine bacterial species were
isolated, including pathogens like E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella spp. More than one pathogen was found in foods like
fufu, o
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus amendment on the yield of a Chlorella sp. s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A strain of microalgae was isolated from phytoplankton samples collected from the sea coast of Amsheet, North Lebanon. Molecular diagnosis based on ribosomal RNA genes showed it to be most closely related to Chlorella sp. (GenBank accession KC188335.1) with over 90 % nucleotide identity. It was then evaluated whether N and P amendments of seawater fertilized with Guillard’s f/2 medium would improve algal growth and production. Addition of nitrogen (30 ppm) and/or phosphorus (2 ppm) to microalgae grown under laboratory conditions in 3L bioreactors resulted in improved biomass yield (mg dry matter/ L) by approximately 48%, and increased protein yield by approximately 56%, from 19.5% to 30.6% of DM content. Total protein yield/L of culture medium was therefore increased by approximately 83%. Total lipid content and carotenoid levels of the microalgal culture were not affected by the N+P amendement, whereas chlorophyll content was almost doubled. When lower levels of N+P supplementations, 10 and 20 ppm N, were tried, the biomass yield was also improved. The experiment was repeated in 20 L bioreactors in a plastic greenhouse, under normal environmental conditions, with an average temperature of 28°C and a maximum temperature of 36°C. At these relatively high temperatures, the growth rate was slowed down, but N supplementations at 10 and 20 ppm resulted in improved dry matter yield by 25 and 45% respectively, and protein content by 17 and 35%, respectively. Knowledge of the optimal culturing conditions of this local Chlorella strain is essential for its efficient production and is expected to serve future environmental and biotechnological purposes.
The present study was undertaken to investigate
microbiological quality of ready-to-eat street vended aloo-tikki
sold in Allahabad, city of Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 36
samples were collected from 12 major areas which represented
whole city. All samples were collected from the vendors in
sterilized polythene bags and analyzed within an hour of
procurement. Bacterial pathogens were identified by standard
bacteriological techniques. Microbiological enumeration of ready
to eat street-vended aloo-tikki, revealed a standard plate count
ranging from 103.4-247.3×10-4 cfu/gm, and yeast and mould
ranging between 89-168.2×10-4 cfu/gm. The presumptive coliform
test was found to be 86.1% positive. Prominent bacterial
pathogens isolated were Styphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Bacillus sp., and Salmonella sp. The presence of such
microorganisms indicates poor handling practices, cross
contamination and aerial contamination which becomes reason
and sometimes important source of food borne illness to humans.
Molecular Identification of Bulinus Species in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria...AI Publications
The study considers the distribution of a small sample of 100 Bulinus snails, across 8 localities within Ogun State, Nigerian. Snails were identified using a molecular method of fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. The results showed that the majority of Bulinus samples tested belonged to the species Bulinustruncatus while only one was Bulinusglobosus. The use of Rsa1 restriction endonuclease to cleave the ribosomal its of Bulinus, as a method of species identification, was adopted for the majority of samples, this being a quicker and cheaper method better suited to small laboratory environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosome Dra1 repeat within each of the collected Bulinus samples was employed to determine the extent and distribution of infected snails within the sample areas. Successful amplification of the Dra1 repeat demonstrated that 23% of snails were infected with schistosome
Protein was extracted from muscles of Channa striatus and attempts were
made to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial isolates. The
higher concentration of protein (100μg/ml) extracts exhibited a pronounced activity
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), Proteus vulgaris (19 mm), Citrobacter sp
(19 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18 mm), Micrococcus sp (17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16
mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), E. coli (14 mm) and Serratia marcescens (5
mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration
were found to be 20-40 μg/ml and 80-100 μg/ml respectively for the extracts of
Channa striatus protein against test organisms. This study confirms that C. striatus fish
protein extracts possess antibacterial activity against a wide range of microbes and
justified that it could be used in the traditional medicine as a remedy for the
treatment of bacterial diseases.
