This study evaluated the antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica. In vitro tests found the ethyl acetate extract of cladodes had activity against Plasmodium berghei, with lower parasitemia compared to controls. In vivo tests in mice found treatment with the cladode extract resulted in lower parasitemia than the control group on days 5, 8, and 10, though parasitemia was higher than the chloroquine group. However, some mice treated with the extract died between days 7-9, while no deaths occurred in the chloroquine group. The study presents an evaluation of antiplasmodial effects of O
The effects of co-administration of Azadirachta indica and Gongronema latifolium on the liver of Plasmodium beighei infected Swiss albino mice was evaluated. Thirty mice divided into 6 groups of 5 animals each were used for this study. Healthy control group was not infected with. Other group was infected by intraperitoneal injection of P. beighei. Once parasitaemia was confirmed, treatment groups were assigned; Group A received distilled water at 10ml/kg body weight. Group B was not given any extracts. Groups C was given G.latifolium extract at 500mg/kg body weight. Groups D was given A. indica extract at 500 mg/kg body weight. Group E received both extracts at 500 mg/kg each. Group F received Artemether at 1.6mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. The extracts were administered orally for 5 days. The animals were sacrificed after blood was obtained for serum liver enzymes estimation. The liver were processed for histological study using H and E. Histology of the liver showed sinusoidal congestion and hepatocyte necrosis in the diseased control and steatosis, loss of normal sinusoidal architecture, necrosis of hepatocytes and portal tract inflammation in the A. indica only group. The groups administered G. latifolium, both singly and in combination with A. indica had normal liver histology. The liver enzyme ALT was significantly (p<0.05) raised in A. indica treated group while it was normal in the G. latifolium groups. It will thus appear that G. latifolium ameliorated the hepatotoxicity of A. indica in Plasmodium beighei infected mice.
Anthelmintic activity of Punica granatum ethanol extract against paramphis...researchanimalsciences
Parasitic diseases remain a major threat to livestock production around the
world, particularly in India. Paramphistomosis caused by paramphistomes are one of
the most common and economically important diseases of livestock. The high
incidence of resistance to chemotherapeutics, toxicity and side effects has urged the
necessity of finding alternative plant
-
based anthelmintics against helminth parasites.
Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to assess the anthelmintic effect of
the rind of
Punica granatum
Ethanol Extract (
Pg
EE) against paramphistomes in
infected sheep. Infected sheep were treated orally with 30 and 50 mg/ml
concentrations of
Pg
EE. Eggs Per Gram (EPG) count on faeces, haematological and
biochemical parameters of sheep were investigated. In
Pg
EE
-
treated sheep, the egg
count reduced significantly in the faeces and the reduction was proportional to
dosage and duration after treatment. The maximum reduction (97.95 %) was
observed on day 21 post
-
treatment with 50 mg/ml concentration of
Pg
EE. In infected
sheep, the haemoglobin and protein content were below standard physiological
values. Improvement of haematobiochemical profile was observed in sheep after
treatment with
Pg
EE.
Protective Effect of Egyptian Propolis Against Rabbit PasteurellosisBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is known for its protective effects on humans and animals, including improving respiratory conditions. It's also documented to be a very complementary adjuvant with other treatment modalities.
Pasteurella multocida is a well known cause of morbidity and mortality in rabbits. The predominant syndrome is upper respiratory disease or "snuffles." P. multocida is often endemic in rabbit colonies and the acquisition of infection in young rabbits is correlated to the prevalence in adult rabbits.
ABSTRACT- This study was an attempt to estimate the prevalence of Antimicrobial resistance in patients attending the OPD and IPD of IIMS&R, hospital, Lucknow. Total 453 urine samples were included in this study. Urinary isolates from symptomatic UTI cases were identified by conventional methods. Of the 453 processed samples 166 samples showed significant colony count of pathogens among which the most prevalent were E. coli (49.39%) followed by Klebsiella species (7.83%). The majority of the isolates were from female (68.67%) while the remaining was from male (31.32%). Dysuria was the most common clinical presentation followed by fever and abdominal pain. Diabetes and urogenital instrumentation were the major risk factors for UTI. Among the 166 urine samples which showed significant colony count, 152 (91.56%) of specimen showed pus cells in wet film examination. Among the gram-negative enteric bacilli high prevalence of resistance was observed against Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid and co-trimoxazole. 44% of isolates were detected to produce ESBL among the gram negative bacteria. Carbapenemase production was seen in 13 (11.71%) isolates. Among the 32 Enterococcus isolates 14 (43.75%) were resistant to High level Gentamicin, 2 (6.25%) were resistant to High level Streptomycin while 12 (37.50%) of isolates were resistant to both of the antimicrobial drugs. Among the 16 Staphylococcus species, 8 (50%) were MRSA.
KEYWORDS- MRSA, Antimicrobial resistance, UTI, ESBL, Gram-negative bacteria
Antiplasmodial activity of methanol leaf extract of Salacia senegalensis Lam ...Premier Publishers
The antiplasmodial effect of methanol leaf extract of Salacia senegalensis were evaluated in albino mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei berghei (NK65) in order to justify or otherwise its use as antimalarial remedy in Nigeria folk medicine. Activities investigated were suppressive effect against early infection, curative effect against established infection and prophylactic effect against residual infection. Results showed a dose dependent blood schizontocidal activity at all the phases of malarial infection studied. The in vivo antiplasmodial effect of the extract (1000, 1200 and 1400 mg/kg body weight) against P. berghei showed significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent activity for suppressive, curative and prophylactic test. When the extract dose increased from 1000 to 1400 mg/kg/day, chemosuppressive activity of the extract increased from 66.47 % to 80.33 %. There was also an increase from 66.57 % to 75.41 % and from 64.90 % to 82.72 % for the repository and curative activities respectively. The schizontocidal activities were comparable to that of chloroquine -which had percentage suppression of parasitaemia as 87.03 %, 85.12 %, and 91.68 % for suppressive, prophylactic and curative activities respectively). It was thus concluded that the herbal extract possesses significant antimalarial potency which could be exploited in the formulation of antimalarial drugs.
