This document discusses pesticide use and associated health risks in Gaza Strip, Palestine. It finds that large quantities of pesticides are used annually in Gaza's agriculture, especially for controlling pests on vegetables and fruits. Exposure to some of these pesticides has led to increasing numbers of acute toxic cases and congenital malformations reported in health records. Classification of the pesticides identifies some as extremely or highly toxic. The document examines the need to implement pesticide restriction measures and conduct food residue analysis to address health risks.
The study was planned to assess the correlation between occupational exposure to pesticides and fertilizers and level of Urinary 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and other biochemical parameters among workers of two companies (Kafr El-Zayat Company for pesticides and El-Malyia Company for fertilizers and chemicals) in KafrEl-Zayat district, Egypt. Nineteen participants from pesticides factory (1st group), 17 participants from fertilizers factory (2nd group) and 8 healthy persons were selected from rural region for the study. 8-OHdG levels of pesticide's exposed workers revealed the mean value 10.29 ± 1.60 ng/mg creatinine, but the 2nd group exhibited the
mean value 12.47 ± 2.61 ng/mg creatinine compared with reference group (4.58± 1.03 ng/mg creatinine). The urea level revealed mean values 8.39 ± 0.84 and 13.89 ± 1.63 mg/dl for the 1st and 2nd group, respectively, compared with control group which did not exceed 8.37 ± 1.70 mg/dl. No signifi cant difference obtained in case of uric acid and bilirubin assays, but creatinine levels exhibited lower values than those of control subjects. The correlations between biochemical variables and personal characteristics displayed positive concept with occupational lifespan, exposure period and smoking habits. These fi ndings indicate that 8-OHdG and kidney function measurements may be good and simple biomarkers for assessing occupational exposure to pesticides and fertilizers.
Developmental Anomalies and Oxidative Stress Responses in Zebrafish (Danio Re...Premier Publishers
The discharge of human pharmaceuticals via wastewater treatment plants represents a major threat to non-target aquatic organisms since they are continually exposed throughout their lifespan. The individual effects of the anaesthetic, lidocaine; the cytostatics, ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide; and the antimicrobials, sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin and erythromycin on 24 hpf (hours post fertilization) zebrafish (Danio rerio) following a 96-h exposure was investigated by evaluating embryonic development, catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, and the gene expressions of CAT, cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD1), and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2). Lidocaine, cyclophosphamide and sulfamethoxazole induced neurotoxicity (scoliosis, tail malformation) and cardiotoxicity (pericardial edema, bradycardia) in the zebrafish which correlate with their adverse effects in mammals. These observations were linked to oxidative stress as indicated by the significant alteration of CAT activity and amounts of transcripts of SOD1, SOD2, and CAT. The CAT activity and gene expressions of the antioxidants were significantly upregulated at sublethal and levels of ifosfamide, lidocaine, cyclophosphamide, and erythromycin non-toxic to embryonic development in this study which suggest that these antioxidants may play a role in the prevention of teratogenicity in the larvae. The multi-level effect approach adopted in this study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity employed by lidocaine, cyclophosphamide and sulfamethoxazole towards zebrafish. This study shows the importance of evaluating stress biomarkers and emphasizes the need for chronic studies in assessing pharmaceutical effects on aquatic organisms.
Cytogenetic, Hematological and Enzymes Levels Parameters in the Biomonitoring...inventionjournals
Studies have demonstrated genotoxic effects by the presence of micronucleus in exfoliated cells from the buccal mucosa of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides. This study has assessed the genotoxic effects of pesticides on 61 agricultural workers from the state of Piauí, Brazil. 31 individuals were exposed to pesticides and 30 are from the same area, but were not involved in pesticides application. Cytogenetic damage were evaluated through micronucleus test in cells from the buccal mucosa and some parameters such as hematological and levels of enzymes. Exposed individuals exhibited cytogenetic damage with increased number of micronuclei in cells from the buccal mucosa in comparison with subjects from the control group with significant statistical difference (P < 0.01). We perceive that there is a statistically no significant (P > 0.05) increase in levels of plasmatic and eritrocytaireacetylcholinesterase and no statistically significant increase of phosphatase alkaline were detected in exposed workers in relation to the control group. No association was found in relation to smoking habits, alcohol consumption, protection utensils and the biomarkers analyzed or the biochemical analysis. Analysis of variance revealed a correlation between occupational exposure to pesticides of workers in Piauí and the presence of micronuclei (P < 0.05).
Chemical contaminants form a vast chemical soup in the Great Lakes, and from available data, we know exposure may be cause for concern. This workshop will discuss the threat of “emerging contaminants” in the Lakes, as well as give an overview of research, policy implications and recommendations for moving forward.
The study was planned to assess the correlation between occupational exposure to pesticides and fertilizers and level of Urinary 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and other biochemical parameters among workers of two companies (Kafr El-Zayat Company for pesticides and El-Malyia Company for fertilizers and chemicals) in KafrEl-Zayat district, Egypt. Nineteen participants from pesticides factory (1st group), 17 participants from fertilizers factory (2nd group) and 8 healthy persons were selected from rural region for the study. 8-OHdG levels of pesticide's exposed workers revealed the mean value 10.29 ± 1.60 ng/mg creatinine, but the 2nd group exhibited the
mean value 12.47 ± 2.61 ng/mg creatinine compared with reference group (4.58± 1.03 ng/mg creatinine). The urea level revealed mean values 8.39 ± 0.84 and 13.89 ± 1.63 mg/dl for the 1st and 2nd group, respectively, compared with control group which did not exceed 8.37 ± 1.70 mg/dl. No signifi cant difference obtained in case of uric acid and bilirubin assays, but creatinine levels exhibited lower values than those of control subjects. The correlations between biochemical variables and personal characteristics displayed positive concept with occupational lifespan, exposure period and smoking habits. These fi ndings indicate that 8-OHdG and kidney function measurements may be good and simple biomarkers for assessing occupational exposure to pesticides and fertilizers.
Developmental Anomalies and Oxidative Stress Responses in Zebrafish (Danio Re...Premier Publishers
The discharge of human pharmaceuticals via wastewater treatment plants represents a major threat to non-target aquatic organisms since they are continually exposed throughout their lifespan. The individual effects of the anaesthetic, lidocaine; the cytostatics, ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide; and the antimicrobials, sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin and erythromycin on 24 hpf (hours post fertilization) zebrafish (Danio rerio) following a 96-h exposure was investigated by evaluating embryonic development, catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, and the gene expressions of CAT, cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD1), and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2). Lidocaine, cyclophosphamide and sulfamethoxazole induced neurotoxicity (scoliosis, tail malformation) and cardiotoxicity (pericardial edema, bradycardia) in the zebrafish which correlate with their adverse effects in mammals. These observations were linked to oxidative stress as indicated by the significant alteration of CAT activity and amounts of transcripts of SOD1, SOD2, and CAT. The CAT activity and gene expressions of the antioxidants were significantly upregulated at sublethal and levels of ifosfamide, lidocaine, cyclophosphamide, and erythromycin non-toxic to embryonic development in this study which suggest that these antioxidants may play a role in the prevention of teratogenicity in the larvae. The multi-level effect approach adopted in this study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity employed by lidocaine, cyclophosphamide and sulfamethoxazole towards zebrafish. This study shows the importance of evaluating stress biomarkers and emphasizes the need for chronic studies in assessing pharmaceutical effects on aquatic organisms.
Cytogenetic, Hematological and Enzymes Levels Parameters in the Biomonitoring...inventionjournals
Studies have demonstrated genotoxic effects by the presence of micronucleus in exfoliated cells from the buccal mucosa of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides. This study has assessed the genotoxic effects of pesticides on 61 agricultural workers from the state of Piauí, Brazil. 31 individuals were exposed to pesticides and 30 are from the same area, but were not involved in pesticides application. Cytogenetic damage were evaluated through micronucleus test in cells from the buccal mucosa and some parameters such as hematological and levels of enzymes. Exposed individuals exhibited cytogenetic damage with increased number of micronuclei in cells from the buccal mucosa in comparison with subjects from the control group with significant statistical difference (P < 0.01). We perceive that there is a statistically no significant (P > 0.05) increase in levels of plasmatic and eritrocytaireacetylcholinesterase and no statistically significant increase of phosphatase alkaline were detected in exposed workers in relation to the control group. No association was found in relation to smoking habits, alcohol consumption, protection utensils and the biomarkers analyzed or the biochemical analysis. Analysis of variance revealed a correlation between occupational exposure to pesticides of workers in Piauí and the presence of micronuclei (P < 0.05).
Chemical contaminants form a vast chemical soup in the Great Lakes, and from available data, we know exposure may be cause for concern. This workshop will discuss the threat of “emerging contaminants” in the Lakes, as well as give an overview of research, policy implications and recommendations for moving forward.
Why pick on pharmaceuticals as an environmental "problem"(setac basle 2014)David Taylor
Pharmaceuticals have been singled out for specific attention as environmental pollutants but this is irrational. Pharmaceuticals , once in the environment, are similar to other emerging pollutants and should be treated on a case by case basis Attempts to regulate pharmaceuticals as a class of pollutants are unwarrented.
