This study was carried out to investigate the effects of some vegetables (Diplazium sammatii, Moringa oleifera, and Justicia insularis) as additives on the growth parameters of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on two substrates; banana leaves (BL) and banana leaves/sawdust (BL/SD). The substrates were amended with these vegetables at different concentration levels (0 g, 5 g, 10 g and 15 g). Spawn running was completed in 30, 35, and 40 days in banana leaves, banana leaves/sawdust and the control respectively. Parameters assessed included area of pileus, number of fruit bodies, fresh weight, dry weight, length of stipe and girth of stipe. Higher mean values for fresh weight (21.69 g), area of pileus (42.58 cm2 ), length of stipe (5.10 g) and girth of stipe (4.30 g) were obtained from BL substrate treated to 5 g M. oleifera leaf powder. These values were significantly different from values obtained for other plant additives. Considering the number of fruit bodiesthat emerged on BL/SD substrates, the control produced more fruit bodies than the substrates with additives. The best performance in BL/SD substrates was observed when the substrate was treated to 10 g J. insularis in some of the parameters assessed. These included fresh weight (20.64 g), number of fruit bodies (8.00) and stipe girth (3.44 cm).Other parameters like area of pileus (36.08 cm2 ) and dry weight (2.39 cm), control had a better performance. While for length of stipe, 15 g M. oleifera leaf powder had the highest mean value that was significantly different (P≤0.05) from what was observed in substrates amended with other additives. It is therefore evident that these vegetables have high potential for utilization as additives or supplements for growing of Pleurotus ostreatus especially when using BL as substrates. In addition, substratesadditive concentration combination played a significant role in selective organ growth of the test mushroom.
Determination of the Paper Quality as a Substrate for Oyster Mushroom Cultiva...Dr. siddhant
Eight different kinds of papers, viz., glaze paper, brown paper, news paper, magazine paper, chart paper, kite paper, rough copy paper and A-4 size printing paper, and two types of cardboard viz., corrugated cardboard and card board were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster
mushroom Pleurotus florida Strain-P1. Among them news paper was later treated as a control. The mushroom was utilized all the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. Majority substrates were taken almost equal time for spawn run, primordial development and fruiting bodies
maturation. The measured parameters were net yield (Weight of fresh mushrooms), biological efficiency, number of fruiting bodies produced and average weight of sporophores varied among themselves. The crop of mushroom was harvested in three flushes where yield and biological efficiency ranged 190-495 gm, 38-99% for the substrate used. Magazine paper (450 gm; 90%) and card board (495 gm; 99%) produced significant (P=0.05) yield and biological efficiency over control.
They also produced significant number of mushroom fruit bodies (56 and 64, respectively). Corrugated cardboard (10.29 gm) was found significant in terms of average weight per sporocarp. The percentage yield of different substrates was also evaluated. Among the substrates, card board
contributed 14% of total mushroom production followed by magazine paper (13%) and news paper (12%).
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptusAI Publications
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Sudan in season 2014/15 to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) leaf on seed germination and seedling growth of some poaceous crops. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus on seed germination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.), maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum vulgare L.). Six concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus were prepared from the stock solution (50 g / l). Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The seeds were examined for germination at three days after initial germination. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus leaf powder on seedling growth of the same crops. The leaf powder of Eucalyptus was incorporated into the soil at rate of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% on w/w bases in pots. Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The experiments were terminated at 30 days after sowing and the plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings were measured as well as plant fresh and dry weight. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure. Means were separated for significance using Duncan`s Multiple Range Test at p 0.5. The results showed that the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus significantly reduced seed germination of the tested poaceous crops and there was direct negative relationship between concentration and germination. Also, the results showed that incorporating leaf powder of Eucalyptus into the soil significantly decreased plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings as well as seedling fresh and dry weight. In addition, the reduction in seedling growth was increased as the leaf powder increased in the soil. Based on results supported by different studies, it was concluded that Eucalyptus has allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of the poaceous crops.
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal status on some medicinal plants of Go...inventionjournals
Medicinal plants are important for our existence that supplies us many components for drug formulation. In nature the plant of particular kind invades with so many microorganisms. Among them one beneficial one is Va-mycorrhizal fungi. It helps in various ways to promote growth and yield of biomass better in natural habitats. So, to promote growth in garden or manmade environment application of VA-fungi as biofertilizer is beneficial. In this study 41 medicinal plants have been studied and application of VAM fungi inocula on Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. have been done. Monsoon showed highest colonization percentage followed by winter and summer where as spore density showed highest during winter followed by summer and monsoon.
An Approach to Improve Yield Parameters of Pleurotus florida Strain P1Dr. siddhant
Aim: The efficient mushroom production involves many factors of which spawn production, culture methods and substrate selection are of prime importance. The research has, therefore, been carried out to standardize these aspects in present communication, for production of Pleurotus florida Strain P1.
Materials and Methods: Various cereals (maize, oat, barley) and millets (Italian millets, Little millet, Pearl millet) were assessed against wheat grain spawn for enhancing yield and biological efficiency of mushroom. Most suitable wheat straw component among fine pieces of leaves and leaf sheath (0.2
cm), coarse pieces of leaves and leaf sheath (0.4 cm), small (1.0 cm) and large pieces of the stem (1.7 cm) were also evaluated for the manifestations above. Various culture methods viz., bag, column, wall and tray culture and few substrate mixtures (corncob + wheat straw, mango sawdust + wheat straw and rice husk + wheat straw) have also been taken to increase yield performance of mushroom.
Results: The result showed that barley and oat grains produced good quality spawn in terms of quick mycelial running on the grain surface (14 days each). These spawn produced acceleration of spawn running and increased yield, as compared to other types of spawn. When different components of wheat straw were evaluated for the yield performance of mushroom, the course pieces of the stem (1.0 cm) proved the most appropriate component in relation to very low/zero contamination along highest yield (819 gm) and biological efficiency (163.8%). In contrast, wheat straw and corn cob were
recognized as the best substrate combination with highest yield (707 gm) and biological efficiency (141.4%) of mushrooms. Among different culture techniques used, only the column method gave significant yield (930 gm) and biological efficiency (186%) with appropriate mushrooms sizes from
packaging point of view.
Conclusion: The results obtained during the study revealed that by adopting the composite approach, the growers enhance mushroom production in manyfolds. The mushroom is cultivated by following column method. The wheat straw devoid from pieces of leaf & leaf sheath should be utilized
as a substrate with corncob combination. It should be inoculated with oat/barley spawn to higher yield.
Fruit crops like mango, citrus, avocado, litchi, temperate fruits, nuts, etc. suffer from the severe problem of irregular bearing or cropping periodicity as well as staggered or erratic flowering behaviour, leading to considerable loss of their production potential. Some of the fruit crops are worst sufferers of cropping periodicity. In fruit crops production serious problems is biennial bearing or irregular bearing leading to considerable loss of their production potentials. Alternate bearing tree (or branch) is one that does not bear a regular crop year after year; rather, heavy yields are followed by extremely light ones and vice-versa, While Flower initiation is very important because it is the first step towards attaining fruit. Biennial cycle is very usual, so that an “on-year” (large yields) is followed by an “off-year” (little or no yield). Alternate bearing means "a condition at which high or optimum fruit production in on year and certain year bear little or no fruit (off year), but growth regulators such as paclobutrazol reported to be effective on inducing flowering off year.
A presentation of the head of the National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources: Polish Genebank concerning plant genetic resources conservation in Poland.
Over recent decades, agriculture has undergone enormous changes as a result of both technological advances and changing human needs and desires. On one hand, yields per unit area have increased dramatically through a combination of improved crop varieties and a greater use of external inputs. On the other hand, there has been increasing pressure on land for uses other than the production of food, as well as growing concerns about the sustainability and safety of some modern practices. During the course of the conservation developments a practical ex situ conservation strategy has been developed for the storage of predominantly orthodox seed producing food crops. The central role in this conservation concept is played by so-called genebanks. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), coordinates a global network of gene banks to provide plant breeders with the genetic resources necessary for developing crops more resistant to diseases, insect pests, poor soils, and harsh weather, thus enabling farmers to maintain high yields. In India, NBPGR plays a pivotal role in the improvement of various crop plants and diversification and development of agriculture through germplasm introduction from various institutes/organizations located in foreign countries and germplasm collection from within the country and abroad and conservation thereof.
In spite of the enormous contribution by various institutes to global food security and sustainable agriculture, its role is not widely recognized or understood. Greater efforts are needed to assess the impact of its use and to bring this information to the attention of policy-makers and the general public so as to help generate the resources needed to strengthen programmes for its conservation and use.
Determination of the Paper Quality as a Substrate for Oyster Mushroom Cultiva...Dr. siddhant
Eight different kinds of papers, viz., glaze paper, brown paper, news paper, magazine paper, chart paper, kite paper, rough copy paper and A-4 size printing paper, and two types of cardboard viz., corrugated cardboard and card board were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster
mushroom Pleurotus florida Strain-P1. Among them news paper was later treated as a control. The mushroom was utilized all the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. Majority substrates were taken almost equal time for spawn run, primordial development and fruiting bodies
maturation. The measured parameters were net yield (Weight of fresh mushrooms), biological efficiency, number of fruiting bodies produced and average weight of sporophores varied among themselves. The crop of mushroom was harvested in three flushes where yield and biological efficiency ranged 190-495 gm, 38-99% for the substrate used. Magazine paper (450 gm; 90%) and card board (495 gm; 99%) produced significant (P=0.05) yield and biological efficiency over control.
They also produced significant number of mushroom fruit bodies (56 and 64, respectively). Corrugated cardboard (10.29 gm) was found significant in terms of average weight per sporocarp. The percentage yield of different substrates was also evaluated. Among the substrates, card board
contributed 14% of total mushroom production followed by magazine paper (13%) and news paper (12%).
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptusAI Publications
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Sudan in season 2014/15 to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) leaf on seed germination and seedling growth of some poaceous crops. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus on seed germination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.), maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum vulgare L.). Six concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus were prepared from the stock solution (50 g / l). Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The seeds were examined for germination at three days after initial germination. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus leaf powder on seedling growth of the same crops. The leaf powder of Eucalyptus was incorporated into the soil at rate of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% on w/w bases in pots. Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The experiments were terminated at 30 days after sowing and the plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings were measured as well as plant fresh and dry weight. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure. Means were separated for significance using Duncan`s Multiple Range Test at p 0.5. The results showed that the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus significantly reduced seed germination of the tested poaceous crops and there was direct negative relationship between concentration and germination. Also, the results showed that incorporating leaf powder of Eucalyptus into the soil significantly decreased plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings as well as seedling fresh and dry weight. In addition, the reduction in seedling growth was increased as the leaf powder increased in the soil. Based on results supported by different studies, it was concluded that Eucalyptus has allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of the poaceous crops.