Bacterial assessment and quality analysis of raw milk sold in gwagwalada area...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the bacterial assessment and quality analysis of raw milk sold in Gwagwalada Area Council of Abuja, Nigeria. Samples were taken from four local farms and analyzed for their bacterial content. The main findings were:
1) The total bacterial counts ranged from 1.0x106 to 5.6x107 cfu/ml, exceeding the standard limit of 1x105 cfu/ml.
2) The most common bacteria identified were Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species.
3) Treatment T3 (Kutunku herd) had the lowest bacterial counts, indicating better
— Post-harvest diseases are a major problem for banana yield. Despite treatments with chemical fungicides, a persistence of diseases is noticed. This study aims at proposing a biological control method against banana post-harvest diseases by using banana rachis leachate. The effect of leachate has been tested in vitro on mycelial growth, conidial germination and in vivo on pathogenic fungi virulence. All leachate concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) tested showed antifungal activity on the tested fungi. However, the 20% concentration was more effective with complete inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of all fungi. No symptoms of crown rot and anthracnose were observed after treatment of bananas with leachate. However, with azoxystrobin, the prevalence of crown rot and anthracnose was 60% and 30%, respectively. Banana rachis leachate recorded highly significant reduction of banana finger rot prevalence compared to azoxystrobin. Banana rachis leachate have strong antifungal properties that may be useful to control banana post-harvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides Keywords— banana; post-harvest diseases; banana rachis leachate, antifungal activity.
Antibiotic resistance and molecular characterizationAlexander Decker
This document reports on a study of antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of Salmonella isolated from stool samples of diarrhoeal patients in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. A total of 69 Salmonella isolates (S. Typhimurium, S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi A) were obtained from 187 stool samples. The isolates showed high resistance to nitrofurantoin, ceftriazone, and augmentin. Sixty-seven isolates were resistant to at least two antibiotic classes, with resistance to combinations of four antibiotics being most common. Plasmid DNA analysis of resistant isolates identified multiple plasmids ranging from 1.46-23.13 kbp. Resistance genes blaCTX and
Antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization
nii korley kortei (microbiology)
1. ~ 28 ~
European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience 2014; 2 (1): 28-34
ISSN: 2321-9122
www.biosciencejournals.com
EJBB 2014; 2 (1): 28-34
Received: 24-07-2014
Accepted: 10-08-2014
Kortei N.K, Appiah V
Graduate School of Nuclear and
Allied Sciences, Department of
Nuclear Agriculture and
Radiation Processing, P.O. Box
LG 80, Legon, Ghana
Odamtten G.T
University of Ghana,
Department of Botany, P.O. Box
80, Legon, Ghana
Obodai M, Annan T.A,
Akonor P.T
C.S.I.R - Food Research
Institute, P. O. Box M20,
Accra, Ghana
Adu- Gyamfi A, Annan S.N.Y,
Acquah S.A, Armah, J.O,
Mills S.W.O
Radiation Technology Centre,
Ghana Atomic Energy
Commission., Ghana
Correspondence:
Kortei N.K
Graduate School of Nuclear and
Allied Sciences, Department of
Nuclear Agriculture and
Radiation Processing, P.O. Box
LG 80, Legon, Ghana
Microbiological quality assessment of gamma
irradiated fresh and dried mushrooms (Pleurotus
ostreatus) and determination of D10 values of Bacillus
cereus in storage packs.
Kortei N.K, Odamtten G.T, Appiah V, Obodai M, Adu- Gyamfi A, Annan T.A, Akonor
P.T, Annan S.N.Y, Acquah S.A, Armah J.O and Mills S.W.O.
Abstract
The microbiological food contamination in Ghana is alarming. Gamma radiation was used to
decontaminate and preserve fresh and dried mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus). Fresh mushrooms were
irradiated with doses of 0 kGy (control), 1 kGy and 2 kGy and stored in polythene and polypropylene
storage packs at 20 o
C for a period of 5 days. Dried mushrooms were also irradiated at doses of 0 kGy,
0.5 kGy, 1 kGy, 1.5 kGy and 2 kGy and stored in the same packs and temperature for 12 months. The
samples were analysed for aerobic plate counts, total coliforms, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus
aureus, Salmonella spp, yeasts and molds counts using standard microbiological methods at intervals of
0 and 5 days for fresh mushrooms while dried mushrooms were monitored at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months.