Pesticides toxicity assessment in occupational workers in Dir Lower, Khyber P...Innspub Net
Pesticides are chemical compounds used to control insects and weeds to enhance food and crops productivity. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of pesticides on health status of dealers and farmers in district Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Blood samples were collected from different groups viz: farmers, dealers (exposed to pesticides), and control (not exposed to pesticides) and the history was recorded on a questioner. For Blood Profiling and Serum Biomarkers analysis, Sysmex Kx-21 (Japan) and Shiamadzu Double Beam Spectrophotometer 1700 Pharma (Japan) were used. Upon pesticides exposure the blood cholesterol, Triglyceride, Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, Uric Acid, Total Lipid, Low density lipoprotein, High density lipoprotein, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration, Platelets and White Blood Cells count were increased in dealers and farmers as compared to control group. While, Hemoglobin, Red Blood Cells, hematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Volume, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin, Lymphocytes and Neutrophils counts decreased in farmers and dealers as compared to control. The present findings suggest that pesticides exposure adversely affect dealers and farmers health status by significantly altering their liver and kidney functions as well as blood biochemistry and hematology.
My presentation titled "Role of Veterinarian in AMR control" ( in the Indian context). The occasion was a webinar organized by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Government of Mizoram, India, coinciding with The World Antimicrobial Awareness Week (WAAW)-2020
Screening Fenugreek genotypes for high callus induction and growth | IJAARInnspub Net
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenume-graecum) is a medicinal herb that has anti-diabetic properties. 4-hydroxyisoleucine, an important metabolite of this plant, is a good candidate for improving hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. In vitro production of metabolites mainly relies on the ability of the tissue culture system to produce more and viable cells with maximum production rate. Callus induction is the first step of establishing plant cell based bioreactors which needs potential genotypes with higher and faster callus production. To find such genotypes, screening them is indispensable. In this research, we screened 21 Iranian landraces of fenugreek for callus induction and growth on MS medium supplemented with some plant growth regulators. The results showed different capacity of the screened genotypes in callus induction (P<0.05). Also, the type of explant had a significant effect on callus induction (P<0.05). Calli were able to produce 4-Hydroxyisulosine 67% of the amount in vivo samples.
Ligand and structure based drug design against antimicrobial resistance induc...Mohit Kumar
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium found usually in the stomach of a person with chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers. More than 50% of the world’s population harbor H. pylori in their upper gastrointestinal tract. About 85% of people infected with H. pylori never experience symptoms or complications. Individuals with chronic gastritis and infected with H. pylori have a 10 to 20% lifetime risk of developing peptic ulcers, MALT lymphoma, the pathogenesis of gastric cancer and several extra-gastric diseases. No vaccines are developed yet and the bacterial antibiotic resistance has been a growing concern. Helicobacter pylori produce virulence and antibiotic resistance through quorum sensing mechanisms by generating AI-2. Inhibition of quorum sensing would be a novel approach for the effective treatment of antibiotic-resistant strains of H. pylori. Chemical nature of AI-2 is furanosyl borate diester which is generated from 4,5-dihydroxy 2,3-pentanedione (DPD). But there are no synthetic congeners of AI-2 and DPD compounds tested against H. pylori till date. Therefore, it is the aim of the present study to design some potent AI-2 and DPD compounds under the framework of pharmacophore modeling.
Cattle Ticks and Risk Factors Related to Tick Infestation of Livestock in Per...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Tick-borne diseases are a global public health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the disease is caused by malaria and many other diseases of viral, parasitic or bacterial origin. This study aimed to identify the bovine tick's species in cattle farms and to determine possible risk factors related to tick infestation in Abidjan district and Azaguié commune. Thus, in July 2019, thirteen (13) herds distributed in these localities were visited for tick sampling and to conduct epidemiological investigations. At each visit, ticks were harvested from 15 cattle per herd. All the farms visited were infested with ticks. 96.92% of sampled animals had ticks. A total of 1796 ticks were collected of which 89.42% (1606) were adults, 10.41% (187) were pupae and 0.17% (3) was larvae. Two species of ticks have been identified, Amblyomma variegatum with 25% of the population and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus with 75%. 96% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species R. (B.) microplus and 56% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species A. variegatum. The co-infestation of cattle by the two identified species was 53%. The distribution of the sexes showed that in the species A. variegatum, males were more numerous (13.44% for males and 8.76% for females). However in the species R. (B.) microplus, females were more numerous (5.08% for males and 62.3% for females).The analysis of risk factors associated with tick infestation in cattle has shown that factors such as Undefined parks, Type of pasture, Training in the use of acaricides and Presence of wild animals contribute to major ectoparasite infestations in cattle. Tick samples collected from peri-urban farms in the district of Abidjan and the locality of Azaguié as part of this study, indicate that the relatively recent introduction of the species Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus presents a threat to animal and human health.
Antimicrobial use in African agriculture and its implicationsILRI
Presentation by Delia Grace, Johanna Lindahl, Hung Nguyen‐Viet, Fred Unger and Tim Robinson at a national information sharing workshop on antibiotic use, management and potential risk of antibiotic resistance, Hanoi, Vietnam, 20 September 2016.
The nutritional composition and fungal spoilage of Dacryodes edulis fruits were carried out in the Department of Forestry/ Environment Laboratory using standard procedures. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments and three replicates. The fungal pathogens isolated from the rotted fruits were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium pallidoroseum, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The predominant spoilage causing fungi were Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (60%) and Aspergillus niger (52%). Proximate analysis revealed that the affected fruits had significantly reduced (P<0.05) quality when compared to the uninfected fruits in terms of carbohydrate content, protein, oil content, moisture, crude fibre and Ash content. This work holds promise on the importance of the nutritional properties of the fruits in screening for rot tolerance and storage stability.
Dr. Walter Crinnion, one of the leading experts on environmental medicine and toxicology, shares his observations on the toxic burden we bear in modern society.
Guidance for Industry and Other StakeholdersToxicological Principles for the...Dmitri Popov
This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) current thinking on this topic. It
does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public.
Classification and evaluation of pesticides used in Palestine based on their ...Premier Publishers
Use of pesticides is still considered as a major way to protect and increase crop yields in the less developed countries, particularly. Palestine is one of the countries in which agricultural production relies on pesticides. Different studies showed that usage of pesticides in Palestine should be more managed and regulated based on their types, toxicities and persistence in environmental components. This study aims to classify and evaluate pesticides used in Palestine - by studying types used during the period of (2012 – 2015) - based on their severity on environment and health. Data about pesticides including types and annual consumption was obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture. Consumption annual variations were noticed, with highest consumption in 2012. The general trend indicated that herbicides contributed half of the average total consumption, whereas tenth of the used pesticides are classified as extremely and highly hazardous chemicals. In addition, two thirds are found to be persistent compounds in soil and three quarters of the types are persistent in water. Further analytical researches on pesticides residues are needed, which will assist policy makers to reformulate the current pesticides' management and controlling system.
E-screen assay validation: evaluation of estrogenic activity by MCF7 cell cul...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Natural and synthetic estrogens have been detected in rivers, lakes and estuaries in many parts of the world. Primary sources of these compounds are domestic and industrial effluents, which are not deleted after the water treatment. Estrogen has been the endocrine disruptor most researched to be very active biologically and be the etiologic agent of diverse types of cancer and other conditions such as endometriosis, precocious puberty, feminization, masculinization, sterility. In this context, we use water of 36 natural reservoirs or dams, in a bioassay to characterize their estrogenicity in culture of MCF7 cells and obtained high concentration of estrogen in samples taken in Ibiúna and Equestrian Santo Amaro / SP. However, certain concentration in our samples for most water samples from different regions was very close to the limit of quantification by bioassay and estrogen was in fmol. It has been shown that e-screen assay with MCF7 cells is a sensitive and stable tool for quantitative analysis of estrogenicity of water and can easily be developed and implemented for routine for estrogen quantification also in animal food and man, aqueous and plastics etc. Keywords— endocrine disrupters, estrogen, breast cancer cells, (MCF7) bioassay: E-screen assay
Why pick on pharmaceuticals as an environmental "problem"(setac basle 2014)David Taylor
Pharmaceuticals have been singled out for specific attention as environmental pollutants but this is irrational. Pharmaceuticals , once in the environment, are similar to other emerging pollutants and should be treated on a case by case basis Attempts to regulate pharmaceuticals as a class of pollutants are unwarrented.
Pesticides toxicity assessment in occupational workers in Dir Lower, Khyber P...Innspub Net
Pesticides are chemical compounds used to control insects and weeds to enhance food and crops productivity. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of pesticides on health status of dealers and farmers in district Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Blood samples were collected from different groups viz: farmers, dealers (exposed to pesticides), and control (not exposed to pesticides) and the history was recorded on a questioner. For Blood Profiling and Serum Biomarkers analysis, Sysmex Kx-21 (Japan) and Shiamadzu Double Beam Spectrophotometer 1700 Pharma (Japan) were used. Upon pesticides exposure the blood cholesterol, Triglyceride, Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, Uric Acid, Total Lipid, Low density lipoprotein, High density lipoprotein, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration, Platelets and White Blood Cells count were increased in dealers and farmers as compared to control group. While, Hemoglobin, Red Blood Cells, hematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Volume, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin, Lymphocytes and Neutrophils counts decreased in farmers and dealers as compared to control. The present findings suggest that pesticides exposure adversely affect dealers and farmers health status by significantly altering their liver and kidney functions as well as blood biochemistry and hematology.