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal status on some medicinal plants of Go...inventionjournals
Medicinal plants are important for our existence that supplies us many components for drug formulation. In nature the plant of particular kind invades with so many microorganisms. Among them one beneficial one is Va-mycorrhizal fungi. It helps in various ways to promote growth and yield of biomass better in natural habitats. So, to promote growth in garden or manmade environment application of VA-fungi as biofertilizer is beneficial. In this study 41 medicinal plants have been studied and application of VAM fungi inocula on Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. have been done. Monsoon showed highest colonization percentage followed by winter and summer where as spore density showed highest during winter followed by summer and monsoon.
An Approach to Improve Yield Parameters of Pleurotus florida Strain P1Dr. siddhant
Aim: The efficient mushroom production involves many factors of which spawn production, culture methods and substrate selection are of prime importance. The research has, therefore, been carried out to standardize these aspects in present communication, for production of Pleurotus florida Strain P1.
Materials and Methods: Various cereals (maize, oat, barley) and millets (Italian millets, Little millet, Pearl millet) were assessed against wheat grain spawn for enhancing yield and biological efficiency of mushroom. Most suitable wheat straw component among fine pieces of leaves and leaf sheath (0.2
cm), coarse pieces of leaves and leaf sheath (0.4 cm), small (1.0 cm) and large pieces of the stem (1.7 cm) were also evaluated for the manifestations above. Various culture methods viz., bag, column, wall and tray culture and few substrate mixtures (corncob + wheat straw, mango sawdust + wheat straw and rice husk + wheat straw) have also been taken to increase yield performance of mushroom.
Results: The result showed that barley and oat grains produced good quality spawn in terms of quick mycelial running on the grain surface (14 days each). These spawn produced acceleration of spawn running and increased yield, as compared to other types of spawn. When different components of wheat straw were evaluated for the yield performance of mushroom, the course pieces of the stem (1.0 cm) proved the most appropriate component in relation to very low/zero contamination along highest yield (819 gm) and biological efficiency (163.8%). In contrast, wheat straw and corn cob were
recognized as the best substrate combination with highest yield (707 gm) and biological efficiency (141.4%) of mushrooms. Among different culture techniques used, only the column method gave significant yield (930 gm) and biological efficiency (186%) with appropriate mushrooms sizes from
packaging point of view.
Conclusion: The results obtained during the study revealed that by adopting the composite approach, the growers enhance mushroom production in manyfolds. The mushroom is cultivated by following column method. The wheat straw devoid from pieces of leaf & leaf sheath should be utilized
as a substrate with corncob combination. It should be inoculated with oat/barley spawn to higher yield.
Fruit crops like mango, citrus, avocado, litchi, temperate fruits, nuts, etc. suffer from the severe problem of irregular bearing or cropping periodicity as well as staggered or erratic flowering behaviour, leading to considerable loss of their production potential. Some of the fruit crops are worst sufferers of cropping periodicity. In fruit crops production serious problems is biennial bearing or irregular bearing leading to considerable loss of their production potentials. Alternate bearing tree (or branch) is one that does not bear a regular crop year after year; rather, heavy yields are followed by extremely light ones and vice-versa, While Flower initiation is very important because it is the first step towards attaining fruit. Biennial cycle is very usual, so that an “on-year” (large yields) is followed by an “off-year” (little or no yield). Alternate bearing means "a condition at which high or optimum fruit production in on year and certain year bear little or no fruit (off year), but growth regulators such as paclobutrazol reported to be effective on inducing flowering off year.
A presentation of the head of the National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources: Polish Genebank concerning plant genetic resources conservation in Poland.
Over recent decades, agriculture has undergone enormous changes as a result of both technological advances and changing human needs and desires. On one hand, yields per unit area have increased dramatically through a combination of improved crop varieties and a greater use of external inputs. On the other hand, there has been increasing pressure on land for uses other than the production of food, as well as growing concerns about the sustainability and safety of some modern practices. During the course of the conservation developments a practical ex situ conservation strategy has been developed for the storage of predominantly orthodox seed producing food crops. The central role in this conservation concept is played by so-called genebanks. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), coordinates a global network of gene banks to provide plant breeders with the genetic resources necessary for developing crops more resistant to diseases, insect pests, poor soils, and harsh weather, thus enabling farmers to maintain high yields. In India, NBPGR plays a pivotal role in the improvement of various crop plants and diversification and development of agriculture through germplasm introduction from various institutes/organizations located in foreign countries and germplasm collection from within the country and abroad and conservation thereof.
In spite of the enormous contribution by various institutes to global food security and sustainable agriculture, its role is not widely recognized or understood. Greater efforts are needed to assess the impact of its use and to bring this information to the attention of policy-makers and the general public so as to help generate the resources needed to strengthen programmes for its conservation and use.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
Seed conservation is an important activity and strategy of preserving, saving and conserving our plant biological resources mostly in the form of seeds both at national and international level. several organizations, agencies, institutes and many are involved in conservation of rare and endangered species realizing their importance in very existence of mankind now and also in future. There are two broad approaches namely in situ conservation and ex situ conservation. Little effort is done to brief some of the techniques to conserve biological resources here in this presentation.
The effect of organic mulch on the growth and yield of Spinach (Spinacia oler...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Luyengo campus of the University of Swaziland to determine the effect of organic mulch on the growth and yield of spinach. The experiment was conducted between the months of January and February, 2017. The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD), with treated sewage mulch (TSM) and organic compost mulch (OCM) as treatments. The no mulch (NML) was used as a control. Spinach seedlings were planted at a spacing of 15 cm within rows and 30 cm between rows. Weeding and pest control measures were done uniformly across the treatments, when and as required. The data collected included the percentage moisture retained by the different treatments on the soil, growth parameters (leaf width, leaf length, leaf number, leaf area, plant height) and yield at harvest. The results displayed a significant difference (P<0.05)><0.05). The yield also varied across the treatments as TSM had a dry mass of 43.0 g, followed by OCM at 23.4 g and the no mulch treatment recorded a dry mass of 20.9 g. The results showed that mulching improved the performance of the spinach plants in terms of plant growth, moisture retention and yield.
In situ/On farm Conservation and Use of Agricultural Biodiversity (Horticultu...Bioversity International
Bioversity International researcher Muhabbat Turdieva presents on the fruit tree biodiversity in the Central Asia region (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan), as well as the characteristics of different varieties such as salinity tolerance, heat and frost tolerance, flowering times and shelf life. As a centre of fruit tree diversity, there is much potential in the genetic resources in this region for horticultural breeding as well as land restoration.
Find out more from the project site: http://centralasia.bioversity.asia/
The tests for the evaluation of seedling establishment, palatability and acceptability were carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology and the Food Laboratory of the Department of Home and Rural Economics, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, Adamawa State. The experimental designs used were Randomized Complete Block Design and the Completely Randomized Design. Some of the parameters measured were percentage seedling establishment, palatability, and acceptability tests. The highest mean percentage seedling establishment was observed in 12.00g levels of H. suaveolens whole powder treated shelled groundnut seeds (97.67, 97.00, and 94.00) at the three periods of storage. Percentage seedling establishment decreased with a decrease in levels of H. suaveolens whole powder. One of the major constraints to the use of plant materials as an alternative to synthetic insecticides is the issue of standardization in dosage of application. This work has suggested that, if groundnut seeds are to be used for sowing, they should be stored with a 12.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for three months. However, if they are to be used for consumption, they could be stored with a 6.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for at most three months. There was no significant difference between treated and untreated shelled groundnut seeds at the three periods of storage on the acceptability and palatability score of cooked groundnut at all dosages of application. All treatments were within the acceptable score rates even though the two rates of the synthetic insecticides, actellic dust were at the lowest acceptable score rate. The finding also showed that acceptability and palatability decreased with an increase in dosage of application. The periods of storage also had a significant impact on the mean percentage seedling establishment. It was observed that there was a higher percentage of seedling establishment when shelled groundnut seeds were stored from November- January. At this period of the year, the temperature and humidity are usually low and this might have necessitated the high state of inactivity and low performance of the bruchids compared to other periods of storage within the year.