The effects of co-administration of Azadirachta indica and Gongronema latifolium on the liver of Plasmodium beighei infected Swiss albino mice was evaluated. Thirty mice divided into 6 groups of 5 animals each were used for this study. Healthy control group was not infected with. Other group was infected by intraperitoneal injection of P. beighei. Once parasitaemia was confirmed, treatment groups were assigned; Group A received distilled water at 10ml/kg body weight. Group B was not given any extracts. Groups C was given G.latifolium extract at 500mg/kg body weight. Groups D was given A. indica extract at 500 mg/kg body weight. Group E received both extracts at 500 mg/kg each. Group F received Artemether at 1.6mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. The extracts were administered orally for 5 days. The animals were sacrificed after blood was obtained for serum liver enzymes estimation. The liver were processed for histological study using H and E. Histology of the liver showed sinusoidal congestion and hepatocyte necrosis in the diseased control and steatosis, loss of normal sinusoidal architecture, necrosis of hepatocytes and portal tract inflammation in the A. indica only group. The groups administered G. latifolium, both singly and in combination with A. indica had normal liver histology. The liver enzyme ALT was significantly (p<0.05) raised in A. indica treated group while it was normal in the G. latifolium groups. It will thus appear that G. latifolium ameliorated the hepatotoxicity of A. indica in Plasmodium beighei infected mice.
Anthelmintic activity of Punica granatum ethanol extract against paramphis...researchanimalsciences
Parasitic diseases remain a major threat to livestock production around the
world, particularly in India. Paramphistomosis caused by paramphistomes are one of
the most common and economically important diseases of livestock. The high
incidence of resistance to chemotherapeutics, toxicity and side effects has urged the
necessity of finding alternative plant
-
based anthelmintics against helminth parasites.
Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to assess the anthelmintic effect of
the rind of
Punica granatum
Ethanol Extract (
Pg
EE) against paramphistomes in
infected sheep. Infected sheep were treated orally with 30 and 50 mg/ml
concentrations of
Pg
EE. Eggs Per Gram (EPG) count on faeces, haematological and
biochemical parameters of sheep were investigated. In
Pg
EE
-
treated sheep, the egg
count reduced significantly in the faeces and the reduction was proportional to
dosage and duration after treatment. The maximum reduction (97.95 %) was
observed on day 21 post
-
treatment with 50 mg/ml concentration of
Pg
EE. In infected
sheep, the haemoglobin and protein content were below standard physiological
values. Improvement of haematobiochemical profile was observed in sheep after
treatment with
Pg
EE.
Protective Effect of Egyptian Propolis Against Rabbit PasteurellosisBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is known for its protective effects on humans and animals, including improving respiratory conditions. It's also documented to be a very complementary adjuvant with other treatment modalities.
Pasteurella multocida is a well known cause of morbidity and mortality in rabbits. The predominant syndrome is upper respiratory disease or "snuffles." P. multocida is often endemic in rabbit colonies and the acquisition of infection in young rabbits is correlated to the prevalence in adult rabbits.
ABSTRACT- This study was an attempt to estimate the prevalence of Antimicrobial resistance in patients attending the OPD and IPD of IIMS&R, hospital, Lucknow. Total 453 urine samples were included in this study. Urinary isolates from symptomatic UTI cases were identified by conventional methods. Of the 453 processed samples 166 samples showed significant colony count of pathogens among which the most prevalent were E. coli (49.39%) followed by Klebsiella species (7.83%). The majority of the isolates were from female (68.67%) while the remaining was from male (31.32%). Dysuria was the most common clinical presentation followed by fever and abdominal pain. Diabetes and urogenital instrumentation were the major risk factors for UTI. Among the 166 urine samples which showed significant colony count, 152 (91.56%) of specimen showed pus cells in wet film examination. Among the gram-negative enteric bacilli high prevalence of resistance was observed against Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid and co-trimoxazole. 44% of isolates were detected to produce ESBL among the gram negative bacteria. Carbapenemase production was seen in 13 (11.71%) isolates. Among the 32 Enterococcus isolates 14 (43.75%) were resistant to High level Gentamicin, 2 (6.25%) were resistant to High level Streptomycin while 12 (37.50%) of isolates were resistant to both of the antimicrobial drugs. Among the 16 Staphylococcus species, 8 (50%) were MRSA.
KEYWORDS- MRSA, Antimicrobial resistance, UTI, ESBL, Gram-negative bacteria
Antiplasmodial activity of methanol leaf extract of Salacia senegalensis Lam ...Premier Publishers
The antiplasmodial effect of methanol leaf extract of Salacia senegalensis were evaluated in albino mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei berghei (NK65) in order to justify or otherwise its use as antimalarial remedy in Nigeria folk medicine. Activities investigated were suppressive effect against early infection, curative effect against established infection and prophylactic effect against residual infection. Results showed a dose dependent blood schizontocidal activity at all the phases of malarial infection studied. The in vivo antiplasmodial effect of the extract (1000, 1200 and 1400 mg/kg body weight) against P. berghei showed significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent activity for suppressive, curative and prophylactic test. When the extract dose increased from 1000 to 1400 mg/kg/day, chemosuppressive activity of the extract increased from 66.47 % to 80.33 %. There was also an increase from 66.57 % to 75.41 % and from 64.90 % to 82.72 % for the repository and curative activities respectively. The schizontocidal activities were comparable to that of chloroquine -which had percentage suppression of parasitaemia as 87.03 %, 85.12 %, and 91.68 % for suppressive, prophylactic and curative activities respectively). It was thus concluded that the herbal extract possesses significant antimalarial potency which could be exploited in the formulation of antimalarial drugs.