My presentation titled "Role of Veterinarian in AMR control" ( in the Indian context). The occasion was a webinar organized by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Government of Mizoram, India, coinciding with The World Antimicrobial Awareness Week (WAAW)-2020
Screening Fenugreek genotypes for high callus induction and growth | IJAARInnspub Net
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenume-graecum) is a medicinal herb that has anti-diabetic properties. 4-hydroxyisoleucine, an important metabolite of this plant, is a good candidate for improving hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. In vitro production of metabolites mainly relies on the ability of the tissue culture system to produce more and viable cells with maximum production rate. Callus induction is the first step of establishing plant cell based bioreactors which needs potential genotypes with higher and faster callus production. To find such genotypes, screening them is indispensable. In this research, we screened 21 Iranian landraces of fenugreek for callus induction and growth on MS medium supplemented with some plant growth regulators. The results showed different capacity of the screened genotypes in callus induction (P<0.05). Also, the type of explant had a significant effect on callus induction (P<0.05). Calli were able to produce 4-Hydroxyisulosine 67% of the amount in vivo samples.
Ligand and structure based drug design against antimicrobial resistance induc...Mohit Kumar
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium found usually in the stomach of a person with chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers. More than 50% of the world’s population harbor H. pylori in their upper gastrointestinal tract. About 85% of people infected with H. pylori never experience symptoms or complications. Individuals with chronic gastritis and infected with H. pylori have a 10 to 20% lifetime risk of developing peptic ulcers, MALT lymphoma, the pathogenesis of gastric cancer and several extra-gastric diseases. No vaccines are developed yet and the bacterial antibiotic resistance has been a growing concern. Helicobacter pylori produce virulence and antibiotic resistance through quorum sensing mechanisms by generating AI-2. Inhibition of quorum sensing would be a novel approach for the effective treatment of antibiotic-resistant strains of H. pylori. Chemical nature of AI-2 is furanosyl borate diester which is generated from 4,5-dihydroxy 2,3-pentanedione (DPD). But there are no synthetic congeners of AI-2 and DPD compounds tested against H. pylori till date. Therefore, it is the aim of the present study to design some potent AI-2 and DPD compounds under the framework of pharmacophore modeling.
Cattle Ticks and Risk Factors Related to Tick Infestation of Livestock in Per...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Tick-borne diseases are a global public health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the disease is caused by malaria and many other diseases of viral, parasitic or bacterial origin. This study aimed to identify the bovine tick's species in cattle farms and to determine possible risk factors related to tick infestation in Abidjan district and Azaguié commune. Thus, in July 2019, thirteen (13) herds distributed in these localities were visited for tick sampling and to conduct epidemiological investigations. At each visit, ticks were harvested from 15 cattle per herd. All the farms visited were infested with ticks. 96.92% of sampled animals had ticks. A total of 1796 ticks were collected of which 89.42% (1606) were adults, 10.41% (187) were pupae and 0.17% (3) was larvae. Two species of ticks have been identified, Amblyomma variegatum with 25% of the population and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus with 75%. 96% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species R. (B.) microplus and 56% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species A. variegatum. The co-infestation of cattle by the two identified species was 53%. The distribution of the sexes showed that in the species A. variegatum, males were more numerous (13.44% for males and 8.76% for females). However in the species R. (B.) microplus, females were more numerous (5.08% for males and 62.3% for females).The analysis of risk factors associated with tick infestation in cattle has shown that factors such as Undefined parks, Type of pasture, Training in the use of acaricides and Presence of wild animals contribute to major ectoparasite infestations in cattle. Tick samples collected from peri-urban farms in the district of Abidjan and the locality of Azaguié as part of this study, indicate that the relatively recent introduction of the species Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus presents a threat to animal and human health.
Antimicrobial use in African agriculture and its implicationsILRI
Presentation by Delia Grace, Johanna Lindahl, Hung Nguyen‐Viet, Fred Unger and Tim Robinson at a national information sharing workshop on antibiotic use, management and potential risk of antibiotic resistance, Hanoi, Vietnam, 20 September 2016.
The nutritional composition and fungal spoilage of Dacryodes edulis fruits were carried out in the Department of Forestry/ Environment Laboratory using standard procedures. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments and three replicates. The fungal pathogens isolated from the rotted fruits were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium pallidoroseum, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The predominant spoilage causing fungi were Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (60%) and Aspergillus niger (52%). Proximate analysis revealed that the affected fruits had significantly reduced (P<0.05) quality when compared to the uninfected fruits in terms of carbohydrate content, protein, oil content, moisture, crude fibre and Ash content. This work holds promise on the importance of the nutritional properties of the fruits in screening for rot tolerance and storage stability.
Dr. Walter Crinnion, one of the leading experts on environmental medicine and toxicology, shares his observations on the toxic burden we bear in modern society.
Guidance for Industry and Other StakeholdersToxicological Principles for the...Dmitri Popov
This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) current thinking on this topic. It
does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public.
Classification and evaluation of pesticides used in Palestine based on their ...Premier Publishers
Use of pesticides is still considered as a major way to protect and increase crop yields in the less developed countries, particularly. Palestine is one of the countries in which agricultural production relies on pesticides. Different studies showed that usage of pesticides in Palestine should be more managed and regulated based on their types, toxicities and persistence in environmental components. This study aims to classify and evaluate pesticides used in Palestine - by studying types used during the period of (2012 – 2015) - based on their severity on environment and health. Data about pesticides including types and annual consumption was obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture. Consumption annual variations were noticed, with highest consumption in 2012. The general trend indicated that herbicides contributed half of the average total consumption, whereas tenth of the used pesticides are classified as extremely and highly hazardous chemicals. In addition, two thirds are found to be persistent compounds in soil and three quarters of the types are persistent in water. Further analytical researches on pesticides residues are needed, which will assist policy makers to reformulate the current pesticides' management and controlling system.
E-screen assay validation: evaluation of estrogenic activity by MCF7 cell cul...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Natural and synthetic estrogens have been detected in rivers, lakes and estuaries in many parts of the world. Primary sources of these compounds are domestic and industrial effluents, which are not deleted after the water treatment. Estrogen has been the endocrine disruptor most researched to be very active biologically and be the etiologic agent of diverse types of cancer and other conditions such as endometriosis, precocious puberty, feminization, masculinization, sterility. In this context, we use water of 36 natural reservoirs or dams, in a bioassay to characterize their estrogenicity in culture of MCF7 cells and obtained high concentration of estrogen in samples taken in Ibiúna and Equestrian Santo Amaro / SP. However, certain concentration in our samples for most water samples from different regions was very close to the limit of quantification by bioassay and estrogen was in fmol. It has been shown that e-screen assay with MCF7 cells is a sensitive and stable tool for quantitative analysis of estrogenicity of water and can easily be developed and implemented for routine for estrogen quantification also in animal food and man, aqueous and plastics etc. Keywords— endocrine disrupters, estrogen, breast cancer cells, (MCF7) bioassay: E-screen assay
Pesticides play a sensitive role in food systems. we can see a visible parallel correlation between higher productivity, high chemical input use and environmental degradation and human health effects. There is need to be aware of pesticides pollution, its impact and make policies for its reduction.
Two research articles on pesticides in cambodia 2011 02 28 vs 07 2011Scheewe
Brief discussion of the implication of two articles concerning pesticide use in vegetable production in Cambodia and effects on pesticide resiues in market vegetables.
Using pheromones to control and monitor stored grain pests is a technology applied in different countries. The present review identified the primary compounds used to prevent or monitor stored grain pests, their chemical structures, functional groups and attraction mechanisms. We discuss the aspects of historical evolution, the geographic distribution of research on stored grain pests, the methodological approaches used in developing this research, the strategies used to control and monitor these pests, and the chemical synthesis of the compounds used as pheromones. We found 109 published articles that reported data on pheromones. Aggregation and sexual pheromones were the most used for control and monitoring. The surveys were distributed across six continents; most studies were conducted in North America. Laboratory studies were the most common, followed by field studies. Management using pest monitoring was the most common. Different synthetic routes were observed when conducting the studies. These works showed the improvement of these synthetic routes to obtain pheromone constituents. This review highlighted the main aspects of using pheromones for controlling or monitoring stored grain pests.
Toxicology testing, also known as safety assessment, or toxicity testing, is conducted to determine the degree to which a substance can damage a living or non-living organism. It is often conducted by researchers using standard test procedures to comply with governing regulations, for example for medicines and pesticides. Much toxicology is considered to be part of the field of preclinical development. Stages of in vitro and in vivo research are conducted to determine safe doses of exposure in humans before a first-in-man study. Toxicology testing may be conducted by the pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology companies or contract research organizations.
Drug development is a high-risk enterprise. The typical new drug takes 10-12 years to get to market and costs up to $500 million. Pharmaceutical companies face continually increasing challenges in drug development— shorter product life cycles, global competition, as well as daunting technical and regulatory hurdles. Meanwhile, as a result of the Human Genome Project and high throughput drug development methods, there are many more drug candidates to test. Thus, there is growing pressure on pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies.
Abstract— After the II Word War, the chemical based industrial revolution generated a wide and global contamination due to the release in the environment of thousand of compounds without an adequate knowledge of their environmental biotransformation and their toxic effect on the living matter. Recently, it has been found that several of these compounds and/or their relative by-products are persistent environmental contaminants associated with undesirable long-term effects. At present many questions have to be clarified with particular reference to lipophilic polyhalogenated compounds, such as polychloro-dibenzo-dioxins (PCDD), polychloro-dibenzo-furans (PCDF) and polychloro-biphenyls (PCB). These compounds accumulate up the food chain and humans can reach relative high concentration in their body with a consequent risk for health. In this paper we discuss the some basic features of both biological and toxicological aspects related to the dioxins exposure.