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
Efficacy of rice-stubble allelochemicals on vegetative growth parameters of s...ijtsrd
A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate allelopathic potential of water extract of rice-stubble leachate on certain oil-yielding crops mustard, sesamum and sunflower . A wide range of rice-stubble concentration i.e. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40 were prepared and used for testing of seedling growth parameters Length, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root of oil-yielding test crop seedlings. The experimental results found that the different seedling growth parameters were reduced with increased concentration of rice-stubble leachate in compared to control set. Root growth was more sensitive than shoot growth with increase of leachate concentration of rice-stubble. This experimental results show the existence of several bioactive compounds i.e. allelochemicals in rice-stubble. These bioactive compounds might serve as a source of natural herbicides. S. P. Adhikary "Efficacy of rice-stubble allelochemicals on vegetative growth parameters of some oil-yielding crops" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20251.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/20251/efficacy-of-rice-stubble-allelochemicals-on-vegetative-growth-parameters-of-some-oil-yielding-crops/s-p-adhikary
Impact of structural amendment of Paper mill wastes with different organic ma...Premier Publishers
Solid wastes of Waste Paper based Emami Paper Mill at Balasore was collected from dumping ground by the side of Swapna nala (effluent releasing channel) and vermicomposted after mixing separately with different organic materials like cabbage leaves, water hyacinth, paddy straw and sawdust in different ratio either alone or in combination with cowdung. It was found that Paper Mill Wastes (PMW) alone was not palatable to Eisenia fetida, many of them either died or moved away from the tray. Amendment of PMW with cabbage leaves was also not promising. However, the amendment of PMW with cowdung and sawdust in 1:0.5:0.5 produced good quantity vermicompost in comparatively less time with better survival of earthworms. Vermicompost of this treatment was also recorded comparatively higher nutrient contents and performed better growth of paddy seedlings
Some Physical Properties of Negro Pepper Seed Xylopia Aethiopica Necessary fo...ijtsrd
Negro pepper is a spice with high nutritional value and several beneficial phytochemical compounds. Physical attributes of biomaterial are important in many problems associated with the design of machines and the analysis of the behavior of the product during agricultural processing operations such as handling, planting, harvesting, milling, threshing, cleaning, grading, sorting and drying. This study was aimed at determining some physical properties of Negro pepper seed xylopia aethiopica including axial dimensions, grain mass, bulk and true densities and porosity. Manual methods of measurements were employed in which the seeds were either measured directly or in bulk. Other parameters were calculated such as arithmetic, geometric mean diameter and sphericity. Seed weight and volumes were measured by using standard measuring equipment. All properties were determined at a fixed moisture content. The result of the study showed that the average length, width and thickness of the negro pepper seed were 5.99 0.42, 3.51 0.25 and 3.05 0.14mm respectively. Geometric mean diameter and sphericity of the Negro Pepper Seed were obtained as 3.80 0.13mm and 65.53. 0.11 respectively. The Solid density, Porosity and bulk density for negro pepper seeds were 0.56 0.25 g m3 49.50 0.22 and 1.125 0.31 g m3 respectively all measurement were obtained at a seed moisture content of 37.5 wet basis. Elijah G. Ikrang | Anyanwu, C. Solomon "Some Physical Properties of Negro Pepper Seed (Xylopia Aethiopica) Necessary for Post- Harvest Handling" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29184.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29184/some-physical-properties-of-negro-pepper-seed--xylopia-aethiopica-necessary-for-post--harvest-handling/elijah-g-ikrang
Effect of Plant Extracts and Packaging Materials on Prolonging Shelf Life and...AI Publications
An experiment was conducted in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications and seven treatments, from Jan-Mar 2019 at ambient room condition (14.42±1.28°C, 58.46±3.46% RH) to evaluate the effect of different postharvest treatments on maintaining shelf life and quality of mandarin. The seven treatment used during experiment were Control, Titepati leaf extract (10% w/v), Marigold flower extract (10% w/v), Asuro leaf extract (10% w/v), Neem leaf extract (10% w/v), Newspaper wrapping and Perforated plastic. The parameters like juice recovery percentage, total soluble solid (TSS) and pH were taken from destructive sample at every 5 days interval and other parameters like physiological weight loss, pathological disorder, marketability and shelf life were observed from non-destructive at every 4 days interval. Post-harvest treatment with perforated plastic had minimum physiological loss in weight (16.32%) whereas control had highest physiological loss in weight (35.47 %) which is statistically at par with Newspaper wrapping (33.28%). Highest juice recovery percentage was recorded in perforated plastic (36.12%) whereas lowest juice recovery percentage was recorded in treatment control (26.70%) which was statistically at par with Newspaper wrapping (27.24%). At the end of storage period, the highest TSS content (16.03°Brix) was recorded in treatment control which was statistically at par with treatment Marigold flower extract (15.30°Brix) whereas lowest TSS was recorded in perforated plastic (13.43°Brix) which was statistically at par with treatments Newspaper wrapping (14.18°Brix), Neem leaf extract (14.53°Brix), Asuro leaf extract (14.33°Brix) and Titepati leaf extract treated (14.53°Brix). The pH was found highest in treatment control than that of other treatment throughout the storage period whereas low marketability rating (2.25), low pathological disorder rating (2.75) and longest postharvest life (62 days) was found in treatment perforated plastic.
Germplasm Conservation in situ, ex situ and on-farm and BiodiversityKK CHANDEL
The variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems
Functional, Chemical, and Phytochemical Properties of Soup Thickener Produced...BRNSS Publication Hub
Blends of 50:50 g of jackfruit seed flour (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and ofor seed flour (Detarium microcarpum) were mixed together, sieved to pass 0.25 mm sieve and packaged in an airtight container. The proximate composition of the flour sample was determined to be 9.78%, 19.25%, 6.50%, 2.75%, 7.06%, and 54.66% for moisture content, crude protein content, fat and oil content, crude fiber content, ash content, and carbohydrate content, respectively. Furthermore, the mineral contents of the flour sample were Ca (34.00 mg/kg), K (303.00 mg/kg), Na (3.0 mg/kg), Mg (37.00 mg/kg), and Zn (0.42 mg/kg), respectively. Phytochemical values were also determined to be 0.42%, 1.00%, 2.80%, 1.60%, 0.82 mg/g, and 23.00 μg/100 g for flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid, saponin, phenol, and carotenoid, respectively. Furthermore, the functional properties of flour sample were determined to be 0.53 g/ml, 7.50%, 8.00%, 10.00%, 90.90%, 6.25%, 0.25%, and 95.00°C for bulk density, water adsorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foam capacity, foam stability, emulsification capacity, gelation capacity, and gelation temperature, respectively. The flour sample and cocoyam flour were also used as thickener for soup and were sensory evaluated. The result shows that there were no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between them.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Barley Hordeu...ijtsrd
Arundo donax was screened for their allelopathic potential to the growth of barley seedlings. The 3 aqueous leachate was tested for seed germination of barley in laboratory bioassay. The Arundo donax was found to enhance the growth of barley seedlings. The aqueous leachate of Bg parts was more pronounced growth of barley seedlings than Ag parts. This study suggested the future prospects of the integrated management of barley crop using the allelopathic potential of A. donax. Dr. Rajendra Kumar "Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Barley (Hordeum Vulgare) by using Arundo Donax in Integrated Management of Barley Crop" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50193.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/50193/effect-of-integrated-nutrient-management-on-growth-and-yield-of-barley-hordeum-vulgare-by-using-arundo-donax-in-integrated-management-of-barley-crop/dr-rajendra-kumar
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
Seed conservation is an important activity and strategy of preserving, saving and conserving our plant biological resources mostly in the form of seeds both at national and international level. several organizations, agencies, institutes and many are involved in conservation of rare and endangered species realizing their importance in very existence of mankind now and also in future. There are two broad approaches namely in situ conservation and ex situ conservation. Little effort is done to brief some of the techniques to conserve biological resources here in this presentation.
The effect of organic mulch on the growth and yield of Spinach (Spinacia oler...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Luyengo campus of the University of Swaziland to determine the effect of organic mulch on the growth and yield of spinach. The experiment was conducted between the months of January and February, 2017. The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD), with treated sewage mulch (TSM) and organic compost mulch (OCM) as treatments. The no mulch (NML) was used as a control. Spinach seedlings were planted at a spacing of 15 cm within rows and 30 cm between rows. Weeding and pest control measures were done uniformly across the treatments, when and as required. The data collected included the percentage moisture retained by the different treatments on the soil, growth parameters (leaf width, leaf length, leaf number, leaf area, plant height) and yield at harvest. The results displayed a significant difference (P<0.05)><0.05). The yield also varied across the treatments as TSM had a dry mass of 43.0 g, followed by OCM at 23.4 g and the no mulch treatment recorded a dry mass of 20.9 g. The results showed that mulching improved the performance of the spinach plants in terms of plant growth, moisture retention and yield.
In situ/On farm Conservation and Use of Agricultural Biodiversity (Horticultu...Bioversity International
Bioversity International researcher Muhabbat Turdieva presents on the fruit tree biodiversity in the Central Asia region (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan), as well as the characteristics of different varieties such as salinity tolerance, heat and frost tolerance, flowering times and shelf life. As a centre of fruit tree diversity, there is much potential in the genetic resources in this region for horticultural breeding as well as land restoration.
Find out more from the project site: http://centralasia.bioversity.asia/
The tests for the evaluation of seedling establishment, palatability and acceptability were carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology and the Food Laboratory of the Department of Home and Rural Economics, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, Adamawa State. The experimental designs used were Randomized Complete Block Design and the Completely Randomized Design. Some of the parameters measured were percentage seedling establishment, palatability, and acceptability tests. The highest mean percentage seedling establishment was observed in 12.00g levels of H. suaveolens whole powder treated shelled groundnut seeds (97.67, 97.00, and 94.00) at the three periods of storage. Percentage seedling establishment decreased with a decrease in levels of H. suaveolens whole powder. One of the major constraints to the use of plant materials as an alternative to synthetic insecticides is the issue of standardization in dosage of application. This work has suggested that, if groundnut seeds are to be used for sowing, they should be stored with a 12.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for three months. However, if they are to be used for consumption, they could be stored with a 6.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for at most three months. There was no significant difference between treated and untreated shelled groundnut seeds at the three periods of storage on the acceptability and palatability score of cooked groundnut at all dosages of application. All treatments were within the acceptable score rates even though the two rates of the synthetic insecticides, actellic dust were at the lowest acceptable score rate. The finding also showed that acceptability and palatability decreased with an increase in dosage of application. The periods of storage also had a significant impact on the mean percentage seedling establishment. It was observed that there was a higher percentage of seedling establishment when shelled groundnut seeds were stored from November- January. At this period of the year, the temperature and humidity are usually low and this might have necessitated the high state of inactivity and low performance of the bruchids compared to other periods of storage within the year.