Enterocin 55 produced by non rabbit-derived strain Enterococcus faecium EF55 ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Ent55 is produced by poultry strain Enterococcus faecium EF55. It is substance which can be allotted to Class II enterocins; thermo-stable, small peptide. Because producer strain has shown beneficial effect in poultry and broiler rabbits as well, we decided to apply Ent55 in broiler rabbit husbandry. Ent55 showed antimicrobial activity in broiler rabbits by reduction of staphylococci, Clostridiae, pseudomonads and coliforms. Its beneficial effect was demonstrated by stimulation of phagocytic activity as well as by reduction of Eimeria spp. oocysts. GPx values were lower; it means, no oxidative stress was evoked. Moreover, it has not negative influence on growth performance and biochemical parameters. Our results indicated that enterocin produced by not-autochtonous strain can also have protective and beneficial effect in broiler rabbits.
Limitations in the screening of potentially anti-cryptosporidial agents using...UniversitasGadjahMada
The emergence of cryptosporidiosis, a zoonotic disease of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract caused by Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1907, triggered numerous screening studies of various compounds for potential anti-cryptosporidial activity, the majority of which proved ineffective. Extracts of Indonesian plants, Piper betle and Diospyros sumatrana, were tested for potential anticryptosporidial activity using Mastomys coucha (Smith), experimentally inoculated with Cryptosporidium proliferans Kváč, Havrdová, Hlásková, Daňková, Kanděra, Ježková, Vítovec, Sak, Ortega, Xiao, Modrý, Chelladurai, Prantlová et McEvoy, 2016. None of the plant extracts tested showed significant activity against cryptosporidia; however, the results indicate that the following issues should be addressed in similar experimental studies. The monitoring of oocyst shedding during the entire experimental trial, supplemented with histological examination of affected gastric tissue at the time of treatment termination, revealed that similar studies are generally unreliable if evaluations of drug efficacy are based exclusively on oocyst shedding. Moreover, the reduction of oocyst shedding did not guarantee the eradication of cryptosporidia in treated individuals. For treatment trials performed on experimentally inoculated laboratory rodents, only animals in the advanced phase of cryptosporidiosis should be used for the correct interpretation of pathological alterations observed in affected tissue. All the solvents used (methanol, methanol-tetrahydrofuran and dimethylsulfoxid) were shown to be suitable for these studies, i.e. they did not exhibit negative effects on the subjects. The halofuginone lactate, routinely administered in intestinal cryptosporidiosis in calves, was shown to be ineffective against gastric cryptosporidiosis in mice caused by C. proliferans. In contrast, the control application of extract Arabidopsis thaliana, from which we had expected a neutral effect, turned out to have some positive impact on affected gastric tissue.
ABSTRACT- A number of 18 adults male outbred albino rats, weighing between 133-137g were used to investigate the drug susceptibility of Trypanosoma evansi strain isolated from naturally infected dromedary camels in Umbadir area, North Kordofan State, Sudan. The rats were divided into 3 groups (C, D and F) of 6 animals each. Group C and D were infected intraperitoneally with T. evansi (Umbadir stabilate) with 1×104 Trypanosome for the inoculum. Group D rats were given quinapyramine sulphate (20 mg/Kg bwt) after parasitaemia was evident. Group F was left as healthy uninfected control for the stabilate. When parasite counts were one or more parasites per field, counting in haemocytometer were used for exact number of parasite per cubic millimeter using Neubaeur’s counter. Parasites from tail blood were first fixed, stained and diluted in trypanosome diluting reagent. The parasites were diluted to the level that can be easily counted in WBC counting chamber in the haemocytometer. The total number of parasites was expressed as log10 number of parasites per ml of blood. The presence and degree of parasitaemia were determined daily for each rat by examining tail blood. The identity of the local stabilates of Trypanosoma evansi was confirmed through adopting PCR where primers that target the internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA were used. There was significant reduction in serum glucose and potassium as well as significant increase in total protein, urea, calcium, albumin and cholesterol in group C. The Umbadir stabilate showed low mortality and high sensitivity to quinapyramine sulphate.
Key-words- Drug susceptibility, T. evansi, Dromedary camels, Sudan
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Российская финансовая группа «Лайф», не имеющая никакого отношения к белорусскому оператору мобильной связи, включает в себя 9 банков, клиентами которых являются 4 млн физических лиц и 200 тыс компаний.
О новых мобильных сервисах рассказывает Директор по маркетингу МСБ группы Алексей Захаров.
Enterocin 55 produced by non rabbit-derived strain Enterococcus faecium EF55 ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Ent55 is produced by poultry strain Enterococcus faecium EF55. It is substance which can be allotted to Class II enterocins; thermo-stable, small peptide. Because producer strain has shown beneficial effect in poultry and broiler rabbits as well, we decided to apply Ent55 in broiler rabbit husbandry. Ent55 showed antimicrobial activity in broiler rabbits by reduction of staphylococci, Clostridiae, pseudomonads and coliforms. Its beneficial effect was demonstrated by stimulation of phagocytic activity as well as by reduction of Eimeria spp. oocysts. GPx values were lower; it means, no oxidative stress was evoked. Moreover, it has not negative influence on growth performance and biochemical parameters. Our results indicated that enterocin produced by not-autochtonous strain can also have protective and beneficial effect in broiler rabbits.
Limitations in the screening of potentially anti-cryptosporidial agents using...UniversitasGadjahMada
The emergence of cryptosporidiosis, a zoonotic disease of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract caused by Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1907, triggered numerous screening studies of various compounds for potential anti-cryptosporidial activity, the majority of which proved ineffective. Extracts of Indonesian plants, Piper betle and Diospyros sumatrana, were tested for potential anticryptosporidial activity using Mastomys coucha (Smith), experimentally inoculated with Cryptosporidium proliferans Kváč, Havrdová, Hlásková, Daňková, Kanděra, Ježková, Vítovec, Sak, Ortega, Xiao, Modrý, Chelladurai, Prantlová et McEvoy, 2016. None of the plant extracts tested showed significant activity against cryptosporidia; however, the results indicate that the following issues should be addressed in similar experimental studies. The monitoring of oocyst shedding during the entire experimental trial, supplemented with histological examination of affected gastric tissue at the time of treatment termination, revealed that similar studies are generally unreliable if evaluations of drug efficacy are based exclusively on oocyst shedding. Moreover, the reduction of oocyst shedding did not guarantee the eradication of cryptosporidia in treated individuals. For treatment trials performed on experimentally inoculated laboratory rodents, only animals in the advanced phase of cryptosporidiosis should be used for the correct interpretation of pathological alterations observed in affected tissue. All the solvents used (methanol, methanol-tetrahydrofuran and dimethylsulfoxid) were shown to be suitable for these studies, i.e. they did not exhibit negative effects on the subjects. The halofuginone lactate, routinely administered in intestinal cryptosporidiosis in calves, was shown to be ineffective against gastric cryptosporidiosis in mice caused by C. proliferans. In contrast, the control application of extract Arabidopsis thaliana, from which we had expected a neutral effect, turned out to have some positive impact on affected gastric tissue.