Effect of glyphosate herbicide on the behavior of soil arthropods in non-orga...Salah Hussein
The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the glyphosate
application on the population of soil arthropods (collected with pitfall and
Berlese funnels) and their diversity after application of herbicide. Results
of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps showed that glyphosate
herbicide has played a great role in detecting the activity of different
groups of soil arthropods with different reduction percentages. In insects
caused -23.7%, mites +48.8%, other arthropods -66.7% and total
population -23.3% reduction. Also glyphosate herbicide reduced the
diversity from 2.2 (ShanoonWiner values) to 1.6, as well as the equitability
%, from 46.6 % in pretreatment to 28.5% in post treatment. While it
caused a highly significant increase in the insect's population with
+55.26%, the other arthropods with +38.4%, and the total population of
soil arthropods with +54.04% in systemic groups of soil arthropods
extracted with Berlese funnel. However the population of mites extracted
with Berlese funnel was reduced with 80%. From results it could
concluded that glyphosate herbicide reduced all soil arthropods systemic
groups except mites collected with pitfall traps. However, it considerable
reduction effect was observed in mite populations collected with Berlese
funnel after application of glyphosate in tomato non organic system. This
reduction may be as a result of less food availability (e.g. plant roots) and
decreased green plant cover.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Taurus Zodiac Sign_ Personality Traits and Sign Dates.pptxmy Pandit
Explore the world of the Taurus zodiac sign. Learn about their stability, determination, and appreciation for beauty. Discover how Taureans' grounded nature and hardworking mindset define their unique personality.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Remote sensing and monitoring are changing the mining industry for the better. These are providing innovative solutions to long-standing challenges. Those related to exploration, extraction, and overall environmental management by mining technology companies Odisha. These technologies make use of satellite imaging, aerial photography and sensors to collect data that might be inaccessible or from hazardous locations. With the use of this technology, mining operations are becoming increasingly efficient. Let us gain more insight into the key aspects associated with remote sensing and monitoring when it comes to mining.
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
India Orthopedic Devices Market: Unlocking Growth Secrets, Trends and Develop...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, “India Orthopedic Devices Market -Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2030”, the India Orthopedic Devices Market stood at USD 1,280.54 Million in 2024 and is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of 7.84% in the forecast period, 2026-2030F. The India Orthopedic Devices Market is being driven by several factors. The most prominent ones include an increase in the elderly population, who are more prone to orthopedic conditions such as osteoporosis and arthritis. Moreover, the rise in sports injuries and road accidents are also contributing to the demand for orthopedic devices. Advances in technology and the introduction of innovative implants and prosthetics have further propelled the market growth. Additionally, government initiatives aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure and the increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases have led to an upward trend in orthopedic surgeries, thereby fueling the market demand for these devices.
Skye Residences | Extended Stay Residences Near Toronto Airportmarketingjdass
Experience unparalleled EXTENDED STAY and comfort at Skye Residences located just minutes from Toronto Airport. Discover sophisticated accommodations tailored for discerning travelers.
Website Link :
https://skyeresidences.com/
https://skyeresidences.com/about-us/
https://skyeresidences.com/gallery/
https://skyeresidences.com/rooms/
https://skyeresidences.com/near-by-attractions/
https://skyeresidences.com/commute/
https://skyeresidences.com/contact/
https://skyeresidences.com/queen-suite-with-sofa-bed/
https://skyeresidences.com/queen-suite-with-sofa-bed-and-balcony/
https://skyeresidences.com/queen-suite-with-sofa-bed-accessible/
https://skyeresidences.com/2-bedroom-deluxe-queen-suite-with-sofa-bed/
https://skyeresidences.com/2-bedroom-deluxe-king-queen-suite-with-sofa-bed/
https://skyeresidences.com/2-bedroom-deluxe-queen-suite-with-sofa-bed-accessible/
#Skye Residences Etobicoke, #Skye Residences Near Toronto Airport, #Skye Residences Toronto, #Skye Hotel Toronto, #Skye Hotel Near Toronto Airport, #Hotel Near Toronto Airport, #Near Toronto Airport Accommodation, #Suites Near Toronto Airport, #Etobicoke Suites Near Airport, #Hotel Near Toronto Pearson International Airport, #Toronto Airport Suite Rentals, #Pearson Airport Hotel Suites
Buy Verified PayPal Account | Buy Google 5 Star Reviewsusawebmarket
Buy Verified PayPal Account
Looking to buy verified PayPal accounts? Discover 7 expert tips for safely purchasing a verified PayPal account in 2024. Ensure security and reliability for your transactions.
PayPal Services Features-
🟢 Email Access
🟢 Bank Added
🟢 Card Verified
🟢 Full SSN Provided
🟢 Phone Number Access
🟢 Driving License Copy
🟢 Fasted Delivery
Client Satisfaction is Our First priority. Our services is very appropriate to buy. We assume that the first-rate way to purchase our offerings is to order on the website. If you have any worry in our cooperation usually You can order us on Skype or Telegram.
24/7 Hours Reply/Please Contact
usawebmarketEmail: support@usawebmarket.com
Skype: usawebmarket
Telegram: @usawebmarket
WhatsApp: +1(218) 203-5951
USA WEB MARKET is the Best Verified PayPal, Payoneer, Cash App, Skrill, Neteller, Stripe Account and SEO, SMM Service provider.100%Satisfection granted.100% replacement Granted.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Human health risks impact of pesticide application
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
199
Human Health Risks: Impact of Pesticide Application
Yasser El-Nahhal1
, Abed Alkareem Radwan2
1. Dept of Earth and Envirnmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, The Islamic University-Gaza
2. Faculty of Nursc of Nursing, The Islamic University-Gaza, Gaza, Palestinian National Authority (PNA),
Palestine. Email: y_el_nahhal@hotmail.com; Cell phone 00970599634708
Abstract
This article reviews the application of pesticides in Gaza Strip, Palestine and discusses its associated health risks.
This study is based on data collection and analysis.
Data showed that large quantities of pesticides are used in Gaza Strip and the quantities are increased annually.
Analyzing the data indicates that large numbers of pesticides are used for controlling different types of pests.
Some pesticides are restricted by law but are available in the local market. Classification of pesticides according
to its biological activity indicates that insecticides are the largest uses among other pesticides. Reviewing the
acute poisonous cases in health records indicates that the reported acute toxic cases were among local farmers in
Gaza and the number of acute toxic cases increased annually indicating direct health risks associated with
pesticide use. In addition, the increased number of congenital malformation among the newborns indicates
indirect health risks. Moreover, the number of cancer cases in Khan Younis governorate indicates a positive
association with pesticide use. Classification of pesticides according to WHO standards identified extreme toxic
pesticides (e.g parathion), highly toxic (dichlorvos), moderately toxic (malathion) and less toxic ones. These
Pesticides have a wide range of octanol-water partitioning coefficient (Kow, log P) values (-0.8 - 6.6), which
results in a variety of storage and transport patterns in human bodies. They may move from the storage sites (e.g
fat bodies) via partitioning to other parts of the human body. A pesticide with high Kow log P value (hydrophobic)
such as Fenvalerate can be stored in fat containing particles and be released in milk secretion exposing fetus,
mother, and infants to health risks. A satisfactory solution to these problems is the implementation of restriction
measures and the performance of frequent pesticide residue analysis of food samples.
Key words: Contamination, health risk, toxicology, log Kow value.
1. Introduction
Synthetic pesticides have been widely used for many years ago. For instance more than
18,000 pesticide products were licensed for use, and each year about 2 billion pounds of pesticides are applied to
different places (Environmental Protection Agency 2002).
The application of pesticides has greatly contributed to the increase of world food and improved the human and
animal health.
However, this application may have resulted in human health impacts. It has been documented that occupational
exposure to pesticides resulted in an annual incidence of 18 cases of pesticide-related illness for every 100,000
workers in the United States (Calvert et al. 2004). Moreover the non- occupational exposure to pesticides may
have side effects to non-target organism, including humans.
However, direct application of pesticide resulted in the accumulation of pesticides residues in vegetable and/or
fruit samples in many countries. For instance, Malhat et al., (2013a) evaluated the residues of kresoxim methyl in
apple and found that the terminal residues of kresoxim methyl were below the FAO/WHO maximum residue
limit (MRL, 0.2 mg/kg) in apple when measured 14 days after the final application. In addition, Malhat et al.
(2013b) determined etoxazole residues in in apples, strawberries and green beans by solid phase extraction
clean-up and HPLC-DAD and found considerable concentrations but they were below Egyptian maximum
residue limit. Mandour (2012) studied the contamination of ground water with insecticides in Egypt. His results
confirmed the presence of high concentrations of insecticides, including organonitrogenous and organochlorine
in tap drinking surface and ground water.
Osman et al., (2010) determined pesticide residues in vegetables marketed in Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia
and found that 55% of the samples contained different residues in which 60% of the contaminated samples
contained residues above the maximum residue limit,
Barakat et al., (2013) determined and identified 25 Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 29 polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment samples collected from 34 locations in Lake Qarun. They concluded that
according to the established sediment quality guidelines, OCPs (e.g. γ-HCH, endrin and chlordanes) would be
more concerned OCP species for the ecotoxicological risk in Lake Qarun. Malhat and Nasr (2011) monitored the
concentration of organophosphorus pesticides in fish samples from different tributaries of the Nile River in
Egypt. They found considerable concentrations of Chloropyrifos, cadusafos, diazinon, prothiphos and malathion
were detected in fish tissues samples at level below the maximum residue limit.