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
Efficacy of rice-stubble allelochemicals on vegetative growth parameters of s...ijtsrd
A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate allelopathic potential of water extract of rice-stubble leachate on certain oil-yielding crops mustard, sesamum and sunflower . A wide range of rice-stubble concentration i.e. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40 were prepared and used for testing of seedling growth parameters Length, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root of oil-yielding test crop seedlings. The experimental results found that the different seedling growth parameters were reduced with increased concentration of rice-stubble leachate in compared to control set. Root growth was more sensitive than shoot growth with increase of leachate concentration of rice-stubble. This experimental results show the existence of several bioactive compounds i.e. allelochemicals in rice-stubble. These bioactive compounds might serve as a source of natural herbicides. S. P. Adhikary "Efficacy of rice-stubble allelochemicals on vegetative growth parameters of some oil-yielding crops" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20251.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/20251/efficacy-of-rice-stubble-allelochemicals-on-vegetative-growth-parameters-of-some-oil-yielding-crops/s-p-adhikary
Impact of structural amendment of Paper mill wastes with different organic ma...Premier Publishers
Solid wastes of Waste Paper based Emami Paper Mill at Balasore was collected from dumping ground by the side of Swapna nala (effluent releasing channel) and vermicomposted after mixing separately with different organic materials like cabbage leaves, water hyacinth, paddy straw and sawdust in different ratio either alone or in combination with cowdung. It was found that Paper Mill Wastes (PMW) alone was not palatable to Eisenia fetida, many of them either died or moved away from the tray. Amendment of PMW with cabbage leaves was also not promising. However, the amendment of PMW with cowdung and sawdust in 1:0.5:0.5 produced good quantity vermicompost in comparatively less time with better survival of earthworms. Vermicompost of this treatment was also recorded comparatively higher nutrient contents and performed better growth of paddy seedlings
Some Physical Properties of Negro Pepper Seed Xylopia Aethiopica Necessary fo...ijtsrd
Negro pepper is a spice with high nutritional value and several beneficial phytochemical compounds. Physical attributes of biomaterial are important in many problems associated with the design of machines and the analysis of the behavior of the product during agricultural processing operations such as handling, planting, harvesting, milling, threshing, cleaning, grading, sorting and drying. This study was aimed at determining some physical properties of Negro pepper seed xylopia aethiopica including axial dimensions, grain mass, bulk and true densities and porosity. Manual methods of measurements were employed in which the seeds were either measured directly or in bulk. Other parameters were calculated such as arithmetic, geometric mean diameter and sphericity. Seed weight and volumes were measured by using standard measuring equipment. All properties were determined at a fixed moisture content. The result of the study showed that the average length, width and thickness of the negro pepper seed were 5.99 0.42, 3.51 0.25 and 3.05 0.14mm respectively. Geometric mean diameter and sphericity of the Negro Pepper Seed were obtained as 3.80 0.13mm and 65.53. 0.11 respectively. The Solid density, Porosity and bulk density for negro pepper seeds were 0.56 0.25 g m3 49.50 0.22 and 1.125 0.31 g m3 respectively all measurement were obtained at a seed moisture content of 37.5 wet basis. Elijah G. Ikrang | Anyanwu, C. Solomon "Some Physical Properties of Negro Pepper Seed (Xylopia Aethiopica) Necessary for Post- Harvest Handling" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29184.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29184/some-physical-properties-of-negro-pepper-seed--xylopia-aethiopica-necessary-for-post--harvest-handling/elijah-g-ikrang
Effect of Plant Extracts and Packaging Materials on Prolonging Shelf Life and...AI Publications
An experiment was conducted in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications and seven treatments, from Jan-Mar 2019 at ambient room condition (14.42±1.28°C, 58.46±3.46% RH) to evaluate the effect of different postharvest treatments on maintaining shelf life and quality of mandarin. The seven treatment used during experiment were Control, Titepati leaf extract (10% w/v), Marigold flower extract (10% w/v), Asuro leaf extract (10% w/v), Neem leaf extract (10% w/v), Newspaper wrapping and Perforated plastic. The parameters like juice recovery percentage, total soluble solid (TSS) and pH were taken from destructive sample at every 5 days interval and other parameters like physiological weight loss, pathological disorder, marketability and shelf life were observed from non-destructive at every 4 days interval. Post-harvest treatment with perforated plastic had minimum physiological loss in weight (16.32%) whereas control had highest physiological loss in weight (35.47 %) which is statistically at par with Newspaper wrapping (33.28%). Highest juice recovery percentage was recorded in perforated plastic (36.12%) whereas lowest juice recovery percentage was recorded in treatment control (26.70%) which was statistically at par with Newspaper wrapping (27.24%). At the end of storage period, the highest TSS content (16.03°Brix) was recorded in treatment control which was statistically at par with treatment Marigold flower extract (15.30°Brix) whereas lowest TSS was recorded in perforated plastic (13.43°Brix) which was statistically at par with treatments Newspaper wrapping (14.18°Brix), Neem leaf extract (14.53°Brix), Asuro leaf extract (14.33°Brix) and Titepati leaf extract treated (14.53°Brix). The pH was found highest in treatment control than that of other treatment throughout the storage period whereas low marketability rating (2.25), low pathological disorder rating (2.75) and longest postharvest life (62 days) was found in treatment perforated plastic.
Germplasm Conservation in situ, ex situ and on-farm and BiodiversityKK CHANDEL
The variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems
Functional, Chemical, and Phytochemical Properties of Soup Thickener Produced...BRNSS Publication Hub
Blends of 50:50 g of jackfruit seed flour (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and ofor seed flour (Detarium microcarpum) were mixed together, sieved to pass 0.25 mm sieve and packaged in an airtight container. The proximate composition of the flour sample was determined to be 9.78%, 19.25%, 6.50%, 2.75%, 7.06%, and 54.66% for moisture content, crude protein content, fat and oil content, crude fiber content, ash content, and carbohydrate content, respectively. Furthermore, the mineral contents of the flour sample were Ca (34.00 mg/kg), K (303.00 mg/kg), Na (3.0 mg/kg), Mg (37.00 mg/kg), and Zn (0.42 mg/kg), respectively. Phytochemical values were also determined to be 0.42%, 1.00%, 2.80%, 1.60%, 0.82 mg/g, and 23.00 μg/100 g for flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid, saponin, phenol, and carotenoid, respectively. Furthermore, the functional properties of flour sample were determined to be 0.53 g/ml, 7.50%, 8.00%, 10.00%, 90.90%, 6.25%, 0.25%, and 95.00°C for bulk density, water adsorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foam capacity, foam stability, emulsification capacity, gelation capacity, and gelation temperature, respectively. The flour sample and cocoyam flour were also used as thickener for soup and were sensory evaluated. The result shows that there were no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between them.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Barley Hordeu...ijtsrd
Arundo donax was screened for their allelopathic potential to the growth of barley seedlings. The 3 aqueous leachate was tested for seed germination of barley in laboratory bioassay. The Arundo donax was found to enhance the growth of barley seedlings. The aqueous leachate of Bg parts was more pronounced growth of barley seedlings than Ag parts. This study suggested the future prospects of the integrated management of barley crop using the allelopathic potential of A. donax. Dr. Rajendra Kumar "Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Barley (Hordeum Vulgare) by using Arundo Donax in Integrated Management of Barley Crop" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50193.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/50193/effect-of-integrated-nutrient-management-on-growth-and-yield-of-barley-hordeum-vulgare-by-using-arundo-donax-in-integrated-management-of-barley-crop/dr-rajendra-kumar
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
— A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of potting media on sprouting and seedling growth of grape cuttings. Three grape varieties viz. Red globe, Thomson seedless and Crimson seedless were planted in four different growth media: CS-Canal silt, CSFYM-Canal silt (75%) + FYM (25%), CSB-Canal silt (25%) + Bagasse (75%) and CSBCP-Canal silt (25%) + Bagasse (50%) + Coco peat (25%). The experiment was conducted in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) along with three replications. The results revealed that almost all observed parameters were significantly influenced by the potting media. However, grape varieties and their interaction with the potting media exhibited non-significant effect for sprouting percentage and most of the seedling related attributes of growth. Minimum days to sprouting (6.78),highest sprouting percentage (84.44), maximum rooting percentage (84.44) and maximum chlorophyll content of leaves (56.23) were observed from the cuttings planted in CSBCP. However, maximum number of sprouts (5.55), number of leaves (13.77), fresh weight of leaves (2.27g), fresh weight of the roots (2.16 g), were observed from CSB. No grape seedling mortality was also observed CSB and CSBCP growth media. On the basis of varietal comparison, Thompson seedless exhibited the best results for number of leaves per cutting (11.50), fresh weight of the roots (1.64 g) and number of roots per cutting (29.17 g) as compared to rest of the grape varieties. The research establishes the potential for locals to use available materials in potting media preparation for healthier and stronger grape seedlings for subsequent improved grape plantation.
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal status on some medicinal plants of Go...inventionjournals
Medicinal plants are important for our existence that supplies us many components for drug formulation. In nature the plant of particular kind invades with so many microorganisms. Among them one beneficial one is Va-mycorrhizal fungi. It helps in various ways to promote growth and yield of biomass better in natural habitats. So, to promote growth in garden or manmade environment application of VA-fungi as biofertilizer is beneficial. In this study 41 medicinal plants have been studied and application of VAM fungi inocula on Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. have been done. Monsoon showed highest colonization percentage followed by winter and summer where as spore density showed highest during winter followed by summer and monsoon.
Economization of Datura Plant Using Planttissue Cultureiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Studies of Effect of Bio Fertilizers Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria, and Root...IIJSRJournal
A pot culture experiment was carried out and to the find out the effect of Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria and Root Nodule extract on the vegetative growth and biochemical changes in Black gram and Maize. The Black gram and Maize is vegetative parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight had analyzed and biochemical studies of both Black gram and Maize was carried such as total chlorophyll content, leave soluble protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Among microbial inoculants, the Rhizobium + PB mixer was found most effective in terms of seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight and also showed increase total chlorophyll content, soluble protein and nitrate activities in both Black gram and Maize.
Use of Cover Crops in Organic Sweetpotato Production to Improve Yield: A Case...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Organic Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) production in the United States has become more popular due to consumers’ concern regarding food safety. Growers, however, are challenged by many issues in organic production, including weed control that was often cited as the number one factor contributing to yield reduction. This report described a case study conducted on an organic farm in central Missouri, USA where cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) or rapeseed (Brassica napus I.) were planted as cover crops. The two crops were terminated by either tilling a couple of times or mowing followed by crimping prior to Sweetpotato transplanting. This case study demonstrated that tilling the cover crops rather than mowing and crimping resulted in significant weed control especially in the early part of the growing season. This suppression also resulted in up to three times the root tuber production, compared to the untreated control where no cover crops were planted. Between the two crops, cereal rye appeared to produce a higher yield in terms of tuber counts. This case report suggests that tilling cover crops prior to Sweetpotato transplanting can benefit organic Sweetpotato production.
Agronomic viability of arugula, A functional vegetable, under the residual ef...Open Access Research Paper
Arugula is a nutritionally rich vegetable. Considered a functional food, it can be used to treat diseases and improve clinical conditions. This work was conducted at the Rafael Fernandes Experimental Farm, in the Alagoinha district, rural area of Mossoró-RN, from December 2016 to February 2017, with the objective of evaluating the agronomic viability of arugula, functional vegetable under the residual effect of species of the semi-arid region. The experimental design was the complete randomized blocks with treatments arranged in a 5 x 3 factorial scheme, with three replications. The first factor was constituted by four green fertilizer (0.0, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2kg m-2 dry basis) and second factor by the types of green fertilizers (Merremia aegyptia, Calotropis procera and Senna uniflora). Initially radish was planted in plots of 1.4 x 1.4m. After the crop was withdrawn, the arugula cultivated Cultivada was planted. The evaluated characteristics were: height and number of leaves per plant, yield; number of sauces and dry matter mass of the aerial part. The best agronomic performance of the arugula was observed in the amount of 2.4kg m-2, with yield of 902.3g m-2 and 30 arugula sauces. Among the types of fertilizers, Merremia aegyptia presented statistical superiority in relation to Calotropis procera and Senna uniflora for yield and number of sauces. The incentive for the cultivation of arugula is important because its benefits are directly related to the farmers who produce and also commercialize, and the consumers who acquire this vegetable.
Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Cultivars throu...AI Publications
Two weeks old rooted cuttings of three commercial hybrid varieties; Triple plus, Temptation and Campairo were grown on cocopit substrate media with five replications on randomized complete block desigh (RCBD) in greenhouse condition at Mendel School Research Farm,Hwacheon. Transplanting was done on June 9, 2013 with spacing of 30 cm between plant and 45 cm between rows. Plants were trained as single stem and harvesting of the fruits were done upto 2.5 meter height. The major objective of this experiment was to evaluate their performance on stem cuttings. On the basis of overall characteristics, Triple plus showed superior performance; early flowering, higher plant uniformity, vigorous plant, higher leaf density, less powdery mildew infection, distinct stem pubescence, earlier fruit set, bigger size of fruits with thicker flesh, higher yield of fruits in tons per hectare and per plant, as compared to other cultivars has been selected and recommended for commercial cultivation through stem cuttings. It was followed by Temptation. Beside this, stem cuttings is an alternative planting materials in all the tested cultivars where apical branches during pruning could be used as alternative planting materials for tomato cultivation.
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth Ama...ijtsrd
Four cowpea varieties Oloyin, Drum, Zobo and White Mallam , and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha were applied at 2 weeks after planting WAP to the vegetable Amaranth between October 2018 to April 2019. The cowpea green manure was incorporated into soil 6 WAP and left for a week to decompose before planting the vegetable Amaranth. Growth of cowpea varieties used as green manure in 2018 showed no significant difference. However, in 2019 the canopy height and fresh weight at 3 WAP were significantly p 0.05 different among cowpea varieties. The canopy height of Oloyin, Drum and White Mallam were similar but significantly p 0.05 higher than that of Zobo variety. Similarly, application of 60 and 80 kg N ha significantly produced more yield relative to 0 and 40 kg N ha of inorganic fertilizer rates. Generally, higher significant yield p 0.05 was recorded in the second cycle of planting. This study concluded that green manure from Oloyin produced yield of Amaranth us 11.0 47.3 t ha which was similar to the yield obtained from 80 kg N ha 12.13 37.7t ha . Adeniji Azeez Adewale | Kumoye Deborah Etooluwa "Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth (Amaranthus Caudatus. L) Vegetable" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33676.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/33676/effects-of-incorporated-green-manure-and-inorganic-fertilizer-on-amaranth-amaranthus-caudatus-l-vegetable/adeniji-azeez-adewale
ABSTRACT- B. vulgaris (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl) has been promoted in order to solve the deforested environments and economic problems. The present experimentation was conducted on a rapid in vitro propagation of Bambusa vulgaris, commonly called as Buddha bamboo, with internode as explant. The growth had a significant effect on development of the plants with three cytokinins tested (IAA, NAA, and 2,4 D) along with 0.3 mg/l BAP was found to be most effective in inducing bud break and multiple shoot formation. The growth hormones NAA, IAA, 2,4-D, and BAP shown effective on root and shoot formation.
Key-words- B. vulgaris, Plant growth hormones, Internode, NAA, IAA, 2,4-D, BAP
The present study investigates the growth and developmental changes of Pearlmillet [(Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.)] and Ragi [Eleusine coracana (Gaertn )] under pot culture experiments with different concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts (5, 10, 20, 30 and 50g/l) of Teak. Teak leaf extracts showed an inhibitory and stimulatory effects on germination, seedling length, biomass, pigments and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi. The 5g/l concentration of extract stimulated the seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi.. The higher concentrations (10, 20, 30and 50g/l) showed an inhibitory effects in all the parameters studied in the two economically important cereals. The degree of retardation was dependent on the concentration of the Teak leaf extracts. Root length, Shoot length, Biomass and Biochemical constituents of ragi seedlings were highly reduced at 50g/l concentrations of aqueous leaf
extracts of Teak. Between pearl millet and ragi seedlings, more allelopathic influence was observed in ragi than pearl millet seedlings.
Similar to Yield Performances of Pleurotus ostreatus on Different Growth Substrates as Influence by Some Vegetable Additives (20)
Cytogenetic an Experimental Monitoring Test for Plant ExtractsIOSRJPBS
More than two centuries have been passed since the chromosomes have been firstly observed in plant cells by Nageli in 1842. During this long period, chromosomes have been discovered in human cells and well recognized as a source of genes locations. The effects of chemicals and environmental pollution in human health and caners became an interested field of studying diver mutagens and their role in affecting the genetic materials. Cytogenetic tests were the main tools to evaluate the effects of those mutagens on human genome and chromosomes. Many techniques have been used for these purposes including in vitro and in vivo analyzing tests using human and animal cells. The intent of this article is to review the role of cytogenetic techniques in detecting the effects of mutagens on chromosomal aberrations and the role of plant extracts in monitoring these effects
Prevalence of Rota Virus Detection by Reverse TranscriptasePolymerase Chain R...IOSRJPBS
The present study was conducted for the period from 1/6/2016 to 20/1/2017 in Baquba city. The study aimed to detection of rotavirus in stool specimens of children fewer than five age and also explore the effects of certain demographic factors on the detection rates by revers transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction. The study included 49 patients with acute diarrhea, 32 were male and 17 were female. The age range was two months to 5 years. Demographic information on the patients regarding age, sex, residence, type of feeding and source of drinking water were collected from their parents. Stool specimens were collected from each patients and. Detection of rotavirus in stool specimens was done by conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results of present study showed that the overall infection rate by rotavirus among patients with acute diarrhea by RT-PCR tests was 93.88%. The highest infection rate was recorded among those >10-≤15 months of age. None of the results showed significantly difference between female and male, PCR (88% vs 96.87%). Likewise, there was insignificantly difference between urban and rural residence, PCR (95.65% vs 92.30%). The results revealed insignificantly higher infection rate among patients (those below 2 years) feed mixing (91.66%) and bottled (100%) compared to that breast feeding (77.77%) by RT-PCR. The rotavirus infection rate was insignificantly higher among patients consuming municipal water for drinking (97.22%) compared to those consuming bottled water (84.61%) by the RT-PCR. The study concluded that rotavirus was detected in high rates among children less than 5 years old with acute diarrhea in Baquba city, particularly those less than 2 year old.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
Objective:Many of the available therapies for diabetes have a number of serious adverse effects; therefore the search for more effective and safer hypoglycaemic agents becomes a paramount. This research was set to investigate the antidiabetic potential and cytoprotective effect of ethanolic root extract of Salacianitida on alloxan induced hyperglyceamic rats. Method:Acute toxicity and phytochemical constituents were evaluated using standardized methods. The study lasted for a period of thirty days comprising of two phases: induction phase and treatment phase. Thirty animals were grouped into five groups of six rats each. Group 1 and 2 serve as normal and toxic control respectively while groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with 750, 1500mg of S.nitidaand 5mg glibenclamide respectively. The BGL, food and fluid intake was monitored daily while the body weight was measured on weekly. The last day of the study after an overnight fast, the animals were loaded with glucose and the OGTT measured prior to and at 30minutes interval for two hours after which the animals were sacrificed under ether anaesthesia and the organs isolated for histological examination. Results/Conclusion:The results of the present study indicate that S.nitida possessantidiabetic potentials and cytoprotective effect noted in its significant percentage reduction in the glucose level, slight increase in body weight and restoration of the toxic organs to normal.
Anti Bacterial and Anti Oxidant Activities of Evolvulus Alsinoides LinnIOSRJPBS
: Plants are very important sources of potential useful raw materials as natural chemotherapeutic agents. Shankhpushpi is botanically termed as Evolvulus alsinoides; the extracts have exhibited antioxidant, anti-ulcer, and immunomodulatory activities. The present work is to investigate the invitro therapeutic potential activities of methanolic extract of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides on the antimicrobial activity against five clinical pathogenic bacterial strains viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebshiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhii, using agar well diffusion assay and Anti oxidant activity using 1-1-Diphenyl- 2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Extract inhibited IC50: 40.2. Total phenolic content: 28.4 mg/ml & Total flavonoid content: 20.2 μg /ml. Evolvulus alsinoides (MIC): 512.5mg/ml possess 30 to 40 % inhibition, the antibacterial activity of the herbal extracts was more pronounced on the gram- negative bacteria Klebshiella pneumonia than the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The free radical scavenging activity of methanolic activity of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides increase in a concentration dependent manner, and posses statistically significance DPPH free radical scavenging & Anti microbial activities
A Study on Biomarkers in a Spatially Distributed Type – 2 Diabetes mellitus G...IOSRJPBS
Diabetes, a dreaded disease already ravaged a huge population worldwide, whether it is inherited through generations or invited by the people by their uncontrolled way of life is still obscure. Biomarkers assay is a boon to the diseased to opt proper prophylactic measures to curb or eradicate diseases. The elevated levels of various biomarkers related to inflammation of vital organs, liver function, kidney function and other vital parameters in our diabetic cases reveals the extent of organ(s) damage in these subjects. It is also evident that the levels of various biomarkers are similar in our diabetic subjects, irrespective of their habits or habitats.
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
In recent years, traditional system of medicine has become a topic of global importance. Many of the plant species that provide medicinal herbs have been scientifically evaluated for their possible medicinal, pharmacological and toxicological effects. A number of species of the genus Grewia have been used as medicinal herbs to treat several diseases in different parts of the globe. Grewia bicolor is the most famous medicinal plant among the genus Grewia. Despite the wide use of the plant in traditional medicine, so far no scientific evaluation was carried out on this plant for the preclinical toxicity profile. The present study was conducted to evaluate the safety of Grewia bicolor root extract. The plant extract proved that it is relatively safe through the acute and sub-acute studies.
Flora of Kansai Basin at Lalgarh of Paschim Medinipur District in West Bengal...IOSRJPBS
Flora is systematic enumeration of plant species in a given community of a given ecosystem. It reflects the quality as well as the health of the ecosystem because the floral community are the producers which support the growth and development of ecosystem. It reflects the inflow of nutrients and recycling processes through bio-geochemical processes. Indiscriminate use of different chemicals and articles for different purposes produced by different leading factories for the modern development of human societies causes threat to the environment and loosing the biodiversity which significantly destroying the environment rapidly. The main reason is increasing load of human population which damaging the environment and degrading the ecosystem by pollution directly or indirectly. The present paper reflects the 57 floral elements under 29 families and the community structure including eco-degradation process which could be a starting point of extension through community research by a group of workers in future. Hope that interested people will come and take that opportunity to record the problems for future study and assessment about the dwindling ecosystem for our existence at Lalgarh.