ABSTRACT- A number of 18 adults male outbred albino rats, weighing between 133-137g were used to investigate the drug susceptibility of Trypanosoma evansi strain isolated from naturally infected dromedary camels in Umbadir area, North Kordofan State, Sudan. The rats were divided into 3 groups (C, D and F) of 6 animals each. Group C and D were infected intraperitoneally with T. evansi (Umbadir stabilate) with 1×104 Trypanosome for the inoculum. Group D rats were given quinapyramine sulphate (20 mg/Kg bwt) after parasitaemia was evident. Group F was left as healthy uninfected control for the stabilate. When parasite counts were one or more parasites per field, counting in haemocytometer were used for exact number of parasite per cubic millimeter using Neubaeur’s counter. Parasites from tail blood were first fixed, stained and diluted in trypanosome diluting reagent. The parasites were diluted to the level that can be easily counted in WBC counting chamber in the haemocytometer. The total number of parasites was expressed as log10 number of parasites per ml of blood. The presence and degree of parasitaemia were determined daily for each rat by examining tail blood. The identity of the local stabilates of Trypanosoma evansi was confirmed through adopting PCR where primers that target the internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA were used. There was significant reduction in serum glucose and potassium as well as significant increase in total protein, urea, calcium, albumin and cholesterol in group C. The Umbadir stabilate showed low mortality and high sensitivity to quinapyramine sulphate.
Key-words- Drug susceptibility, T. evansi, Dromedary camels, Sudan
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Российская финансовая группа «Лайф», не имеющая никакого отношения к белорусскому оператору мобильной связи, включает в себя 9 банков, клиентами которых являются 4 млн физических лиц и 200 тыс компаний.
О новых мобильных сервисах рассказывает Директор по маркетингу МСБ группы Алексей Захаров.
Estimados usuarios.
Bienvenidos a nuestro sitio virtual de la UNIVERSIDAD MAGISTER en Slide Share donde podrá encontrar los resultados de importantes trabajos de investigación prácticos producidos por nuestros profesionales. Esperamos que estos Mares Azules que les ponemos a su disposición sirvan de base para otras investigaciones y juntos cooperemos en el Desarrollo Económico y Social de Costa Rica y otras latitudes.
Queremos ser enfáticos en que estos trabajos tienen Propiedad Intelectual por lo que queda totalmente prohibida su reproducción parcial o total, así como ser utilizados por otro autor, a excepción de que los compartan como citas de autor o referencias bibliográficas. Toda esta información también quedará a su disposición desde nuestro sitio web www.umagister.com,
Disfruten con nosotros de este magno contenido bibliográfico Magister esperando sus amables comentarios, no sin antes agradecer a nuestro Ing. Jerry González quien está administrando este sitio.
Rectoría, Universidad Magister. – 2014.
Estimados usuarios. Bienvenidos a nuestro sitio virtual de la UNIVERSIDAD MAGISTER en Slide Share donde podrá encontrar los resultados de importantes trabajos de investigación prácticos producidos por nuestros profesionales. Esperamos que estos Mares Azules que les ponemos a su disposición sirvan de base para otras investigaciones y juntos cooperemos en el Desarrollo Económico y Social de Costa Rica y otras latitudes. Queremos ser enfáticos en que estos trabajos tienen Propiedad Intelectual por lo que queda totalmente prohibida su reproducción parcial o total, así como ser utilizados por otro autor, a excepción de que los compartan como citas de autor o referencias bibliográficas. Toda esta información también quedará a su disposición desde nuestro sitio web www.umagister.com, Disfruten con nosotros de este magno contenido bibliográfico Magister esperando sus amables comentarios, no sin antes agradecer a nuestro Ing. Jerry González quien está administrando este sitio. Rectoría, Universidad Magister. – 2015.
Fábrica de máquinas envasadoras automáticas, semiautomáticas, embolsadoras, llenadoras, máquinas especiales y máquinas varias. MAQUINAS ENVASADORAS AUTOMATICAS PARA LIQUIDOS , ENVASADORAS DE BOLIS, ENVASADORA de cafe, ENVASADORAS para azucar,Modelos sencillos y economicos de envasadoras. Envasadoras semiautomáticas, envasadoras automáticas, envasadoras horizontales, envasadoras verticale. Contamos con una amplia gama de envasadoras y dosificadores para todo tipo de productos: liquidos, semiliquidos, pastosos, granulados, polvos
Ce cours présente comment définir de nouveaux objets en définissant des classes. Un objet est une instance d'une classe qui définit les variables d'instances (attributs) et méthodes (fonctionnalités) que les objets créés à partir de la classe auront.