Moreover, Mahmoud et al., (2013) determined organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the edible offal of Egyptian
2. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
200
buffalo and found that Tongues had the highest concentration of OCPs in a comparison to livers and kidneys in
the examined samples. Somia and Madiha (2012) studied the pathological effects of dichlorvos and fenitrothion
in mice and found that both insecticides caused degenerative changes in the liver and kidney of mice.
Furthermore, Elserougy et al., (2013) detected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in placental and breast milk
(BM) samples donated from healthy lactating mothers in Egypt. Amer et al., (2002) studied skin diseases among
workers exposed to pesticides. Dermatological findings were positive in 78%, 76% and 54% of workers exposed
to organophosphates, pyrethroids and carbamate pesticides respectively.
However, pesticides residues in food samples are hot topics in many countries. For instance in Egypt (Abbassy,
2001; Dogheim et al., 2001; Saleh et al., 1996), Jordan (Al-Nasir et al., 2001) Palestine ( Safi et al., 2001a,b),
Kuwait (Sawaya et al., 1999, 2000) Iran (Sdergern et al., 1978) and Pakistan (Tahir et al., 2001).
Furthermore, the indirect application of pesticides resulted in the accumulation of pesticide residues in many
food samples. For instance: 1) honey samples (Boxter and Saliba 1996, Al-Rifai and Akeel, 1997), 2) human
milk (Dagher et al., 1999; Alawi et al., 1992; Saleh et al., 1998; Dogheim et al., 1996; Hashemy et al., 1977), 3)
chichen eggs (Hashemy and Mosstofian 1979), and 4) fish (Paz 1976; Dogheim et al 1996a; El-Zorgani 1980).
Serious problems to non-target organisms and human beings leading to a number of pathological and disturbed
biochemical processes (Abu-Murad 2000; Rashatwar and Ilyas 1984; Rambabu and Rao 1994; Soliman et al.,
1997; Amr et al., 1997; Safi et al., 1993, Safi 2002) and toxicity to cycnobacteria (Kerkez 2012) and Fish (El-
Najjar 2013).
The best-documented health effects involve the nervous system. The neurotoxic consequences of acute high-
level pesticide exposure are well established: Exposure is associated with a range of symptoms as well as deficits
in neurobehavioral performance and abnormalities in nerve function (Keifer and Mahurin 1997). Pesticide
exposure may also be associated with increased risk of neurodegenerative disease, particularly Parkinson disease
(Le Couteur et al. 1999).
This paper investigates the application of pesticides and surveys the acute and the non-acute toxic effects, and
discusses their health-related risk.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Description of the study area
Gaza strip, the southern part of Palestine, a semiarid land of total area of 365 km2
lies on the Mediterranean sea .
About 181 km2
is considered as a cropland and is dominated by vegetables (tomato, cucamber, peper) and fruits
(citrus,graps). Farmes use intensive agriculture via green house technology. Due to the growing population,
many of green houses are being established each year to protvide sufficient amounts of vegetables.
These agricultural practices use large amounts of pesticides which may be harmfull to the local population.
2.2 Data collection
Pesticides data: Several meetings with officials from Ministry of agriculture were conducted. In these meetings
raw data of pesticides were handled. The data were classified according to historical information, target group,
chemical class, and lethal dose that kill 50% of tested organisms (LD50).
Pesticide markets in Gaza Strip were surveyed by site visits to the shops. These shops were licensed by Ministry
of agriculture in Gaza, Palestine.
Data on the acute and non-acute toxic effect of pesticides were collected from the health Department, local
hospitals and with direct meeting with the technical staff working in the hospitals and/or private clinics. The data
were screened, historically arranged and presented in a suitable way to provide a good data unit.
2.3 Field visits: several field visits were conducted to the agricultural land to view the application of pesticides
by farmers. Some photos were collected.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Pesticide use in Gaza
The amounts of pesticides used in Gaza are shown in Table 1.
3. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
201
Table 1. Quantities (ton) of pesticides used in the past years
Year Herbicide Insecticide Fungicide Soil sterilants Total
2002 9.86 95.58 123.91 303.00 532.35
2005 20.44 56.71 74.34 300.70 452.19
2006 24.94 55.27 55.65 111.60 247.46
2007 18.80 35.58 43.27 93.80 191.45
2008 18.20 49.65 42.20 193.60 303.65
2009 39.43 139.34 123.69 394.40 696.86
2010 18.78 144.68 99.63 162.40 425.49
It can be seen that the amounts of herbicides used in Gaza increased from year 2002 up 2006. Then sharp a
reduction in herbicide use was observed in the following year except that in 2009. In contrast, the used amounts
of insecticide and fungicide were high in the year 2002 and sharp reductions in the amount used were observed
up to the year 2008 followed by a sharp increase in following year (Table 1). The amount of soil sterilants used
followed the same trend. Furthermore, in Figure 1 the total amount of pesticide used in the last 10 years is
presented.
Figure 1. Total amounts of pesticides used in the last ten years in Gaza
It is obvious from Figure 1 that the amount of soil sterilants is the largest among all, whereas the amount of
herbicides is the lowest among all. The reason for that is the application rate of soil sterilants is several times
larger than that of herbicide. Furthermore, it can be seen that the amounts of insecticides and fugicides are nearly
equal to each other and several fold larger than that of herbicides. The explanation of these results is that farmers
used herbicides one time a year whereas insecticides and fungicides are used several times a year due to
intensive agriculture. Similar observations were seen in the surrunding countries (Mansour 2008). Furthermore,
surveying the pesticide market provides detailed information on the current situation of pesticide names, and
chemical groups and distribution of selling shops. More details are shown in Table 2-3.
Table 2. Distribution of pesticide shops in Gaza Strip
Place selling shops
South zone (Rafah + Khan Younis) 53
Meddle zone 21
Gaza City 13
North zone 22
It is obvious that a large number of pesticide selling shops (109) are distributed all over Gaza Strip area. This is
due to the agricultural nature of Gaza Strip. Beside the fact that large quantities of pesticides are used in the
public health sector for controlling mosquitoes and flies by different municipalities in Gaza Strip. Table 3
provides more details on the active ingredients of pesticides
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Herbicide Insecticide Fungicide Soil
sterilant
AmountofPesticdes(Ton)
Type of Pesticide
4. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
202
Table 3. Names of pesticide and their target groups used in Gaza.
Insecticides Herbicides Fungicides Rodenticide Soil Sterilants
Chlorfluazuron Prometryne Propineb Bromadiolone Methm Sodium
Abamectin Bentazone Penconazole Coumatetralyl Methy bromide
Methamidophos Oxyfluorfen Chlorothalonil Metaldehyde
Cyhexatin 2,4-D Carbendazim
Chlorpyrifos Metamitron Tetraconazole
Novaluron Oxadiazon Sulphur
Bifenazat Pendimethalin Trifloxystrobin
*Fenamiphos *Bromacil Mancozeb
*Imidacloprid *Alachlor Sulphur
*Acetamiprid *Atrazine *Thiophanate
methyl
*Methyl-Parathion *Terbutryne
*Carbaryl *Cyhexatin
It can be seen that at least 12 insecticides, 12 herbicides, 10 fungicides, 3 rodenticide, and 2 soil sterilants are
used annually in Gaza. However, reviewing the records of WHO and Ministry of Agriculture in Palestine, it
appeared that some pesticides are internationally banned or have a restricted use but are still available for use in
Gaza pesticide market. These pesticides are marked with a star (*) to indicate a restriction on use. Furthermore,
physicochemical properties and LD50 values of these pesticides are shown in Table 4. It is obvious that the
solubility of the listed pesticides in Table 4 ranges from insoluble and/or few micrograms/l (e.g. Cypermethrin)
to very soluble (solubility equal to 57.9 g/l, Methomoyl). This variety in solubility gives different leaching
potentials and a possibility of growndwater conatamination in Gaza. The solubility value of the pesticide above
30 mg/l may have the potential for growndwater conatmination as previously reported (Williams et al, 1988).
Accordingly, large fraction of the pesticides listed in Table 4 may contaminate the ground water in Gaza.
However, there are other factors such as soil type Kow log P. However, the value of Kow log P ranges from (-0.8)
to (6.6). These values in soil may result in a retention of the pesticides in the soil due to the possibility of binding
to the soil organic matter and/or clay fraction. In the way around, the pesticide that has a high value of Kow log P
(e.g.6.6, Cypermethrin) may result in a variety of storage and transport patterns in human bodies and create
health problems. Moreover, the value of Henry constant (KH) has a direct rule in the environmental fate of
pesticides in Gaza. However, KH values range from 2*10-10
(e.g Imidacloprid) to 3.5 as in Metaldehyde. These
varations enabled different environmental fates of pesticdes in Gaza. In addition the 50% degradation (DT50)
ranges from few days 4d as in Matam Sodium to large number of days as in Atrazine (200d). This indicates
persistence of some pesticides in Gaza. Moreover, the acute lethal dose that kill 50% of the tested organisms
(LD50) of the listed pesticides in Table 4 ranged from extremely toxic pesticide (e.g parathion with LD50 equals
to 2mg/kg), high toxic (Dichlorvos 50 mg/kg), moderate toxic (Cypermethrin with LD50 equals to 250 mg/kg)
and less toxic one (Oxyfluorfen with LD50 equals to 5000 mg/kg). According to the values of LD50, it is
expected that some poisonous cases, direct effect of pesticide application, and congenital malformation cases
occurred from one year to another. Table 5, provide cases of poisonous and congenital malformation. Studies of
pesticide neurotoxicity have typically evaluated either the long-term effects of pesticide poisoning or the effects
of occupational exposure. Pesticide poisoning may go undiagnosed, especially among farm workers with poor
access to medical care (Moses et al. 1993) and particularly among women (London et al. 2002).
6. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
204
Reviewing the health records showed that only the acute poisoning cases are admitted in the hospital for urgent
medical care. These cases are reported in Table 5. The non-acute toxic cases are medically treated and sent
back home. These cases are not registered in the health record. In addition, pesticide training courses on the safe
and effective use of pesticides were conducted to the farmers. Accordingly, a reduction of poisonous cases
among farmers is observed (Table 5). Moreover, the number of congenital malformation among children (Table
5) is increased annually. These data are in accordance with the increasing amount of pesticide used in Gaza
(Table 1). These data are nearly similar to those reported in Egypt (Mansour 2008). The explanation of these
results is that the application of pesticides resulted in accumulation of pesticides residues in vegetable and/or
fruit samples (Malhat et al., 2013a,b, Osman et al., 2010) and contamination of groundwater (Mandour 2012).
These residues have been shown to be stored in the human body and released again in milk secretion and
placental samples in lactating mothers (Elserougy et al.,2013). It has been found that pesticide residues caused
damage to livers and kidneys of Egyptian buffalo (Mahmoud et al., 2013), pathological degenerative changes in
the liver and kidney of mice (Somia and Madiha , 2012) and skin diseases among workers exposed to pesticides
(Amer et al., 2002). These data support our suggestion that the growing incidence of congenital malformation
among the children is strongly correlated with pesticide application and/or consumption of food samples
contaminated with pesticide residues.
Table 5. Number of poisonous and congenital malformation cases reported in Gaza Strip
Year Acute poisonous Congenital malformation
2008 49 20
2009 40 32
2010 32 45
2011 25 Na
Total 164 97
Na= not available
3.2 The dynamics of pesticides in the human body
The hydrophobic nature of pesticides (Table 4) allows them to accumulate in the adipose tissues and redistribute
to different organs in the human bodies. The dynamics and the fate of pesticide in the human body are primarily
controlled by a combination of factors such as transports, subsequent residence time, metabolism, concentration
and physicochemical properties, sex, age, species, tissue and the integrity of the detoxifying organ especially
liver and kidney. The most important physicochemical properties regarding the behavior of hydrophobic organic
pesticides are aqueous solubility and octanol water partitioning coefficient (Kow).
The pesticides listed in Table 4 have a wide range of log Kow values starting from relatively hydrophilic, Oxamyl,
(Kow=-0.44) to extremely hydrophobic, Cypermethrin, (Kow=6.6). Consequently, the pesticides of high Kow
values (e.g. Cypermethrin, Azocyclin) may be stored in human adipose tissues at different rates due to log Kow
variations, which control differences in bio-transformation or execration.
Due to the high fat content of the breast, it tends to be a suitable organ to accumulate and store highly
hydrophobic organic contaminants. This may result in a very slow rate of elimination of pesticide (Matsumura,
1985). The partitioning of these chemicals in the adipose may protect them from metabolism by the active
enzymes and make the reaction with DNA of the cells easier. The dynamics of pesticide in the human body may
result in a distribution and/or transfer of pesticide from high concentration level (e.g. mothers) to a low level
acceptor (e.g. stillbore, infants). Accordingly, the adipose tissue may act as a sink of the pesticide in the human
body. An evidence of dynamic movements of contaminants is that their diffusion out through milk secretion.
Previous analysis found high concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons (HCB, alpha, beta and gama
BHC,DDT, DDE) in milk secretions from nursing women (Saleh et al.,1996; Dagher et al., 1999; Saeed et al.,
2000). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxines, polychlorinated dibenzo-furans and polychlorinated biphenyls were
found in the human milk (Tunstra et al., 1994; Beck et al., 1994; Gonzalez et al., 1996; Kiviranta et al., 1999;
Malisch et al., 2000; Yang et al., 2002). Further evidence of dynamic movements of pesticides (e. g.
organochlorine compounds) is that their detection in the body of infants. For instance organochlorine were
found in newborn in America (O’Leary et al.,1970), Canada (McLeod et al., 1971), Israel (Polishuk et al., 1977)
India (Saxena et al., 1981, Siddiqui and Saxena 1985), Western Slovakia (Rosival et al., 1983) and Japan (Ando
et al., 1985).
These findings suggest that the distribution and partitioning of pesticides from mother to infants may occur
through milk secretion.
An alternative mechanism is that the pesticide moves from mother to stillborn through placenta. Previous reports
found organochlorine contaminants in tissues of stillborns, and cord blood of the newborn babies and in the
7. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
205
human placenta (Curley et al., 1969; Polishuk et al., 1970). Polishuk et al. (1977) found greater concentrations of
DDT, HCH and polychlorenated biphenyls in the lipids of human fetal blood than in the lipids of maternal blood.
These findings reflect the prenatal exposure resulting from the transplacental passage of these contaminants.
However, the movement of the contaminants through the placenta depends on its Kow value. However,
contaminants of low Kow (2.31) such as carbaryl can cross the placenta and rapidly be distributed in all fetal
tissues (Strother and Wheeler 1980).
However, the distribution of contaminants in the human body is controlled by Kow value. Thus, the serum
concentration of contaminants is positively correlated to the bulk concentration in the adipose tissues. This
process may result in an even distribution of pesticide residues to different fat containing organs. Previous
analysis (Petreas et al., 2004) did not report significant difference between the concentrations of a contaminant in
the breast and in the abdominal adipose tissues. However, the fraction of the contaminants found in the blood
serum may be adsorbed on the surface of the blood cells or be partitioned again with the lung tissue resulting in a
leukemia, lung cancer, and other malignant tumers. Whereas the fraction of the contaminant remained in the
adipose (e.g. breast) may develop a breast cancer.
However, the movements of the organic pesticide from the source (e.g. mother) to the acceptor (e.g. fetus, infant)
may occur through one or more of the following modes:
1. Simple diffusion, pesticides of high hydrophobicity such as Chlorfluazuron (Table 4) can cross the placenta
from regions of high concentrations (mother) to regions of low concentrations (fetus) up to equilibrium balance.
2. Facilitated diffusion, placental transfer or milk secretion, may also occur in accordance with the concentration
gradients but more rapidly than simple diffusion.
3. Active transport, contaminant transfers opposite an electrochemical gradient and requires the expenditure of
metabolic energy.
4. Special processes, these movements include, phagocytosis, pinocytosis and a break in the placental barriers.
However, the movement of organic contaminants such as pesticides from mother to their fetus was early
described by Ginsburg, (1971), Klaassen, (1986) and Salama, (1993) who reported similar mode of transfer.
3.3 Potential health risk associated with pesticide contamination
The dynamics of pesticide residues in the human body may be a matter of serious concern to public health
especially for pregnant women, their fetus and their new babies. It has been shown that mother age can influence
the accumulation of pesticide residues in circulating blood and its subsequent transfer to the fetus. A long life
span may cause a great accumulation of contaminants (Salama et al., 1993). Mothers with high concentration of
pesticide residues may transfer a fatal concentration to stillborn through cordial code which may result in a late
abortions of pregnancy, or via milk recreation result in health risk to infants. These pesticide residues may have
resulted in a serious health problems to non-target organisims and human beings leading to a number of
pathological and disturbed biochemical processes (Abu Murad, 2000, Rashatwar and Ilyas 1984, Rambabu and
Rao 1994, Soliman et al., 1997, Amer et al., 1997, Safi et al., 1993, Safi 2002). Olszyna-Marzys (1978) reported
prenatal and postnatal intoxication of the infants with hexachlorobenzene in Turkey and methylmercury in Iraq
due to the consumption of fungicide-treated seed wheat by pregnant and lactating mothers. The growing
incidence of cancer cases among the children in Lebanon (average cancer cases 786 case/year) (El Saghir et al.
1998) might be attributed to the consumption of contaminated milk samples with pesticide residues (Elserougy et
al., 2013). Furthermore, DDE and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were detected in blood serum samples
collected from 43 females diagnosed with invasive adenocarcinoma of the breast, Port Said region of Egypt
(Ahmed et al. 2002). The concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls in breast adipose tissue was possitively
correlated with the fish consumption in Canada (Paris-Pombo et al., 2003). Recent study (El-Nahhal and
Harrarah 2013) showed an increased number of cancer cases in Khan Younis governorate. This indicates a
positive association with pesticide use and/or agrochemicals due to the agricaltural nature of Khan Younis
governorate.
Extremely toxic pesticides, which have LD50 values less than 20 mg/kg, (Aldicarb, parathion, carbufuran, and
monocrotophos) may be a cause of deathes to infants and children in Palestine (MOH 2001). A positive
association was found between the pattern of food consumption and the increasing incidence of coronary heart
disease in Saudi Arabia (Musaiger, 2002).
El-Hag et al. (2002) found that Carcinoma of breast, lymphomas and leukemias, in Saudi Arabia. However, the
cases reported in Saudi Arabia may be attributed to the consumption of high fat food (Musaiger 2002) which
might be contaminated with mycotoxin (Al-Julafi and Al-Fatih, 2001) and/or poly aromatic hydrocarbon (Al-
Saleh and Al-Doush, 2002). These data are similar to those found in Palestine (Safi et al., 1993; Safi 2002) and
correlated as consequences of overuse of banned pesticides.