Although ATP production is very important for mitochondria, little is known about the actual rate of production and the value of “unit of currency” for mitochondrial energy transactions. “Unit of currency” for all transactions in general is named “quantum” in Physics, and no value of ATP quantum is accurately given in bibliography, other than rough estimates. This work focuses to calculating produced energy unit in mitochondrial metabolism (Quantum for ATP, or QATP for sort) and the rate of ATP production (power of “mitochondrial factory”)
High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Saudi Children And Adolescents ...IOSRJPBS
Background: Vitamin D inadequacy constitutes an increasingly recognized comorbidity among Saudi populations. There were limited data about its prevalence in Saudi children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Saudi children and adolescents with T1DM in Albaha region, southwestern of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 117 Saudi children and adolescents with T1DM. These patients were recruited from Albaha diabetic center, Saudi Arabia. The range of age of the participants was 1 –18 years.. All participants were subjected to history taking including, age, gender, duration of diabetes, clinical presentation at the onset of diabetes. Measurement of serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D was done in all participants. Results: There were 117 Saudi children and adolescent with T1DM, 52 (44.4%) were boys, and 65 (55.6%) were girls with a mean age 8.8 ± 3.4 and 9.2 ± 3.9 for boys and girls respectively (p=0.52). The mean serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels among them was 17.1± 10.1 ng/ml and the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy was 88.9% (59.9% of subjects had vitamin D deficiency and 29 % had vitamin D insufficiency) and 11.1% had sufficient levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D. There was a significant difference in vitamin D level among different groups of vitamin D level (p˂ 0.001). The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency was greater in the girls with 34.2%, as compared to 25.6% among boys. Vitamin D deficiency was more common among children in the range of age 1-10 years (52.1% vs 36.8%). In vitamin D deficient group, the mean levels of vitamin D were significantly lower in patients presented with DKA as compared to those presented with hyperglycemic symptoms (p= 0.016). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is common in Saudi children and adolescent with T1DM in Albaha region. This is more common in girls and in the younger age groups. Therefore, screening for vitamin D deficiency, creating awareness to increase sunlight exposure, increase the fortification of food products with vitamin D and vitamin D supplementation for these patients should be warranted to prevent future morbidity.
Development of Nimbolide from Seeds of Azadirachta Indica Extract Assisted by...IOSRJPBS
The recent studies on Nimbolide, a robust cervical anticancer agent was identified for the separation of Nimbolide from Azadirachta indica berry collected from Ranga Reddy- Dist, the seeds were initially isolated, dried and transformed into coarse powder. The seed core was defatted and concentrated using methanol in a soxhlet apparatus. The methanolic extract obtained from seeds is subjected to High Performance Liquid Chromatography [HPLC] by direct reverse phase method for isolation of Nimbolide using Molecular Docking of Nimbolide through Molecular Operatin Environment [MOE] 2008 software. This declared that Nimbolide has capability of binding 12.3% to a Glycine 131 undergoing polar interactions. Nimbolide was found to interact with Cyclin E, was redeemed from the Protein Data Bank [PDB code; 1W98]. It was observed that Nimbolide showed an satisfactory increased life span (54.32 and 65.16), decreased the viable cells (52.3±1.5 and 32.5±1.3), and tumor volume (3.2±0.03 and 2.4±0.04).
A Review on Different Benefits of MushroomIOSRJPBS
This paper reviews mushrooms. In this paper, nutritional and medicinal values, other uses of mushrooms were discussed. Mushrooms have been important in human history as food, as medicine, as legands, and in folk lore and religion. Mushrooms are basically consumed for their texture and flavor. They have recently become attractive as health - beneficent food and as sources for the development of drugs. Many higher mushrooms are known to contain a number of biologically active components that show promising antitumor and immunomodulating, cardiovascular, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic and antidiabetic effects. Nutritional value of mushrooms lies between that of meat and vegetables. The rich source of proteins, vitamins and minerals and low in fat content (2-8%) unique chemicals constitution of mushrooms makes them low calorie food 8 and choice diet for those suffering from hypertension, arthrosclerosis, diabetes, obesity. Mushrooms play a role in the development of new biological remediation techniques and filtration technologies (e.g. using fungi to lower bacterial levels in contaminated water). From the review it was observed that developing countries should harness the potentials of mushrooms as this would boost the revenue income and healthy living. It is hoped that this paper would add to existing information on this fungus
Evaluation of plasma Creatine Kinase activity and Inorganic phosphate among S...IOSRJPBS
Background: CK and phosphorus are helpful biomarker for detection of early renalabnormality particularlyCK which has been shown to be abetter predicator of acute renal failure. Objectives: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study.Conducted in Khartoum and White Nile state from March to June 2016.The aim of this study to assess serum creatine kinase (CK) activity and inorganic phosphate concentrations in Sudanese patients with sickle cell anemia. 80 subjects were enrolled in this study they were classified into 40 with sickle cell disease (SCD) as casegroup and 40 healthy apparently as control group. CK activity and phosphorus level was measured by using Spectrophotometry method. Results: The results showed significantly higher Ck activity in patients with SCD when compared with control group with (P = 0.021), and not significant differences in mean of serum phosphorus concentration in case when compared with control with (P = 0.547). Also show serum CK activity in patients used hydroxyurea when compare with the mean of patients not used hydroxyurea it is significantly decrease with (P= 0.006)
A Clinical Study of Amoebic Dysentery and Its Homoeopathic ManagementIOSRJPBS
A Clinical Study of Amoebic Dysentery and Its Homoeopathic Management, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India. Background: To study the clinical presentation of amoebic dysentery and to study the results of Homeopathic management and treatment of amoebic dysentery. To assess the influence of miasm in the case of Amoebic Dysentery. Methodology: Thirty out-patients with clinically confirmed symptomatic cases of amoebic dysentery were entered trial and treated with Homoeopathic remedies on the basis of Homoeopathic principles with fixed criteria to know the results of treatment as recovered, improved or not improved. For the present study he patients who visited on Sriganganagar Homoeopathic Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Sri Ganganagar, Rajsthan, India and peripheral Out Patient Department were selected on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: Totally 30 patients were selected for this study. At the end of the study it was observed that, out of 30 patients, 24 patients recovered (80%), 5 case improved (16.66%) and1case is not improved (3.3%). with the help ofsuitable homoeopathic medicines. Conclusion: There were no side effects during the treatment and it can be concluded that Homoeopathic Medicines can be help the patient to take a new lease on life
Biological Efficacy of Quassia Indica (Geratn) Nooteb and Centella Asiatica (...IOSRJPBS
Antimicrobial activity of different extracts of two selected plants, Quassia indica (Geartn) Nooteb and Centella asiatica (L.) Urban were tested against selected strains of bacteria viz; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sps, Bacillus thuringiensis, Klebsiella sps and Serratia sps using agar disc diffusion technique. Petroleum ether, acetone, methanol and water extracts of seed and leaf of Q. indica and leaf of C. asiatica showed moderate to significant antimicrobial activity. Of the four extracts tested, petroleum ether and water fractions showed more activity against all the bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition of the active fractions for the petroleum ether ranged from 8.57 to 12.63 mm and 8.53 to 14.5mm for the water fraction of Q. indica seed and leaf and C. asiatica leaf; and exhibited comparable results with widely used commercial antimicrobial agents (16 to19 mm for Kanamycin and 14 to 17mm for Cefotaxime). The results prove the efficacy of the most active fractions of the selected plant extracts to be used for developing potent antimicrobial formulations.
Comparative Testing of Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous Extract of Bergenia ...IOSRJPBS
The aim of this research was to formulate a gel comprising of the both extracts of Bergenia ligulata rhizomes and Butea monosperma flowers that would aid in wound healing by exhibiting antibacterial activity at the site of wound infection if any. As per the literature survey conducted it was found that aqueous extract of Bergenia ligulata rhizomes and ethanolic extract of Butea monosperma flowers have good potential of antibacterial activity. Hence this antibacterial activity was studied with the help of agar well-diffusion assay method, against the micro-organisms-S. aureus, MRSA, Pr. vulgaris, and E.coli . Both these extracts were obtained through Soxhlet extraction process and this process was optimized to get maximum yield of extraction. By agar gel well- diffusion assay at the concentration of about 100µg/mL both the extracts exhibited maximum zone of inhibition. This concentration was helpful in deciding the dose for topical gel formulation.
Dermatoglification Analysis for Selection and Training of Sports TalentsIOSRJPBS
: The term sports talent can be defined as the individual who, through his inherited and acquired conditions, has a special ability for sports performance, above the average of the general population. Fingerprints are genetic markers and can function as indicators of sporting talents. The objective of the present study was to use dermatoglyphics to identify the genetic-physical profile of soccer athletes. Twenty-four athletes belonging to the Palmeiras Sports Society Athletes' Capture Center participated in this study in the Nordeste sub-category category 16. The dermatoglyphic protocol of Cummins and Midlo (1961) was used. Standard fingerprint indices were calculated: the number of drawings for the 10 fingers and the delta index (D10). We also analyzed the types of digital formulas that indicate the representation in individuals of different types of drawings. Based on the classification of Fernandes (2002), the group presented somatofunctional classification for height, velocity and explosive strength, due to the delta index of 11.54. We conclude that dermatoglyphics can be a parameter to identify the potentiality of an individual and can be incorporated into a policy of selection and formation of sports talent.
Establishment of suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. for benzyl isoth...IOSRJPBS
Successful scale-upof the anticancer benzyl isothiocyanate compound production was achieved from cell suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. Cell cultures were established from the stem internodal segments derived callus. Elicitation with two biotic elicitors; chitosan and salicylic acid, increased callus biomass and benzyl isothiocyanate accumulation, but chitosan induced the maximum accumulation, which reached about four-fold higher over the control at the concentration of 100 mg/L. Benzyl isothiocyanate production from cell suspension cultures was studied in shake-flask culture and stirred-tank bioreactor with the application of the optimum concentration of chitosan in the medium. Both methods elevate the compound production; however its yield was higherin the stirred-tank bioreactor.It achieved about eight-fold increase in the production of benzyl isothiocyanate after 24 days of incubation. This protocol can act as a roadmap for large-scale production of benzyl isothiocyanate from cell suspension cultures ofSalvadora persica by using bioreactors
Antimicrobial Activity of Bauhinia Purpurea (L) by Minimum Inhibitory Concent...IOSRJPBS
MIC methods are widely used in the comparative testing of new agents, or when a more accurate result is required for clinical management. As there are no CLSI (formerly NCCLS) recommendations for the determination of MICs of varies bio-compounds against gram positive and gram negative organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration is the lowest concentration (in μg/ml) of an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of a given strain of bacteria. In Diagnostic laboratories these MIC’S are used to confirm resistance and also most often used to determine antimicrobial invitro activity. In the present MIC method, one can get the information about Antibiotic agent, preparation of stock solutions, media and inoculation, conditions of incubation, ultimately reading and interpretation of results. The present study is focused to evaluate antibacterial activities of ethanolic extract and purified fractions of Bauhinia purpurea using a gram-positive and a gram-negative organisms Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella, E.coli and enterococcus
Evaluations of Some Biological Properties of Ethanolic Leave Extract of Costu...IOSRJPBS
Costus afer plant has been known to the traditionalist for a very long time. The locals having realized its medicinal potentials have employed it in a variety of ways. This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial, biochemical and CNS depressant properties of ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer in albino mice and anti-inflammatory activity in albino rats. Ninety albino mice (22-29g) of both sexes were selected and divided into eighteen groups of five mice each. Four groups for analgesic activity, three groups for in-vivo clothing time, four groups for spontaneous locomotor activity, three groups for heamatological evaluation and four groups for phenobarbitone induced hypnosis. Twenty albino rats (180-200g) of both sexes were also selected and divided into four groups of five rats each and used for anti-inflammatory activity. In all, the control groups receive 0.2ml of normal saline while two dose groups of the extract was used 400 and 1200mg/kg representing low and high dose in the treatment group. Indomethacin, Phenobarbitone, Chropromazine, Indomethacine, Ciprofloxacin and Fluconazole were used as reference drug for anlagesic activity, locomotor activity, hypnosis, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal test respectively. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer was performed. The result of the qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, glycosides and terpenoids whereas anthraquinones, essential oil and phlobatannins were absent. The results obtained shows that ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer posses antibacterial activity but no antifungal activity. There was a dose dependent increase in analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities, bleeding/clotting time and CNS activity. The hematological evaluation of the leaves of costusafer shows that the extract has no noticeable effect on the HB, PCV, RBC, but decreases the WBC, platelet count, neutrophils and lymphocytes components of the blood, also the clotting/bleeding time was seen to increase dose dependently in the treated groups. In conclusion, ethanol extract of costus afer ker Gawl leaves possess antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and CNS depressant activity.