The D10 values of Bacillus cereus were calculated for fresh and dried mushrooms using a linear
regression model after gamma irradiation. Generally fresh mushrooms counts ranged 3x103
- 7.5x108
,
5x101
- 4x102
and 8x101
- 9x104
for aerobic mesophiles, Bacillus cereus, yeasts and molds respectively.
Dried mushrooms recorded count ranges of 2.8x102
- 8.3x105
, 1x101
- 5x103
and 1x101
- 3x103
for same.
Salmonella spp, coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected on both fresh and dried
mushrooms. The mean D10 values for Bacillus cereus on fresh mushrooms were 3.21±0.81 kGy
(polypropylene), 0.76±0.04 kGy (polythene) while dried mushrooms recorded 2.40±0.90kGy
(polypropylene) and 1.80±0.85 kGy (polythene). Low dose radiations were effective in reducing the
contaminants to acceptable standards.
Keywords: Pleurotus ostreatus, Bacillus cereus, microbiological safety, D10 value, irradiation
1. Introduction
Food is a basic need while its safety is a basic human right. Edible mushrooms have been
part of human diet for centuries (Ayetayo and Oriyo, 2013) and are becoming so popular in
Ghana (Obodai and Johnson, 2002; Apetorgbor et al, 2005) owing to their superior
nutritional, medicinal and culinary attributes (Kalac, 2009; Pani, 2011; Ferreira et al, 2011;
Singh et al, 2012). They are available in their fresh or preserved states in various packaging
materials and are mostly sold at the supermarkets, local markets, city shopping malls, street
vendors and the farm-gates.
The hygienic quality of these mushrooms has become an issue of great concern worldwide
despite important developments in reducing the incidence of certain pathogens in foods
through better farm practices and food regulations (Cuprasitrut et al, 2011). Foods in general
have been identified as vehicles of microbial agents and generate food safety problems,
especially gastroenteritis (Mosupye and Holy, 2000; Kubheka et al., 2001; Meng and Doyle,
2002; Adu-Gyamfi and Nketsia-Tabiri, 2007). Microorganisms implicated include bacteria
(Campylobacter, Salmonella, Yersinia enterocolitica, Clostridium per-fringens,
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes) and some fungi
(Aspergillus spp, Mucor spp, Rhizopus spp.) (Mead et al, 1999; Lavelli et al, 2006; Adjrah et
al, 2013).
Bacillus cereus, a gram positive, facultative anaerobic and spore forming rod bacteria has
been reported by several authors (Thayer and Boyd, 1994; Giwa and Ibrahim, 2012 ; El-Nour
and Hammad, 2013) to be ubiquitous organism found in water, soil and air.
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European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience
B. cereus is the aetiologic agent of two discrete types of
food poisoning characterized by both diarrhea and
abdominal pain or by nausea and vomiting after ingestion
of contaminated foods due to its ability to form two types
of enterotoxins: thermostable emetic enterotoxin or a
thermosensitive diarrheal enterotoxin (Schneider et al.
2004). B. cereus form endospores which are resistant to
inactivation agents such as heating, desiccation, UV, low
doses of gamma radiation, high pressure and oxidizing
agents (Van German et al. 1999 and Seltow, 2006). It has
been isolated from a wide range of food products such as
cooked and raw rice (Sarrias et al. 2003), seafood (Rahmati
and Labbé, 2008), milk (Bartoszewicz et al. 2008), fresh
vegetables and refrigerated-minimally processed foods
(Valero et al. 2002). Thus, food safety issues are of major
importance to world health (WHO, 2000).
Gamma irradiation as a physical treatment effectively
eliminates spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in
foods (Neimera, 2003; Sommers, 2003) and has been
utilized for the reduction and elimination of pathogens in
foods (Farkas, 2001; ICGFI, 1999). However in order to
utilize irradiation as a food processing technology, it is
imperative to study the radiation sensitivity of
contaminating microorganisms since this provides a basis
for accurate estimation of inactivation doses (Thayer, 2000;
Adu-Gyamfi et al, 2009). Sensitivity to irradiation varies
among microbial and fungal species and is affected by the
components of foods and temperature during irradiation
and subsequent storage (Neimira, 2007; Adu-Gyamfi et al,
2012).