Prezentacija tehnika i vežbi primenjene pozitivne psihologije uz terijska objašnjenja - Presentation covering several techniques from positive psychology in Serbian and theoretical explanations
Les marketeurs ont déjà pris individuellement le tournant du digital, même s’il est encore souvent utilisé comme un simple média supplémentaire. Dans ce processus de transformation, un triple rôle clef pour les marketeurs qui ont le potentiel pour être les catalyseurs de la transformation digitale de l’entreprise sur la gestion de la relation client et de leur fidélisation dans un écosystème complexe qui voit évoluer des consommateurs / citoyens mobiles et connectés. L’appropriation et l’exploitation du potentiel des réseaux sociaux. Et pour un nouveau domaine désormais capital, la gestion de la data dont l’exploitation pose la question de l’employabilité des responsables marketing et des nouvelles compétences à développer. Malgré ces enjeux majeurs, les marketeurs sont très largement convaincus que les dimensions du digital (CRM, big data, réseaux sociaux) constituent avant tout une opportunité.
http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes-et-points-de-vue/transformation-digitale-quel-impact-pour-les-responsables-marketing
Antioxidants are substances which are capable to protect the body from damages caused by free radical. A variety of free radical scavenging antioxidants exists in the body and many of them are derived from plant sources. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of the absolute ethanolic extract of Enantia chlorantha stem bark on typhoid fever induced rats. Salmonella typhi infected rats were treated every day between 7 to 9 AM with different doses of plant extract (9.16, 36.5 and 73 mg/kg or oxytetracyclin 20 mg/ kg). After 09 days of treatment, the results show that the different doses of this extract have all contributed to the cure of the infected rats, healing marked by the absence of salmonella in animal’s blood cultured on ss agar. In the other hand, treatment with different doses of plant extract result in a relative and signifi cant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of some blood and tissues antioxidant parameters such as CAT, SOD and POD while the level of alkaline phosphatase, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide as compared to untreated control group animal as compared to the untreated control group animals. Whereas, the level of ALP, MDA and NO were signifi cantly decreased (p < 0.05). These results showed that the absolute ethanolic extract of E. chlorantha stem bark possess antioxidant and antityphoid properties necessary to eradicate the free radical produced during typhoid fever infection.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
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Hepato Protective Assessment of Pawpaw Leaves, Neem, Lemon Grass and Acts on ...ijtsrd
Malaria is a major concern in Nigeria, and stands as the second leading cause of death from all infectious disease in Africa. Several studies have reported the damaging effect of the parasite to various body organs especially the liver. Reports over time has shown the benefits of various plants extracts in ethno medicine. However, not much have been done on the effects of some of these extracts in combined form on its hepato protective assessment in comparison with any known ACT based anti malaria. The focus of this study was to explore the hepato protective properties of ethanoic extract of Carica papaya Linn, AzadirachtaIndica, CymbopogonCitratusagainst ACT based antimalarial therapy on plasmodium berghei parasitized wistar rats. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts were done according to the method described by Treaseand Evans. Hepato protective assessment were done using the liver function tests and assay of the liver histology respectively. One hundred and ten 110 rats distributed into 11 groups, each group having 10rats were used for the experiment. Negative control received just feed and water, Positive control were induced with the malaria parasite and given feed and water only. The tests groups were induced with malaria, received feed and water and treated with 500mg kg, 250mg kg and 165mg kg doses of the extracts, both individually and in combined forms, as well as the standard ACT anti malaria. Phytochemical screening showed that the plant extracts possessed high concentration of Tannins, Flavonoids, Saponins and Alkaloids. Plasmodium berghei increased the activities of ALP, ASP and ALT when compared with the positive control group. This may be attributed to increase in functional capacity of the liver as a result of the presence of the infection for the tests groups. Treatment with the plant extracts decreased ALP and ALT levels significantly P 0.05 , as well as AST levels except for the Neem extract. Histological examination of the liver of test animals showed no extensive damage to the tissue by the individual extracts when compared to the negative control group. Nnyaha Anthonia E. | Igbokwe Ugochukwu V. | Okonkwo Onyeka Chukwudi | Ajeka Prisca O. | Nwaissac Ikechukwu S. | Okpa Precious N. "Hepato-Protective Assessment of Pawpaw Leaves, Neem, Lemon Grass and Acts on Plasmodium Berghei Parasitized Wistar Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46292.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/physiology/46292/hepatoprotective-assessment-of-pawpaw-leaves-neem-lemon-grass-and-acts-on-plasmodium-berghei-parasitized-wistar-rats/nnyaha-anthonia-e
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Afrofritomia...paperpublications3
Abstract: Methanolic extract of the leaf of Afrofritomia sylvestris was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The extract was evaluated using carragenaan-induced paw oedema in rats (anti-inflammatory effect) as well as acetic acid-induced writhing (analgesic effect) in mice, after intra-peritoneal injection of the extract (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg). The negative control animals were given normal saline (10ml/kg) and the effects were compared with that of Acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg), as a positive control drug. Each experiment consisted of twenty five animals divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Tail immersion reaction time and Naloxone antagonism of the extracts and morphine were further used to investigate the mode of action of the analgesic activity of the leaf. The extract significantly inhibited carageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats (P<0.05-0.01)><0.01). The methanolic extract failed to raise the pain threshold of mice towards heat stimulus and Naloxone did not show any significant antagonism (blocking effect) against the extract in the tail immersion experiment, thus ruling out the involvement of opioid receptors in the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract. Phytochemical analyses of the plant show the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The LD50 of the extract was determined to be 3050+223.65mg/kg using the method of Tainter and Miller.In this study, methanolic extract of Afrofritomia sylvestris leaf was found to possess significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the tested models.
This study was conducted in the malaria endemic settlements of Lake-Alau, Borno State, Nigeria, between August to December, 2012. The relationship between the mean parasite densities on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 during follow-up and the trends of recoveries from thrombocytopenia in children (≤59 months) was conducted on Plasmodium falciparum malaria using the Standard therapeutic guidelines protocols. A sample size of 313 children was enrolled for the study, all suffered from uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria and treated with either Artesunate + Sulphadoxine - Pyrimethamine (AT+SP) and Amodiaquine + Sulphadoxine - Pyrimethamine (AQ+SP). The results shows if the study showed that there was a higher initial platelet count of 77975 x109∕µl in AQ+SP group compared to AT+SP (55281 x 109 ∕ µl) patients, and also the influence of parasitaemia on platelet distribution was relatively higher (98.30%) in AT+SP compared to AQ+SP (95.98%) combinations. Both drugs significantly acted in a similar pattern but the trend of mean daily reduction in parasite density per µl of blood which caused a mean recovery in platelets by 48,606 x109∕µl in AQ+SP as against 37,956 x109∕µl for AT+SP over 28 days of follow-up.