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of the Flavonoid-rich Fraction of th...IOSRJPBS
The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis are edible and used in herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The present study demonstrates the antioxidative effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves (FRJT) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of FRJT were determined by serum biochemical enzymes; alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), heamatological pararmeters (PCV, Hb and WBC) and histology study. The results obtained showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the activities of liver marker enzymes across the pre-treated groups compared with the untreated rats. Assay of antioxidant enzymes showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced SOD and GPx activities whereas CAT activity was non-significantly (p ˃ 0.05) increased when compared with the untreated animals. PCV, Hb and WBC levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the untreated group. However, supplementation with FRJT and Silymarin ameliorated the induced depletion of blood in the pre-treated animals. Histological examination of the liver tissue showed marked reduction in fatty degeneration across the pre-treated groups when compared with the untreated group. The results in this study indicate that FRJT exhibited varying levels of protection against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rat models. These results also indicate that the flavonoid-rich fraction contains antioxidants, which mop up free radicals in the system and support its use in the treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative damage.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Yield Performances of Pleurotus ostreatus on Different Growth Substrates as Influence by Some Vegetable Additives
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN:2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 12, Issue 1 Ver. II (Jan. - Feb.2017), PP 84-88
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1201028488 www.iosrjournals.org 84 | Page
Yield Performances of Pleurotus ostreatus on Different Growth
Substrates as Influence by Some Vegetable Additives
Markson,A. A, Agba, M.O, Akpan, J.B and Bassey, G.A
Department of Botany, University of Calabar, P. M. B. 1115. Calabar, Nigeria.
Abstract: This study was carried out to investigate the effects of some vegetables (Diplazium sammatii,
Moringa oleifera, and Justicia insularis) as additives on the growth parameters of Pleurotus ostreatus
cultivated on two substrates; banana leaves (BL) and banana leaves/sawdust (BL/SD). The substrates were
amended with these vegetables at different concentration levels (0 g, 5 g, 10 g and 15 g). Spawn running was
completed in 30, 35, and 40 days in banana leaves, banana leaves/sawdust and the control respectively.
Parameters assessed included area of pileus, number of fruit bodies, fresh weight, dry weight, length of stipe
and girth of stipe. Higher mean values for fresh weight (21.69 g), area of pileus (42.58 cm2
), length of stipe
(5.10 g) and girth of stipe (4.30 g) were obtained from BL substrate treated to 5 g M. oleifera leaf powder.
These values were significantly different from values obtained for other plant additives. Considering the number
of fruit bodiesthat emerged on BL/SD substrates, the control produced more fruit bodies than the substrates with
additives. The best performance in BL/SD substrates was observed when the substrate was treated to 10 g J.
insularis in some of the parameters assessed. These included fresh weight (20.64 g), number of fruit bodies
(8.00) and stipe girth (3.44 cm).Other parameters like area of pileus (36.08 cm2
) and dry weight (2.39 cm),
control had a better performance. While for length of stipe, 15 g M. oleifera leaf powder had the highest mean
value that was significantly different (P≤0.05) from what was observed in substrates amended with other
additives. It is therefore evident that these vegetables have high potential for utilization as additives or
supplements for growing of Pleurotus ostreatus especially when using BL as substrates. In addition, substrates-
additive concentration combination played a significant role in selective organ growth of the test mushroom.
Keywords: Additives, amended, Pleurotus ostreatus, substrates, vegetables
I. Introduction
Pleurotus ostreatus is a common edible mushroom. It belongs to the family Pleurotaceae. In nature, it
grows in tropical and temperate forests on decomposing materials such as dead trees or sometimes on tree trunks
that are dying or woods of coniferous plants [1]. Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus first took place in Germany
at subsistence level during the First World War but now it is cultivated at commercial level [2]. Species of
mushroom in the genus Pleurotus are commonly referred to as oyster mushroom. However, to differentiate it
from others, Pleurotus ostreatus is called tree oyster. Its mycelium is pure white in colour [2].Oyster
mushrooms are among the first three mushrooms grown today globally. Its high nutritional and medicinal
profile has encouraged widespread consumption [3]. This mushroom species contain abundance of amino
acidsand is rich in proteins, minerals and vitamins [4].
The level of mushroom growth and development is greatly dependent on the environmental factors.
One of such factors is the substrate of cultivation. Various substrates have already been identified as growth
media for cultivating oyster mushroom. These include rice straw, coffee pulps, sawdust, and even paper. Most
of these are of low-value lignocelluloses wastes that are primarily derived from agricultural products or the
agro-industry [6].Many researchers in this field have grown several Pleurotus species using various substrate
materials and achieved some level of success regarding their yield output[7,8,9,10].The growth support potential
of a substrate is a function of its nutritional content. Improvement of the nutrient profile of the growth substrate
has been achieved through amendments with several materials. Such materials are called additives.
Additives could be organic or inorganic materials. The commonest organic materials used by many
growers include, maize, wheat and rice, flours, cowpea, horse gram, poultry dung and cow dung [14, 15].
Markson et al., 2012, reported the use of groundnut cake and palm kernel cake as additives in sawdust and
banana leaves based substrate cultivation of P. ostreatus. Addition of 4% humic acid has been reported to record
the best yield of P. ostreatus [16]. Also, the use of 30 % oil cake and 30 % tomato tuff produced satisfactory
results in cultivation of P. ostreatus [11, 12]. Maize straw was reported to be more suitable for cultivation of P.
ostreatus when supplemented with cotton seed hull at an inclusion rate of 25% while 2 % concentration of rice
husk was also found to be the best in supporting the growth and yield of P. ostreatus [17]. Amendment of
mushroom growth substrates with vegetables is not a common practice. However, there are several reports on
the rich nutritional and phytochemical profiles of these vegetables [18, 19, 20 21] that are rarely given a place in
the daily menu of the people. Yet, they are naturally growing and of cosmopolitan occurrence in our
2. Yield Performances of Pleurotus Ostreatus on Different Growth Substrates as Influence by Some
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1201028488 www.iosrjournals.org 85 | Page
environment. In this study, growth substrates were amended with leaves Moringa oleifera (Lam), Diplazium
sammatii(Kuhn) and Justicia insularis (T.Anders) to improve the productivity of the growth substrates (banana
leaves and banana leaves/sawdust) for the cultivation of P. ostreatus.
II. Materials and methods
2.1 Location of study
The research was carried out at the University of Calabar staff quarters, University of Calabar, Cross River State
lying within longitude 4° 57' 0" North and latitude 8° 19' 0"[22].
2.2Collection of materials
The three plants used as additives were sourced within Cross Rivercentral (latitude 5.8 and longitude
8.08333) and south (4° 57' 0" North, 8° 19' 0" east). Diplazium sammatii (edible fern) and Justicia insularis
were obtained from Ugep main market, Yakurr local area government of Cross River State, while Moringa
oleifera was collected from the university of Calabar staff quarters, Cross River state, Nigeria. Materials for
substrates composition (Dry banana leaves and sawdust) were obtained from the university of Calabar staff
quarters and government owned timber market at Marian Road, Calabar, Cross River Staterespectively. The test
mushroom was obtained from Royal farms at Ikot-Effanga, Calabar, Cross River State. Rice bran was sourced
from a private owned rice mill in Ugep, Yakurr Local Government Area of Cross River State, while lime
(gypsum) was purchased from Watt market in Calabar.
2.3 Preparation of Plant Materials
The plants were washed with clean water, sun dried and ground into fine powder.
2.4 Composting of substrates
Two substrate types (dry banana leaves and a mixture of dry banana leaves and sawdust) were
composted for the cultivation. Fermented sawdust was collected from timber market and soaked for 24 hours.
The banana leaves were shredded into bits of about 2 cm and soaked in water for 1 hour. These materials were
transferred into sac bags and drained of water to a moisture level of about 70 %.About 7 kg of rice bran and 0.4
kg of lime were added to a hundred kilograms (100 kg) of banana leaves and properly mixed [5]. Fifty
kilograms (50 kg) of sawdust was mixed with fifty kilograms (50 kg) of banana leaves, 4.75 kg of rice bran and
0.5 kg of lime. The substrate was then divided into 1.0 kg portions and dispensed into plastic bags measuring 30
x 11cm.
2.5 Pasteurization
The plastic bags containing the substrates werepasteurized using metal drums of about 500litres
capacity with a wooden platform of about 35 cm high at 60-800
C for 6 hours. Initial water level in the drums
was 30cm from the bottom of the drum. The pasteurized substrate was allowed to cool for 12 hours.
2.6 Spawning
Each of these portions was treated with 0 g (control), 5 g, 10 g, and 15 g of powered leaf samples of
Moringa oleifera leaves, Diplazium sammatii fronds and Justicia insularis leaves separately. The bags were
inoculated with spawns of Pleurotus ostreatus. The open end of each bag was secured with PVC pipe of about
3cm long and 3cm in diameter wrapped with a rubber band and plugged with cotton wool [5]. Each
experimental unit was replicated thrice.Spawn running was achieved by hanging the bags with ropes in
sequence from the top of the roof down with each line having a maximum of eight bags. Limited amount of light
was allowed into the spawn running unit.