The D10-value (decimal reduction dose) is the radiation
dose required to inactivate 90% of a viable bacterial
population or reduce the population by a factor of 10
(Smith and Pillai, 2004). Published data on D10-values for
some foods range from 0.022 kGy for Vibrio
parahaemolyticus in freshwater fish homogenate at 24 °C
(Gamage et al, 1998) to 0.78 kGy for Salmonella enteritidis
in ground beef at 3 °C (Molins, 2001). E. coli O157:H7
inoculated onto fresh sprouts of radish, alfalfa, or broccoli
seeds, showed a D10 value range of 0.27 to 0.34 kGy
(Rajkowski and Thayer, 2000). There is a comparatively
great range of D10-values and therefore differences in
resistance to gamma radiation by various microorganisms
of public health significance. Estimation of D10-values may
be incorporated into risk assessments for designing
processes for reduction of microbial populations in food
(Cheroutre-Vialette and Lebert, 2000).
The objectives of the present study were: 1) To investigate
the microbiological quality of fresh and dried mushrooms
in polythene and polypropylene. 2) To determine the D10-
value (decimal reduction dose) of Bacillus cereus on fresh
and dried mushrooms.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Sample collection and Drying
A total of 16 samples comprising of 6 fresh mushrooms
and 10 dried mushrooms were obtained from Mushroom
Unit, CSIR- Food Research Institute in Ghana. Growth and
harvesting of mushrooms was from the period of
September to December, 2013. The collected mushroom
material was solar-dried at temperature range of (40-60 o
C)
to a moisture content of about 12±1%. Dried mushroom
parts were cut up and stored in tight-seal polythene and
polypropylene containers at room temperature until needed
for microbiological analysis within one hour of collection.
2.2 Determination of Moisture content
The moisture content was determined by the gravimetric
method of (AOAC, 1995).
2.3 Irradiation of mushroom samples
Forty (40) grams of dried mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus)
were packed into polythene and polypropylene containers
and irradiated at doses of 0 kGy, 0.5 kGy, 1 kGy, 1.5 kGy
and 2 kGy at a dose rate of 1.7 kGy per hour in air from a
cobalt- 60 source Radiations absorbed were confirmed
using the ethanol-chlorobenzene (ECB) dosimetry system
at the Radiation Technology Centre of the Ghana Atomic
Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana.
Sixty (60) grams of fresh mushrooms (P. ostreatus) were
packed into same packaging materials and irradiated at
doses of 0 kGy, 1 kGy and 2 kGy at the same conditions as
stated above.
2.4 Microbiological analysis
Ten (10) grams of each sample was mixed with 9ml
peptone water and serial dilutions of each mushroom
sample homogenate were made to 10-3
dilutions.
Approximate 1 ml aliquot portions of the dilutions were
spread onto duplicate sterile plates of Plate Count Agar
(Oxoid, England), Violet Red Bile Agar (Oxoid, England),
Baird Parker medium (Oxoid, England), Bacillus cereus
agar (Oxoid, England) and Dichloran Rose Bengal
Chloramphenicol (Oxoid, England) for total mesophilic
bacteria, total aerobic plate count, coliform count,
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and moulds and
yeasts respectively,. Isolation of Salmonellae spp. was done
on Rapaport Soy Broth (Oxoid, England) and streaked on
Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Agar (Oxoid, England) and
Brilliant Green Agar (Oxoid, England).
Cultures were incubated at 37 o
C for 24 to 48 hrs. After the
incubation, the different culture plates were examined for
microbial growth. Colonies were counted using the colony
counter (Gallenkamp, England), counts were expressed as
colony forming unit per gram of sample homogenate
(cfu/g).
2.5 D10 values Determination
The D10 value is the reciprocal of the slope of the
exponential part of a survival curve. This value may also be
obtained from equation (1). Microbial counts (cfu/g)
obtained after subjecting fresh and dried mushrooms to
radiation doses of 0, 1, 2, kGy were transformed into (log10
cfu/g) and the data was subjected to regression analysis.