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Antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of opuntia ficus indica
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
31
Antiplasmodial Efficacy of Fruit Extracts and Cladodes of
Opuntia ficus-indica
Ahlem Bargougui (Corresponding author)
Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis
University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
E-mail: bargouguiahlem@yahoo.fr
Patrice Le Pape
Department of Parasitology and Mycology Medical,
Targets and Drugs Infection of Immunity and Cancer, IICIMED-EA 1155,
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nantes,
Nantes Atlantic Universities, France.
Saida Triki
Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis
University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
Abstract
Development of antimalarial drugs from medicinal plants continues to be a very appealing process. Therapeutic effects
of the ethyl acetate cladodes an extract of Opuntia ficus-indica has been evaluated in Plasmodium berghei infection in
mice. The extract of the Opuntia ficus-indica has an in vitro activity against the parasite, the average parasitemia of 4.7%
from two wells at 24 hour concerning a blood control containing only 7.5%. The reduced parasitemia extract batch has
proved to process more efficiently than the control group with olive oil, with 3.2% parasitemia on day 5 and 30% on day
8. However, the average parasitemia of the treated animals with the extract has been lower than the control detected one
which showes very low levels of parasitemia (5%, 3.7% and 6.7%). This study presents an in vitro and in vivo
evaluation of the antiplasmodial effects of two-plant extracts of Opuntia ficus-indica commonly used in Tunisia as a
folk medicine. It is concluded that the ethyl acetate cladodes extract of Opuntia ficus-indica prove to be potentially
useful for the development of antimalarial drug.
Keywords: Antimalaria, Percentage suppression, Opuntia ficus-indica, Plasmodium Berghei, Parasitaemia
1. Introduction
Malaria is a serious and lethal disease and mortals affecting the tropical areas, in particular Africa. In sub-Saharan Africa,
this infectious disease, causing numerous deaths, is endemic due to the warm climate (Dadji et al., 2011). It is
recognized today that malaria is resource of poverty and a major hurdle with economic development in many countries
where this disease predominantly prevails. Treatments are available and still effective for the time being. However, a
disease-borne agent, Plasmodium, develops quickly as a resistance to the molecules in use (Peters, 1998; Wellems and
Plowe, 2001; Djaman et al., 2004; Pradines et al., 2010).
The development and spread of drug resistant strains of the causative Plasmodium Berghei agent has limited the
effectiveness of the currently used antimalarial drugs. Hence, the need for new antimalarial drugs. Previous findings of
antimalarial agents such as quinine and artemisinin extracted from medicinal plants have also enhanced the possibility
of discovering new antimalarial drugs from plant source (Schwikkard et al., 2002).
In this context, the present study exposes an attempt made to explore the potential antiplasmodial cladodes of Opuntia
ficus-indica selected terrestrial medicinal plants to fight Plasmosdium Berghei.
2. Applied Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Plant materials
Cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica L. (Cactaceae) spineless (2-3 week-old) and fruits of the precocious cultivar (Ain
Amara) from the FAO collection located in the region of Kairouan,Tunisia, were harvested in August 2010. The second
spineless, belated fruits were harvested from the region of Nabeul, Tunisia in October 2010.
2.1.2. Animals
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
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Determining the antipaludial activity of extracts has been implemented on an animal model of Plasmodium Berghei
taken from the Institute Pasteur in Paris. The mice were female Swiss mice weighing 18-20 g from January (France)
breeding and the animals were fed ad libitum with standard feed and had free access to water. They were also
maintained under standard conditions of humidity, temperature and 12 hour light/darkness cycles. The animals were
acclimatized for two weeks before the beginning of the study.
The parasitemia has been determined on day 5 and animal survivals have been evaluated on 14th day. A blood smear has
been undertaken to determine parasitemia after staining with May-Grunwald-Giemsay.
2.1.3. Inoculum
The strains have been cryopreserved in the presence of 10% DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) at -192° C in liquid nitrogen.
A vial of 350 µl of total blood containing Plasmodium Berghei has been thawed by incubation at 37° C. After
centrifugation, the supernatant was removed and the pellet was diluted with sterile saline. Two Swiss mice (mice 1 and
2) have been inoculated with 100 ul of blood containing parasitized erythrocytes. Maintenance of Plasmodium Berghei
in Swiss mice was made by retro taking - orbital blood of an infested mouse, then by transferring the blood by
intraperitoneal inoculation in to a healthy mouse.
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Study of the in vitro activity of extracts
Three solvents have been used for the preparation the fruit and cladodes extracts: water, methanol and ethyl acetate.
The extract is diluted in DMSO to obtain a mother solution to 1 mg/ml.
The test has been carried out realized in 96-well microplates with flat bottom. Each well contains 100 µl of blood and 1
µl of the extract to be tested. The 100 µl of blood solution has been formed by 0.3 ml from the mouse 1 and 0.4 ml of
the mouse 2 in which we added a cell culture medium (RPMI) to complete in reach the level of 2 ml.
Of heparin has been added to the bottom of the tube along with 20 µl antibiotic (penicillin and streptomycin to
10mg/ml). Mouse 1 parasitemia has attained, while 25%, that of the wells has been comprised between 2 and 3%.
The test product is compared to three controls:
-Control1: wells containing only the blood
- Control 2: wells containing blood and 1µl of DMSO
- Control 3: wells containing blood and 1 µl of Chloroquin
Two wells are constructed for extract and control purposes.
The micropatch is then placed at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2.
Then, a follow-up study analysis of the parasitemia relevant to each of the wells after 24, 48 and 72 hours has been
executed by mean of smears colored by May-Grunwald-Giemsay.
2.2.2. Study of the in vivo activity of extract
The extract was administered to mice at a dose of 10 mg/kg by force-feeding. For this purpose, we prepare 10 mg of the
ethyl acetate extract powder from the cladodes to be tested, which has been diluted in 5 ml of water for Chloroquin and
5 ml of olive oil for the extract to be tested.
2.2.2.1. Mice Infestation by Plasmodium
The blood of many parasitized mice donors has been taken via retro orbital puncture with a heparinized Pasteur pipette
in advance. The mice blood was then Poole (2 ml of blood have been collected).