2.7 Experimental Design and Data Analysis.
The experiment was laid out in complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Data collected were
subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS version 14.0 and means were separated using LSD.
2.8 Cropping
When spawn run was completed, that ismycelium had completely covered the bags, the bags were
transferred to the cropping unit where they were stacked on shelves made of bamboo and opened to enable the
mushrooms grow out. The opened mushroom bags werelightly sprayed with clean water daily. Coarse sand from
the sea was poured on the floor of the cropping unit and was moistened continuously. The cropping unit was
humidified to about 70-75 percent by wetting the walls of the mushroom house regularly.
3. Yield Performances of Pleurotus Ostreatus on Different Growth Substrates as Influence by Some
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1201028488 www.iosrjournals.org 86 | Page
2.8 Harvesting
Harvesting of mushrooms was at maturity (when the pileus were fully opened).The harvested
mushrooms were thoroughly cleaned and data obtained for the following parameters; area of pileus, length of,
girth of stipe, number of fruit bodies per bag, fresh weight and dry weight using `conventional methods.
III. Results
The different concentrations of the plant additives in the two substrates greatly influenced the
mushroom growth. The performance of the mushroom depended upon the type additive concentration of the
plant additives and the type of growth substrates. Banana leaves/sawdust (BLSD) substrate composite amended
with all the levels of concentrations of D. sammatii and 15 g M. oleifera leaf powder did not support the growth
of the test mushroom.Table 1shows the different growth parameters as influenced by the different
concentrations of the plant additives in banana leaves (BL) substrates. Substrates treated to 5 g M. oleifera
produced mushrooms with the largest pileus size of 42.58 cm2
which was significantly different (P≤0.05) from
those produced by substrates treated to other plant additives. However, this performance was closely followed
by the control experiment as well as BL treated to 10 g D. sammatii and 10 g J. insularis. The least performing
set-ups were all substrates amended with 5 g D. sammatii. The highest mean fresh weight (21.69 g) was
exhibited by mushrooms grown on substrates treated to 5 g M. oleifera leaf powder which was significantly
different (P≤0.05) from those produced by samples treated to other additive concentrations. D. sammatii leaf
powder was at its best at 10 g concentration level but mushrooms fresh weight sustained by it was however not
significantly different (P≤0.05) from those obtained for the control experiment.Amendments of BL substrates
negatively contributed to the dry weight of the resulting mushrooms as the dry weight values from the control
experiment were significantly (P<0.05) higher.
The highest mean stipe length (5.1 cm) was obtained from mushroom grown on banana leaves
supplemented with 5 g M. oleifera and this was significantly higher (P≤0.05) than those produced on BL
amended with other additives. With respect to stipe girth, BL substrate treated to 15 g D. sammatii produced
mushroom with the biggest stipe diameter (4.8 cm) when compared to other additive concentrations. This was
closely followed by BL treated to 5 g M. oleifera. With reference the number of fruit bodies produced, the
control recorded better results than the treated samples in the BL substrates. However, BL substrates amended
with J. insularis leaf powder recorded better results when compared with samples with other plant additives
especially at 5 g and 10 g concentration levels.
Table 1: Effect of different concentration levels of additives on the growth parameters of Pleurotus ostreatus
grown banana leaves substrates
Treatments Area of pileus (cm2
)/Fresh and dry wt. (g)/Length and girth of stipe (cm)/No. of fruit bodies
(count)
Area of Pileus
(cm2
)
Fresh wt
(g)
Dry wt Length of
stipe
Girth of
stipe
No of fruit
bodies
Control 29.38 18.76 2.33 3.30 2.60 10.00
5 g Diplazium sammatii 3.60 4.16 0.70 1.22 0.83 5.00
10 g Diplazium sammatii 24.99 18.81 1.86 1.00 2.33 5.00
15 g Diplazium sammatii 10.33 10.67 1.08 4.17 2.67 3.00
5 g Justicia insularis 13.11 9.95 0.82 2.61 1.89 8.00
10 g Justicia insularis 23.48 13.84 1.37 2.83 2.17 7.00
15 g Justicia insularis 22.03 11.51 0.94 4.11 2.89 6.00
5 g Moringa oleifera 42.58 21.69 2.11 5.11 4.30 5.00
10 g Moringa oleifera 16.56 12.91 1.22 3.70 2.78 6.00
15 g Moringa oleifera 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LSD 0.66 0.40 0.03 0.09 0.07 0.16
The influence of the different concentrations of the plant additives on P. ostreatus grown on banana
leaves/sawdust (BLSD) composite is presented on Table 2.Control experiments produced mushrooms with
larger pileus size (36.08 cm2
) when compared with results from treated substrates. However, BLSD treated to 15
g M. oleifera performed significantly better than other levels of treatments producing mushrooms with pileus
size as large as 26.74 cm2
. The highest mean fresh weight (20.64 g) was obtained when the substrate was treated
to 10 g J. insularis. Mushrooms with longer stipes (4.90 cm) were produced by the control samples. This was
followed by samples treated to 15 g M. oleifera leaf powder and then the 10 g J. insularis treated samples. Units
amended with all levels of D. sammatii did not support the growth of the test mushroom on BLSD. Assessment
of stipe girth revealed that amendment with 10 g J. insularis exhibited the best results followed by the 15 g M.
oleifera treatment which was, however, comparable with the control experiment but better than what was
obtained in samples treated to other additives.
4. Yield Performances of Pleurotus Ostreatus on Different Growth Substrates as Influence by Some
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1201028488 www.iosrjournals.org 87 | Page
Table 2: Effect of different concentration levels of additives on the growth parameters of Pleurotus ostreatus
grown banana leaves/sawdust substrates
Treatments
Area of pileus (cm2
)/Fresh and dry wt. (g)/Length and girth of stipe (cm)/No. of fruit bodies
(count)
Area of
Pileus
Fresh wt. Dry wt. Length of stipe Girth of
stipe
No of fruit bodies
Control 36.08 17.76 2.39 4.10 3.31 6.00
5 gDiplaziumsammatii 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 gDiplaziumsammatii 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
15 gDiplaziumsammatii 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 gJusticiainsularis 8.15 6.13 0.62 1.40 1.22 2.00
10 gJusticiainsularis 25.09 20.64 1.66 4.40 3.44 8.00
15 gJusticiainsularis 11.93 8.53 0.65 1.78 1.44 2.00
5 gMoringaoleifera 15.91 7.61 0.76 2.06 1.72 1.00
10 gMoringaoleifera 11.74 8.53 0.82 1.22 1.11 5.00
15 gMoringaoleifera 26.74 19.49 1.65 4.80 3.33 7.00
LSD 0.66 0.40 0.03 0.09 0.07 0.16
IV. Discussion
All BL/SD substrates supplemented with D. sammatii leaf powder failed to support growth of the test
mushroom throughout the course of the experiment. This growth inhibitory effect may be as a result of the
synergistic effect of some anti-nutritional components in sawdust and in D. sammatii. Evaluation of the effects
of the three plants additives on the growth parameters of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on two substrates; BL
and BL/SD showed that there were significant variations (P≤0.05) in the various growth parameters tested. The
influence of the different concentrations of the plant additives on P. ostreatus grown on banana leaves/sawdust
(BLSD) composite is presented on Table 2.However, BL substrates amended with J. insularis leaf powder
recorded better results when compared with samples with other plant additives especially at 5 g and 10 g
concentration levels.
Assessment of the influence of substrates and additives on the pileus area, fresh and dry weights of the
mushroom revealed that these parameters recorded higher growth values in BL substrates treated with M.
oleifera leaf powder, especially, at lower concentrations and declined with increasing concentrations of the
additive (Table 1). The largest pileus size (42.48 cm2
) was observed in mushroom produced on BL
supplemented with M. oleifera leaf powder at 5 g concentration. This indicates that the maximum effective
growth support concentration of M. oleifera is 5 g and that beyond this concentration level, the amount of anti-
nutritional factors in the plant powder may have assumed inhibitory levels, hence the growth decline observed in
concentrations above 5 g [18, 20. 19]. Markson et al., (2012), reported similar values for fresh weight when
PKC (palm kernel cake) and GC (groundnut cake) +PKC were added to sawdust for the cultivation of P.
ostreatus. However, in BLSD, increment in the concentration of M. oleifera concomitantly increased growth,
especially, the fresh weight, the stipe length and girth as well as the number of fruit bodies of the test
mushroom. This disparity in the growth performance exhibited by M. oleifera leaf powder in these two substrate
types may be deduced from the contribution from sawdust in the composite substrate. It appears that there are
some substances in sawdust thatcomplement the growth support potentials of the additive and mask the growth
inhibiting effects of M. oleifera at elevated concentrations. It also appears that at concentrations beyond 10 g, M.
oleifera does not add to the growth of some mushroom organs like area of pileus and dry weight. Mshandete and
Kivaisi (2013) reported that the number of fruit bodies increased as the percentage of cow dung was increased.
In BL/SD composite, J. insularis leaf powder was best at 10 g concentration (25.09 cm2
). Though the
control experiment yielded better mushroom growth, but the yield produced by the addition of J. insularis leaf
powder was comparable. The performance of J. insularis is likely a function of the mushroom to effectively
convert the high level of protein contained in the leaf of this plant to body structures. The growth of stipe (length
and girth) was greatly influenced by the addition of 5 g and 15 g M. oleifera to BL and BLSD substrates
respectively. This result is a pointer to the fact that the level of concentration of a certain additive and the
interactions of certain additives and the substrates actually influenced the growth pattern of mushrooms. There
is an observable alignment between additives and substrates, and the additive concentrations as they impact on
growth pattern of the test mushroom. This trend could be exploited for growth of selective organs of interest.
Similar observation was made by Mshandete (2013) in same mushroom. He reported increase in stipe length
with amendment of growth substrates with 30% cow dung.
V. Conclusion
From the findings of this study, it is evident that treatment of BL substrates to 5 g M. oleifera leaf
powder and BL/SD with 10 g J. insularis and 15 g M. oleifera gave maximum yield of the Pleurotus ostreatus.
These vegetables have high potential for utilization as additives or supplements for growing of Pleurotus
5. Yield Performances of Pleurotus Ostreatus on Different Growth Substrates as Influence by Some
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1201028488 www.iosrjournals.org 88 | Page
ostreatus, especially, when using BL as substrates. Specific observations made during this project indicate that
the growth of certain organs of mushrooms can be selectively promoted or suppressed with the right
combinations of substrates and additives at certain concentration levels. This trend of research should be
exploited as it may reveal certain facts about the metabolic pathways that lead to this and possible discovery of
more concerning molecular signaling involving fungal cell organelles. This may give insights into ways where
some key phenotypic characters could be effectively modified using nutrient therapy.
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