The surviving fractions, log10 (N/N0) of microorganisms,
was calculated and used as relative changes of their actual
viable cell counts. The D10 values were calculated by
plotting log10 (N/N0) against dose (D) according to the
equation
D10 = Radiation Dose (D)
log10 (No- N)………………………...…1)
Where No is the initial viable count; N is the viable count
after irradiation with dose D; D is the radiation dose
3.
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European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience
(Mohan et al, 2011; Adu-Gyamfi et al, 2012). The linear
correlation coefficient (r2
) and the regression equations
were also calculated.
2.6 Statistical analysis: The values obtained for total
aerobic plate count, Bacillus cereus and fungal counts were
subjected to analysis of variance.
3. Results and Discussion
The results of analyzed microbial counts of irradiated fresh
and dried mushrooms are showed in Tables 1- 4. The total
aerobic mesophile count, B. cereus and fungal counts for
fresh mushrooms stored in polypropylene pack ranged
1.5x104
– 8.6x107
, 1x102
- 4x102
and 2.6x101
- 9x104
cfu/g
(Table 1) respectively. There was an average log reduction
of 5.5, 0.8 and 1.2 respectively after exposure to gamma
radiations. Total aerobic mesophile count, B. cereus and
fungal counts for fresh mushrooms stored in polythene
pack ranged 2x104
- 7.5x106
, 3x102
- 4x102
and 1x102
-
1x104
cfu/g (Table 2). Gamma radiation reduced these
counts to 3.7, 0.22 and 1.4 log cycles respectively.
Microbial counts showed an increase after 5 days storage.
High aerobic mesophilic counts found in samples according
to Najafi and Bahreini, (2012) may reflect poor handling,
inappropriate processing or a general lack of hygiene. The
results obtained for total aerobic mesophile count were in
agreement with results of Kamal et al, (2011) who recorded
average counts of 106
on fresh oyster mushrooms collected
from Sutrapur Dakar city. Staphylococcus aureus,
Salmonella spp, E.coli and coliforms were not recorded.
This was in disagreement with work of Beraha et al, (1961)
who recorded 27, 13, 13 and 7% respectively in the case of
fresh cut mushrooms. Non- irradiated (0 kGy) fresh
mushroom samples recorded lower fungal counts of range
1.4- 3.8 log cfu/g (Table 1 and 2) than results reported by
researcher such as Abadias et al, 2008; Seo et al, 2010 and
Najafi and Bahreini, 2012 who all worked on fresh cut
vegetables. The role of yeasts and molds in the spoilage of
mushrooms is not well documented and their growth on
foods can cause major problems. Some of molds may
produce mycotoxins which could be carcinogenic,
mutagenic, teratogenic and allergic (Eaton and Groopman,
1994; Guengerich et al, 1996; Tournas, 2005; Adu-Gyamfi
et al, 2011).
Dried mushrooms stored in polypropylene recorded mean
counts of 1.6x103
- 7.7x103
, 1x102
- 7x102
and 3x101
- 2x103
,
polythene also had mean counts of 1.67x103
- 6.3x104
,
2x102
-5x103
and 1x101
- 8x102
for total aerobic mesophiles,
B. cereus and fungal counts respectively. Our results
indicate a general increase in microbial counts over storage
period of 12 months. The increase in microbial load content
was apparent in 6th
and 12th
months. These results may be
attributed to the fact that they are spore formers (Oranusi et
al, 2010). These dormant spores were resistant to gamma
radiation and other processing so might have germinated
and multiplied with time. Also, physical environmental
factors such as moisture, pH and temperature in the packs
became conducive to support growth of microorganisms
(Food Safety, 2003). Dried mushroom samples recorded
lower microbial counts than fresh mushrooms. This might
be due to the processing activities such as solar drying.
Statistically, there was no difference (P<0.05).
The presence of microorganisms in food is not necessarily
an indicator of hazard to the consumers (Kamal et al,
2010). Bacillus cereus can be detected in many raw foods
of plant origin and in raw milk. According to authors
Zahran et al, 2008; NSW-FA (2009), their spores will
survive cooking, and poor temperature control after
cooking may result in germination of the spores and
subsequent growth. B. cereus is of greatest concern in plant
or cereal based ready-to-eat foods and cream based sauces.