4. Concluding remarks
Pesticides are commonly used in the agricultural sectors for pest control. Thus direct application of pesticides
8. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
206
may result in the contamination of food, soil and groundwater. The pesticides in Gaza are insecticides, herbicides,
fungicides, rodenticides and soil sterilants. The quantities of insecticides and fungicides were higher than
herbicides. Poisonous cases in Gaza are among the farm workers and the number of cases reduced annually. In
contrast, the number of congenital malformation among the children is increased annually indicating indirect
health risks.
The pesticides in Gaza belong to different chemical groups with a hydrophobic or hydrophilic nature. The
hydrophobic ones may be accumulated in the fat tissue in the body and be built up to toxic or genotoxic levels.
Pesticide can move in the human body by different ways and reach the fetus and be a cause of death. The
movement of pesticide through milk secretion may be a cause of infant mortality due to the pre-maturity or low
birth weight, malignant neoplasm for children or breast cancer. However, these contaminants may be of high risk
exposure to women as shown by a number of breast cancer cases developed in Palestine (Safi 2002) and Egypt
(Ahmed et al., 2002). However, the variation of physicochemical properties especially Kow Log P values of
pesticides (Table 4) make the partitioning and distribution quite different. Accordingly, the health risk is a
pesticide dependent. It becomes obvious that a strong positive correlation may exist between the pesticide
application and the growing incidence of non communicable diseases (cancer cases or heart disease) in Saudi
Arabia, Egypt, Lebanon and Palestine.
The following steps may be implemented to reduce the health risk associated with pesticide application: 1)
reduction of pesticide use to the minimum level; 2) pesticide residue analysis for vegetable, fruit samples before
harvesting and marketing; 3) Analysis of the breast milk during the nursing period to avoid infant exposure to
contaminated milk mainly with pesticide; and 3) Consumption of fat free food.
5. Acknowledgement
Dr. El-Nahhal acknowledges Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung/ Foundation Fellowship Grant no
IV-PAL/1104842 STP, Germany
Reference
Amer M, Metwalli M, Abu el-Magd Y. Skin diseases and enzymatic antioxidant activity among workers
exposed to pesticides. East Mediterr Health J. 2002;8(2-3):363-373.
Abbassy, M. S. 2001. Pesticide residues in selected vegetables and fruits in Alexandria City, Egypt, 1997-1998.
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 67:225-232
Abu Mourad, A. T. 2000. Hematological biomarkers of exposure in pesticide workers in Gaza Strip. Master
thesis, Al-Quds University. Palestine.
Ahmed, M. T., N. Loutfy and E. El Shiekh. 2002. Residue levels of DDE and PCBs in the blood serum of
women in the Port Said region of Egypt. J. Hazard. Mater. 89:41-48
Alawi, M. A., N. Ammari and Y. Al-Shuraiki. 1992. Organochlorine pesticide contamination in human milk
samples from women living in Amman, Jordan. Archi. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 23:235-239.
Al-Julaifi, M. Z. and A. M. Al-Falih 2001 Detection of trichothecenes in animal feeds and foodstuffs during the
years 1997 to 2000 in Saudi Arabia. J. Food Prot. 64:1603-1606.
Al-Nasir, F., A. G. Jiries, M. I. Batarsech and F. Beese. 2001. Pesticides and trace metals residue in grape and
home made wine in Jordan. Environ. Monit. Assess. 66:253-263.
Al-Rifai, J, and N. Akeel. 1997. Determination of pesticide residues in imported and locally produced honey in
Jordan. J. Apic. Res. 36:155-161.
Al-Saleh, I. and I. Al-Doush. 2002. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determination of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons in five species of fish from three sites in the Arabian Gulf. Int. J.
Environ. Health Res. 12 :193-200.
Amr, M. M., Z. S. Halim and S. S. Moussa. 1997. Psychiatric disorders among Egyptian pesticide applicators
and formulators. Environ. Res. 73:193-199.
Ando, M.;Hirano, S.; Itoh, Y. 1985. Transfer of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) from mother to newborn baby
through placenta and milk. Arch. Toxicol 56:195-201.
Barakat AO, Khairy M, Aukaily I. Persistent organochlorine pesticide and PCB residues in surface sediments of
Lake Qarun, a protected area of Egypt. Chemosphere. 2013 ;90(9):2467-2476.
Beck H.; Drossa A.; Mather W. 1994. PCDD and PCDF exposure and levels in humans in Germany. Environ.
Health Prespect 102: 173-185.
Boxter, Y and R. Saliba. 1996. Determining residues of bromopropylate, coumpaphos and fluvalinate in lebanese
hony after 12 years of treatment against varoatoses. Proce. First Arab apicultural Congress Beirut
Lebanon.
Calvert, G.M.; Plate D. K.; Das, R.; Rosales, R.; Shafey, O. & Thomsen, C. (2004). Acute occupational
pesticide-related illness in the U.S. 1998-1999: Surveillance findings form the SENSOR-pesticides
9. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
207
Program. An. J. Ind. Med., 45., 14-23.
Curley, A.; Copeland, M. F.; Kimbrough, R.D. 1969. Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in organs of stillborn
and blood of newborn babies. Arch. Environ. Health.19:628-632.
Dagher, S. M., S. R. Talkouk, S. S. Nasrallah, I. R. Tannous and and S. M. Mroueh. 1999. Relationship of
dietary intake to DDE residues in breast milk of nursing mothers in Beirut. Food Addit. Contam.
16:307-312.
Dogheim, S. M., A. S. Gad Alla and M. A. El-Marsafy. 2001.Monitoring of pesticide residues in Egyptian fruits
and vegetables during 1996. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 84: 519-531.
Dogheim, S. M., A. S. Gad Alla, A. S. El-Syes, M. M. Almaz and E Y.Salama. 1996a. Organochlorine and
organophosphorus pesticide residues in food from Egyptian local markets. J. Assoc. Off. Anal.
Chem. 79:949-952.
Dogheim, S.M., El-Z. Mohamed, A. S. Gad Alla, S. El-Saied, Y. S. Emel, M.A. Mohsen, M. S. Fahmy.
1996. Monitoring of pesticide residues in human milk, soil, water, and food samples collected
from Kafr El-Zayat Governorate. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 79:111-116
El Hag, I. A., R. Katchabeswaran, C. L. Chiedozi and M. S. Kollur. 2002. Pattern and incidence of cancer in
Northern Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med. J. 23:1210-1213.
El-Nahhal, Y., Harrarah, S. (2013) Contamination of groundwater and associated disease:case study from Khan
Younis Governorate, Gaza, PNA. Journal of Environment and Earth Science 3,5:147-154.
EL-Najjar H. Sh. (2013) Eco-toxicity of Carbaryl, Chlorpyrifos, and Diuron, as Individual and in Mixtures on
Daphnia magna and Tilapia nilotica. M.Sc Thesis,The Islamic University – Gaza – Palestine
El Saghir, N. S., S. Adib, A. Mufarrij, S. Kahwaji, A. Taher, P. Issa and A. I. Shamseddine. 1998. Cancer in
Lebanon: analysis of 10,220 cases from the American University of Beirut Medical Center. J. Med.
Liban. 46:4-11.
Elserougy S, Beshir S, Saad-Hussein A, Abouarab A. Organochlorine pesticide residues in biological
compartments of healthy mothers. Toxicol Ind Health. 2013 ;29(5):441-448.
El-Zorgani, G. A. 1980. Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fishes in Sudan. J Environ. Sci. Health
B.15:1091-1098.
Ginsburg, J. 1971. Placental drug transfer. J. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 11:387-391
Gonzales M. J.; Jimenez B.; Hemandez L.M.; Gonnored M. F. 1996. Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in human
milk from population in Madrid and Paris. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 56:196-204.
Hashemy-Tonkabony, S. E. and F. Fateminassab. 1977. Chlorinated pesticide residues in milk of Iranian nursing
mothers. J. Dairy Sci. 60:1858-1860.
Hashemy-Tonkabony, S. E. and B.Mosstofian. 1979.Chlorinated pesticide residues in chicken egg. Poult. Sci.
58:1432-1434.
Keifer M, Mahurin R. 1997. Chronic neurologic effects of pesticide overexposure. Occup Med 12:291–304.
Kerkez S. (2012) Potential Toxicity of the Herbicides: Diuron, Diquat, Terbutryn and their Mixtures to
Cyanobacterial Mats, Wadi Gaza, Palestine. M.Sc Thesis,The Islamic University – Gaza – Palestine
Kiviranta H.; Purkunen R.; Vartiainen T. 1999. Levels and Trends of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in human milk in
Finland. Chemosphere 38:311-323.
Klaassen, C.D. 1986. Distribution, excretion, and absorption of toxicants. In: The basic Science of Poisining.
C.D. Klaassen, M.O. Amdur, J. Doull (eds). 3rd
ed. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, Toronto
and London. p.33.
Le Couteur DG, McLean AJ, Taylor MC, Woodham BL, Board PG. 1999. Pesticides and Parkinson’s disease.
Biomed Pharmacother 53:122–130.
London L, De Grosbois S, Wesseling C, Kisting S, Rother H, Mergler D. 2002. Pesticide usage and health
consequences for women in developing countries: out of sight, out of mind. Int J Occup Environ
Health 8:46–59.