The blood sample obtained has then been diluted to 10 000th
the number of red blood cell, calculated by counting on a
Malassez cell.
After that, a smear has been then made from the blood Poole to calculate parasitemia and the number of parasitized
erythrocytes per milliliter determined. So, the blood was starting to get diluted to a parasitemia of 108
parasitized
erythrocytes/ml or 107
parasitized erythrocytes /100 µl, corresponding to the injection volume.
2.2.2.2. In vivo test according to Peters
On day 0, all 24 mice were infected by the inoculum containing 100 µl 107
parasitized erythrocytes in an intraperitoneal
3. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
33
way. For 4 days from day 0, mice have received 0.1 ml by force-feeding of different substance depending on their lot at
a dose of 10 mg /kg.
The mice were divided into three batches of 8 mice:
- Lot 1: control receiving 0.1 ml olive oil only
- Lot 2: control receiving 0.1 ml of Chloroquin
- Lot 3: mice receiving 0.1 ml of extract ethyl acetate from the cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica.
On D5, D8 and D10, the parasitemia of all mice was calculated from a caudal blood smears. Then the mean parasitemia
by a batch was performed.
The average of the parasitemia by lot has been then realized. The mortality of mice was followed until day 18.
3. Results
3.1. In vitro anti-malaria test
Determining of parasitemia smears on a 48 and 72 hour basis turns out to be more difficult than determining them on a
24 hour interval. Indeed, the red cell count was complicated because the erythrocytes were very pale. This is probably
due to their ageing.
So, to color smear in a 72 hour interval we used the usual protocol applied to color skin protozoa (see Table 1).
The entirety of water extracts, methanol fruits and cladodes were inactive and the two extracts derived from ethyl juice
of two different cultivars acetate were not significantly at lower antiplasmodial activity. Actually, the ethyl acetate
derived cladodes proved to have an in vitro activity against Plasmodium Burghei.
At a 24 hour basis the group treated with chloroquin demonstrated a significant (p<0.05) parasite suppression (1.50 ±
0.15 %), compared to all other wells. However, no significant difference (p>0.05) was noticed among the wells treated
with 1mg/ml crude ethyl acetate cladodes extract of Opuntia ficus-indica. The well which was not treated at all, gave the
highest average proportion of parasite (7.5 ± 0.75 %). The power of the antimalarial chloroquin (1,7 ± 0.11 % ; 1,8 ±
0.17 %) and extract (10± 1.01 % ; 11± 1.68 %) turns out to weaken over time after 48 hours and proves to weaken even
more after 72 hour period.
Table 1 below highlights the determined parasitemia average of the various wells.
Table 1: Determination of the parasitemia average of the various wells
Average parasitemia
of two wells to 24H
Average parasitemia
of two wells to 48H
Average parasitemia
of two wells to 72H
Control blood only 7.5 ± 0.75 % 12± 0.90 % 12.3± 1.03 %
Control DMSO 6± 0.55 % 12± 0.82 % 12± 1.15 %
Control Chloroquin 1,5 % ± 0.15 1,7 ± 0.11 % 1,8 ± 0.17 %
Extract ethyl acetate
from the cladodes
4.7 ± 1.40 % 10± 1.01 % 11± 1.68 %
3. 2. In vivo anti-malaria test
The evaluation of the extract ethyl activity as extracted from the cladodes of the Opuntia ficus-indica is achieved
in accordance with the Peters test (Peters and al., 1970).
Given that extracted with ethyl acetate was the only extract which proved to have an antiplasmodial in vitro
activity as compared to Plasmodium Berghei, we decide to continue with evaluating the antiplasmodial activity
in vivo exclusively with the extract by removing other inactive extracts.
The determination of mice parasitemia is made to D5, D8 and D10 by implementing a caudal smear for every
mouse.
Besides, we noticed the presence of many extracellular parasites in the control group which received olive oil
already treated with the extract. For this reason, we have also calculated the report (relationship) between the
number of inside and outside parasites on the total number of erythrocytes. This allowed determining the
extract’s possible activity on the extracellular parasites.
The results of the parasitemia to D5, D8 and D10 allow for the construction of a histogram.
Figure 1 of suppressive test shows the mice parasitemia percentage after five, eight and ten day of treatment of
4. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
34
infection. The percentage of parasitemia of witness well and well containing Chloroquin have validated the
compliance of the in vitro assay. Indeed, the witness showed that the mice infestation by Plasmodium turns out
to be positive. In fact, Chloroquin reduced parasitemia by 96% compared to the control group (olive oil).
Figure 1: Evolution of parasitemia versus time
Figure 2 shows the evolution in the number of mice died within ten days of treatment as counted for each
Chloroquin treated control group and those treated with this extract. The survival period has been followed up on
a daily basis. No deaths have been recorded in the mice group set treated with Chloroquin. All over the period of
treatment against Plasmodium Berghei. As for the mice set treated with the extract of cladodes ethyl acetate, it
has been noticed that two mice died on the seventh day, three ones on the eighth day and half of them on the
ninth day. It is worth noting that the number of infected mice on the start of the experiment has been equal to
eight. The survival of the last remaining mice group set is discovered to be much better than the control group
among which mice death has been noted to occur since the third day.
Figure 2: Mortality curve versus time
In fifth day, all the groups infected with Plasmodium Berghei and treated with the crude ethyl acetate cladodes extract of
Opuntia ficus-indica and Chloroquin, showed an exponential decrease in the proportion of parasite inside the
0
5
10
15
20
25
D5 D8 D10
percentage of
parasitemia
days
percentage versus time parasitaemia
chloroquin
witness
cladodes
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Vol.3, No.6, 2013
35
erythrocytes, during the study period, with Chloroquin showing the highest parasite inhibition (0.62 %). However, the
negative control group showed an exponential increase in parasite ratio (15.42 %). In another batch of mice treated with
the extract showed a slight decrease of parasitemia (7.53 %) compared to control (olive oil), throughout the study period
(Tab.2). The activity of extract weakened further in the eighth (16.50 %) and more the tenth day (19.51 %).
Table 2: Determination of parasitemia in each mice lot and average parasitemia lots
1
Parasitemia (%): Percentage of Parasitemia inside the erythrocytes;
2
R (%): Percentage of Parasitemia outside
the erythrocytes;
3
TPP: very few parasites outside the erythrocytes;
4
AP: Absence of Parasites outside the
erythrocytes;
5
D: Death of the mouse.
4. Discussion
Noteworthy, the originality of this work lies in its novelty in evaluating it is the first to evaluate the
antiplasmodial activity of plant related research Opuntia ficus-indica. This research as aimed on plant should be
explored. This research aimed to study the antimalarial in vitro activity and in vivo activity of extracts fruit and
cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica from various solvent.
Smears of the witness DMSO reveal parasitemia similar to those of the witness sample containing only blood: it
allows us to refute a possible activity of the DMSO on the parasites.
This is the first evidence demonstrating that extract ethyl acetate from the cladodes of the Opuntia ficus-indica
proves to have in vitro activity on the parasitemia. Indeed, 4.7 ± 1.40 % average parasitemia of two wells on a 24
hour bases with regard to the control containing the only blood 7.5± 0.75 % (see Table 1).
The extract parasitemia treated batch was lower than the control group (olive oil): as the extract was reduced by
D5 D8 D10
Parasitemia
1
(%) R
2
(%) Parasitemia (%)R (%) Parasitemia (%)
Olive oil
Parasitemia
of each mouse
21,0
17,0
9,0
21,0
11,0
13.5
15
14
35,0
39,0
1.2
36,0
25,0
24,0
30
22
32,0
17,0
10,0
52,0
12,0
19,0
23
28
TPP
3
TPP
TPP
TPP
TPP
TPP
TPP
TPP
11
20
30
20
20
20
20
20
Average of
parasitemia of the lot
15.42 30.14 24.12 TPP 20.12
Chloroquin
Parasitemia
of each mouse
0.39
0.60
0.75
0.60
0.88
0.50
0.70
0.60
AP4
AP
AP
AP
AP
AP
AP
AP
0.31
0.50
0.66
0.44
0.96
0.51
0.81
0.51
AP
AP
AP
AP
AP
AP
AP
AP
1.40
0.80
2.30
1.00
0.60
1.80
1.50
0.60
Average
of parasitemia
of the lot
0.62 AP 0.63 AP 1.25
Extract
ethyl acetate
from the
cladodes
Parasitemia
of each mouse
21.0
22.0
5.0
12.7
3.2
6.7
27.0
22.0
37.7
49.0
14.0
24.0
6.4
8.0
51.0
39.0
5.30
28.6
8.60
28.0
12.0
D5
D
D
9.5
30.0
9.6
29.0
12.0
D
D
D
18.5
30.0
19.6
24.0
6.0
17
18
20
Average
of parasitemia
of the lot
7.53 34.0 16.50 18.0 19.51
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Vol.3, No.6, 2013
36
3.2 % parasitemia on day 5 and 30 % on day 8.
However, the mean parasitemia of the extract treated animals was lower than the control because 3 mice from the
lot of the extract showed very low parasitemia values (5%, 3.7% and 6.7%).
It should also determine of the extract kinetics in the body as its bioavailability or its metabolism. Mice having a
lower percentage of parasitemia in the batch of the extract (5%, 3.7% and 6.7%) might have a different
metabolism than other mice belonging to the lot.
The mice behavior and their appearance differ between batches. The mice in the control group (olive oil) and
those of the group treated with the extract did retain some. They were motionless and all clustered in a corner of
their cage. Unlike the mice that had a lot Chloroquin and which kept silky hair tonic. The mortality of mice was
followed until day 10 (Fig.1 and Fig 2).
The extract’s low antimalarial activity was accompanied by high toxicity in mice causing their death. The dose of
the extract administered orally (0.1 ml at a concentration of 10mg/ml) was too strong but the dose reduction
would reduce already very too small activity (Fig. 2, Tab.2).
The presence of flavonoids and other bioactive constituents is believed to have contributed to the observed
antiplasmodial activity of Opuntia ficus-indica racquets extract.
The ethanol extract showed significant (p < 0.01) dose dependent protection of mouse splenocytes against
glucose oxidase-mediated cytotoxicity. It was characterized by containing a high amount of phenolics (180.3
mg/g), which might be the active compound responsible for the antioxidant properties, and anti-inflammatory
activity of the Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten extract (Kaur et al., 2012). Arizona prickly-pear cactus
effectively inhibited cell growth in several different immortalized and cancer cell cultures in vitro and suppressed
tumor growth in a nude mouse of ovarian cancer model (Zou et al., 2005).
An interesting study by Ahmad et al. (1996) demonstrated that the administration of a cactus stem extract
(Opuntia streptacantha) to mice, horses, and humans inhibits intracellular replication of a number of DNA- and
RNA-viruses such as Herpes simplex virus Type 2, Equine herpes virus, pseudorabies virus, influenza virus,
respiratory syncitial disease virus and HIV-1. In addition, an inactivation of extra-cellular viruses was reported
by the same authors. However, the active inhibitory components of the cactus extract used in this study was not
yet investigated, and still, no further study has dealt with this specific topic (Ahmad et al., 1996)
In a previous work, Alimi et al. (2013) showed the wealth in phenolic, flavonoids and polysaccharide contents in
the methanolic extract of Opuntia ficus indica f. inermis flowers and roots (Alimi et al., 2010), the radical-
scavenging activity, the reducing power and the antiulcerogenic activity.
Thereby, it has been reported that Opuntia ficus indica fruit extract could prevent erythrocytes against lipid
oxidation induced in vitro by organic hydroperoxide (Butera et al., 2002). But there is no information hitherto to
about the in vivo effect of Opuntia fruit on rat erythrocytes.
As a conclusion, this report seems the first study to examine the effect of Opuntia ficus-indica on treating
malaria via a reduction of parasitemia in the erythrocytes. Our results have indicated that Opuntia ficus-ndica
could exert an in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activities in respect of Plasmodium Berghei.
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