Ready-to-eat foods containing raw components may
contain low levels of B. cereus. The International
Commission for Microbiological Specification for Foods
(ICMSF, 1996) states that ready-to-eat foods with plate
counts between 0-103
is acceptable; between 104
- ≤105
is
tolerable and 106
cfu/g and above is unacceptable.
Radiation sensitivity (the killing effect of radiation) in
microorganisms is generally expressed by the decimal
reduction dose or D10 value (Mohan et al, 2010). Radiation
sensitivity of Bacillus cereus on fresh oyster mushrooms
stored in polypropylene and polythene packs were
3.21±0.81 and 0.76±0.04 kGy respectively (Table 5). Also,
dried oyster mushrooms stored in polypropylene and
polythene packs were 2.40±0.90 and 1.80±0.85 kGy
respectively. The mean D10 values of Bacillus cereus on
both fresh and dried mushrooms were 1.98 and 2.10 kGy,
showed no significant difference (P>0.05). The observed
difference (P<0.05) in D10 values for Bacillus cereus on
mushrooms stored in polypropylene and polythene were
probably due to the densities of materials constituting the
walls of the packaging materials and how they affected the
penetration of the gamma radiation to the target
microorganisms (da Silva Aquino, 2012). Likewise, the
radiosensitivity of bacteria varies depending on the
packaging atmosphere used and are also very sensitive to
irradiation in the presence of oxygen (IAEA, 2005).
The D10 values of B. cereus obtained, agreed with data
from Zahran et al, (2008) who reported D10 values of 1.9
kGy and 0.4 kGy for B.cereus and L. monocytogenes on
some chicken products. Also, in a study done by Abd El-
Hady (1993), reported D10 values of 3 strains of Bacillus
cereus were 2.3, 2.2 and 2.0 kGy on beef. D10 values are
notable because it leads to an estimation of the dose
required to inactivate any microorganism (Zahran et al,
2008).
4. Conclusion
Our results indicate that low doses of gamma irradiation
was effective in reducing the Bacillus cereus populations of
oyster mushrooms stored in polypropylene and polythene
packs sufficiently to achieve the recommended levels of
The International Commission for Microbiological
Specification for Foods (ICMSF, 1996). Better
understanding of the mechanisms involved in bacterial
resistance to radiation exposure need to be explored.
5. Acknowledgement
We gratefully thank all the laboratory technicians of the
Food Microbiology Laboratory of Food Research Institute,
C.S.I.R, Accra, Ghana.
4.
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European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience
Table 1: Effect of irradiation on the microbial load of fresh mushroom fruit bodies of polypropylene pack
(P2) stored for a period of 5 days.
Time Dose Aerobic Coliforms B. cereus S. aureus Molds Yeasts
(kGy) Mesophiles cfu/g cfu/g cfu/g cfu/g cfu/g
0 Day 0 8.6x107
0 4x102
0 2.6x101
9x104
1 2.7x103
0 1x102
0 0 6x103
2 1.5x104
0 1.5x102
0 0 8x101
5 Day 0 7.5x108
0 4x102
0 2.6x101
9x104
1 3.0x103
0 3x102
0 0 6x103
2 2.0x104
0 5x101
0 0 8x101
Table 2: Effect of irradiation on the microbial load of fresh mushroom fruit bodies of polythene pack (P1) stored for a period of 5 days.
Time Dose Aerobic Coliforms B. cereus S. aureus Molds Yeasts
(kGy) Plate Count cfu/g cfu/g cfu/g cfu/g cfu/g
0 Day 0 7.5x106
0 4.0x102
0 2.1x101
5x102
1 3.0x104
0 3.0x102
0 0 1.0x104
. 2 2.0x104
0 3.2x102
0 0 1.0x102
5 Day 0 8.6x107
0 4.0x102
0 2.1x101
9x104
1 2.7x105
0 1.0x102
0 0 6x103
2 1.5x104
0 1.5x102
0 0 8x101
Fig 1: Radiation sensitivity curves for Bacillus cereus on fresh mushrooms
Fig 2: Radiation sensitivity curves for Bacillus cereus on dried mushrooms
6.
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European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience
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