Malisch R.; Bruns-Weller E.; Knoll A.; Furst P.; Mayer R.;Wiesmuller 2000. Results of “emergency quality
control study” as confirmation of PCDD/PCDF-contamination of milk samples. Chemosphere
40:1033-1040.
Mahmoud AF, Darwish WS, Morshdy AE, Eldaly EA, Ikenaka Y, Ishizuka M. (2013) Determination of
organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the edible offal of Egyptian buffalo. Jpn J Vet Res.;61
Suppl:S58-63.
Malhat F, Kamel E, Saber A, Hassan E, Youssef A, Almaz M, Hassan A, Fayz Ael-S. (2013a) Residues and
dissipation of kresoxim methyl in apple under field condition. Food Chem.;140(1-2):371-4. doi:
10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.050. Epub 2013 Feb 24.
Malhat F, Badawy H, Barakat D, Saber A. (2013b) Determination of etoxazole residues in fruits and vegetables
by SPE clean-up and HPLC-DAD. J Environ Sci Health B. 2013;48(5):331-5. doi:
10. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
208
10.1080/03601234.2013.742371.
Malhat F, Nasr I. Organophosphorus pesticides residues in fish samples from the River Nile tributaries in Egypt.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011;87(6):689-692.
Mandour RA. Existence of insecticides in tap drinking surface and ground water in Dakahlyia Governorate,
Egypt in 2011. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2012;3(1):27-32.
Mansour S.A. 2008 Pesticide Impacts in Egypt. In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,
D.M. Whitacre (ed.) Vol 196, 1 pp 1-51.
Matsumura, F. 1985. Toxicology of insecticides. Plenum Press, New York and London. p.368.
McLeod, H. A.; Grant, D. T.; Phillips, W. E. J. 1971. Pesticide residue and metabolites in placenta. Can. J. Pub.
Health. 62:341-344.
Ministry of Health (MOH), PCR and HMIS 2002. Ministry of Health, Ramalla, Cancer mortality, Cancer, 1995-
2000. Palestine.
Moses M, Johnson ES, Anger WK, Burse VW, Horstman SW, Jackson RJ, et al. 1993. Environmental equity
and pesticide exposure. Toxicol Ind Health 9:913–959.
Musaiger, A. O. 2002. Diet and prevention of coronary heart disease in the arab middle East countries. Med.
Princ. Pract. 11:9-16.
O’Leary, J.A., Davis, J. E.; Edmundson, W. F.; Reich, G. A. 1970. Transplacental passage of pesticides.
Am J.Obstet. Gynecol. 107:65-69
Olszyna-Marzys, A. E. 1978. Contaminants in human milk. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 67:571-576.
Osman KA, Al-Humaid AM, Al-Rehiayani SM, Al-Redhaiman KN. Monitoring of pesticide residues in
vegetables marketed in Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2010;73(6):1433-
1439.
Paris-Pombo A, Aronson KJ, Woolcott CG, King WD. 2003 Dietary predictors of concentrations of
polychlorinated biphenyls in breast adipose tissue of women living in Ontario, Canada. Arch
Environ Health. 58(1):48-54.
Paz, J. D. 1976. Preliminary study of the occurrence and distribution of DDT residues in the Jordan watershed,
1971. Pestic. Monit. J. 10:96-100.
Polishuk, Z. W.; Wassermann, M.; Wassermann, D.; Groner, Y.; Lazarovici, S.; Tomatis, L. 1970. Effects of
pregnancy on the storage of organochlorine insecticides. Arch. Environ. Health. 20:215-217.
Polishuk, Z. W.; Wassermann, D.; Wassermann, M.; Cucos, S.; Ron, M. 1977. Organochlorine compounds in
mother and fetus during labor. Environ. Research. 13:278-284.
Rambabu, P. J. and M. B. Roa. 1994. Effect of organochlorine and three organophosphate pesticides on glucose,
glycogen, lipid and protine contents in tissues of freshwater snails Bellamya Dissilis (Muller).
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 53:142-148.
Rashtwar, S. S. and I. Ilyas. 1984. Effect of phosphomidon in a freshwater teleost fish Nemachelius denisonii
(Day) histopathological and biochemical studies. J. Environ. Biol. 5:1-8.
Rosival, L., Szokolay, A., Grunt, J. 1983.Transplacental passage of pesticides into human embryo. Czech. Med.
6:1-6
Saeed, T., N. W. Sawaya, N.Ahmad, S. Rajagopal, B. Dashti and A. Al-Awadhi.2000. Assessment of the levels
of chlorinated pesticides in breast milk in Kuwait. Food Addit. Contam. 17: 1013-1018.
Safi, J. 2002. Association between chronic exposure to pesticides and recorded cases of human malignancy in
Gaza Governorates (1990-1999). Sci. Total Environ. 284: 75-84.
Safi, J., N. Abu Foul, Y. El-Nahhal and A. El-Sebae. 2001a. Monitoring of pesticide residues on cucumber,
tomatoes and strowberries in Gaza Governarates, Palestine. Nahrung/Food 46:34-49
Safi, J., N. Abou Foul, Y. El-Nahhal and A. El-Sebae. 2001b. Monitoring of pesticide residues on green pepper,
potatoes, Vicia faba, green bean and green peas in Gaza Governarate (PNA), Palestine. J. Pest Cont.
Environ. Sci.9 (1):55-72.
Safi, J., Y. El-Nahhal, A. S. Soliman and A. H. Elsebae. 1993. Mutagenic and carcinogenic pesticides used in the
Gaza Strip Agricultural Environmental. Sci. Total Environ. 132: 371-380.
Salama, K. A.; Bakry, M.N.; Abou-Donia, B.M. 1993. A review article on placental transfer of pesticides. J.
Occup. Med. Toxicol. 2:383-397.
Saleh, M. H., M. A. Afify and A. Kamel. 1998. Mother’s milk protein profile, a possible biomarker for human
exposure to insictecides. J. Environ. Sci. Health B. 33:645-655.
Saleh, M. H., M. A. Afify, A. Ragab, G. El-Baroty, A. Kamel and A. K. El-Sebae. 1996. Breast milk as a
biomarker for monitoring human exposure to environmental pollutants ACS. p 114-125. In:
Biomarkers for Agrochemicals and Toxic Substances: Application and Risk Assessment.
Washington D.C.
Sawaya, W. N., A. F. Al-Awadhi, T. Saeed, A. Al-Omair, N. Ahmad, A. Husain, S. Khalafawi, H. Al-Omirah, B.
11. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
209
Dashti, H. Al-Amiri and J. Al-Saqer. 1999. Kuwait’s total diet study: dietary intake of
organochlorine, carbamate, benzimidazole and phenylurea pesticide residues. J. Assoc. Off. Anal.
Chem. 82:1458-1465.
Sawaya, W. N., A. F. Al-Awadhi, T. Saeed, A. Al-Omair, A. , N. Ahmad, H. Al-Omirah, S. Al-Zenki, S.
Khalafawi, J. Al-Otaibi and H. Al-Amiri. 2000. Dietary intake of organophosphate pesticides in
Kuwait. Food Chem. 69: 331-338.
Sdergren, A, R. Djirsarai, M. Gharbzadeh and A. Moinpour. 1978. Organochlorine residues in aquatic
environments in Iran, 1974. Pestic. Mont. J. 12:81-86.
Soliman, A. S., A. M. Smith, P. Cooper, K. Ismail, H. Khaled, S. Ismail, S. R. McPherson, A. I. Seifeldin and L.
M. Bondy. 1997. Serum organochlorine pesticide levels in patients with colorectal cancer in Egypt.
Arch. Environ. Health. 52:409-415.
Saxena, M. C.; Siddiqui, M.K.J.; Bhargava,A.K.; Krishnamurti, C. R.; Kutty, D. 1981. Placental transfer of
pesticides in humans. Arch. Toxicol. 48:127-134.
Siddiqui, M.K.J.; Saxena, M. C. 1985. Placenta and milk as excretory routs of lipophilic pesticides in women.
Hum. Toxicol.4:249-255.
Somia el-M, Madiha FPathological effects of dichlorvos and fenitrothion in mice. Pathol Res Pract.
2012 ;208(5):286-2891.
Strother, A.; Wheeler, L. 1980. Excretion and deposition of 14
C-carbaryl in pregnant, nonpregnant, and fetal
issues of the rat after acut administration. Xenobiotica 10:113-118.
Tahir. S., T. Anwer, I. Ahmad, S. Aziz, A. Mohammad and K. Ahad. 2001. Determination of pesticide residues
in fruits and vegetables in Islamabad market. J. Environ. Biol. 22:71-74.
Tomlin, S. C. 2000. The Pesticide Manual. Twelfth Edition. British Crop Protection Council, Surry, UK.
Tunstra L.G.M.T.; Tragg W.A.; Rhji J.A.V.; Spreng P.F.V.D 1994. The Dutch PCB/Dioxin study, development
of a method for determination of dioxins, planar and other PCBs in human milk. Chemosphere
29:1959-1875.
Yang J.; Shin D.; Park S.; Chang Y.; Kim D.; Ikonomou M. G. 2002. PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs concentrations
in breast milk from 2 area in Korea: body burden of mothers and implications for feeding infants.
Chemospher 46:419-428.
Williams W., P. Holden, D. Parsons, M. Lorber. (1988) Pesticides in Ground Water Data Base, Interim Report.
Washington: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs.
U.S. EPA office of pesticides programs (2002). F.Y 2002 Annual report Willhington, DC: US.
12. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR PAPERS
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for
submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission
instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/
The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified
submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than
those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the
journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar