This paper reviews mushrooms. In this paper, nutritional and medicinal values, other uses of mushrooms were discussed. Mushrooms have been important in human history as food, as medicine, as legands, and in folk lore and religion. Mushrooms are basically consumed for their texture and flavor. They have recently become attractive as health - beneficent food and as sources for the development of drugs. Many higher mushrooms are known to contain a number of biologically active components that show promising antitumor and immunomodulating, cardiovascular, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic and antidiabetic effects. Nutritional value of mushrooms lies between that of meat and vegetables. The rich source of proteins, vitamins and minerals and low in fat content (2-8%) unique chemicals constitution of mushrooms makes them low calorie food 8 and choice diet for those suffering from hypertension, arthrosclerosis, diabetes, obesity. Mushrooms play a role in the development of new biological remediation techniques and filtration technologies (e.g. using fungi to lower bacterial levels in contaminated water). From the review it was observed that developing countries should harness the potentials of mushrooms as this would boost the revenue income and healthy living. It is hoped that this paper would add to existing information on this fungus
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. This discipline includes fundamental research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents.
Microorganisms are small organisms invisible to the naked eye because of their extremely small size.They are grouped into various groups like Bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses.
Many of these organisms are useful to human and nature while some are harmful and even cause diseases.
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. This discipline includes fundamental research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents.
Microorganisms are small organisms invisible to the naked eye because of their extremely small size.They are grouped into various groups like Bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses.
Many of these organisms are useful to human and nature while some are harmful and even cause diseases.
The use of Macroalgae as a Feed Supplement in Fish Dietsijtsrd
Alternative feed additives must be able to supply comparable nutritional value at a competitive cost. Land based crops, especially grains or oilseeds, have been favored alternatives due to their low costs, and have proved successful when they were used as substitutes of the fishmeals. A variety of herbs and spices have been successfully used in fish culture as growth promoters and immune stimulants in recent years. Algae, including both macroalgae seaweeds and microalgae e.g. phytoplankton , and which are popularly thought of as plants', would be good candidates to serve as alternatives to fishmeals. Therefore it can be difficult to make usual generalizations about the nutritional value of these diverse group of organisms. It is necessary to consider particular qualities of specific algae group using in fish meals. Latife Ceyda Irkin "The use of Macroalgae as a Feed Supplement in Fish Diets" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26538.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/26538/the-use-of-macroalgae-as-a-feed-supplement-in-fish-diets/latife-ceyda-irkin
The use of modern biotechnology to modify food for human consumption is an undeniable source of unlimited possibilities. These types of technologies allow the development not only of the products themselves but also the optimization in their production process. Nutritionally enhanced crops are undoubtedly a solution to end with worldwide malnutrition as well as to ease some chronic diseases. Other foods, such as microorganisms or dietetic additives, may be a food source which provides nutritious, abundant and environmentally friendly products. Moreover, taking advantage of edible coating in order to preserve food, products can be supplemented with extra properties. This development may certainly be a solution to many society’s problems, but in order to do that, it has first to cope with the skepticism that it supposes.
This paper aimed at evaluating biotechnology concerning its application. Major areas of applications identified in the literature are environment, medicine, agriculture, food processing, and industry. Therefore, this review report tries to touch all the aspects of biotechnology in the field. Biotechnology has applied to food processing in most developing countries makes use of microbial inoculants to enhance properties such as the taste, aroma, shelf-life, consistency, and nutritional value of foods/dairy products. Biotechnological approaches are applied to enhance the nutritional, functional and sensory attributes of food in milk, meat, fish, and beverage processing industries. The targeted use of biotechnological methods can, amongst other things, help reduce the quantity and number of unhealthy ingredients in foods as well as remove allergenic substances
Epigenetics, the microbiome and the environmentfathi neana
An epigenome consists of a record of the chemical changes to the DNA and histone proteins of an organism. These changes can be passed down to an organism's offspring via transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Epigenetics, Gut microbiome and the Environment interplay like a vicious triad.
1- The epigenome is highly sensitive to external environment
2- The epigenome is highly sensitive to internal environment (Microbiome)
3- The microbiome (internal environment) is affected by the external environment
Care of the microbiome seems to be a personal issue but as it is affected by the external environment the issue must be global and a worldwide campaign have to be started.
Segenet Kelemu - African edible-insects: diversity and pathway to food and n...SIANI
Segenet Kelemu, Director General of ICIPE (African Insect Science for Food and Health) about the potential of insects as a way to improve food security and nutrition
Abstract:Biodiversity is one of the earth’s greatest treasures. Compared to plants and animals, microbes are least explored since they are mostly considered as pathogens and very little is known about their beneficial potentiality. Hence, there arises an urgent need to raise the public awareness about its economic value by taking effective measures in exploiting and conserving the microbial diversity. An attempt has been made to discuss about the strategy of microbial screening and its applications along with future innovative practices that has to be undertaken in order to conserve its diversity. Microbiologists have just begun to isolate and study microbial life for a better understanding of its role in ecology. Only <1% of microbes in the world have been explored. Proper strategy has to be followed to study the microbial diversity which includes habitat selection, microbial isolation methods, polyphasic taxonomy studies and its application in varied fields. Apart from ex situ and in situ conservation, several innovative initiatives such as new long-term infrastructure funding mechanisms to foster multidisciplinary involvement of microbial biodiversity research centers in collaboration with collections, education and training programmes on taxonomic studies in schools and colleges, creation of repository for cultivated collections and a reference library creation of integrated center for data management and analysis, ultimately leading to national microbial diversity management policy creation.
Keyword: application, innovative initiatives. polyphasic taxonomy, screening, strategy, management policy.
The use of Macroalgae as a Feed Supplement in Fish Dietsijtsrd
Alternative feed additives must be able to supply comparable nutritional value at a competitive cost. Land based crops, especially grains or oilseeds, have been favored alternatives due to their low costs, and have proved successful when they were used as substitutes of the fishmeals. A variety of herbs and spices have been successfully used in fish culture as growth promoters and immune stimulants in recent years. Algae, including both macroalgae seaweeds and microalgae e.g. phytoplankton , and which are popularly thought of as plants', would be good candidates to serve as alternatives to fishmeals. Therefore it can be difficult to make usual generalizations about the nutritional value of these diverse group of organisms. It is necessary to consider particular qualities of specific algae group using in fish meals. Latife Ceyda Irkin "The use of Macroalgae as a Feed Supplement in Fish Diets" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26538.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/26538/the-use-of-macroalgae-as-a-feed-supplement-in-fish-diets/latife-ceyda-irkin
The use of modern biotechnology to modify food for human consumption is an undeniable source of unlimited possibilities. These types of technologies allow the development not only of the products themselves but also the optimization in their production process. Nutritionally enhanced crops are undoubtedly a solution to end with worldwide malnutrition as well as to ease some chronic diseases. Other foods, such as microorganisms or dietetic additives, may be a food source which provides nutritious, abundant and environmentally friendly products. Moreover, taking advantage of edible coating in order to preserve food, products can be supplemented with extra properties. This development may certainly be a solution to many society’s problems, but in order to do that, it has first to cope with the skepticism that it supposes.
This paper aimed at evaluating biotechnology concerning its application. Major areas of applications identified in the literature are environment, medicine, agriculture, food processing, and industry. Therefore, this review report tries to touch all the aspects of biotechnology in the field. Biotechnology has applied to food processing in most developing countries makes use of microbial inoculants to enhance properties such as the taste, aroma, shelf-life, consistency, and nutritional value of foods/dairy products. Biotechnological approaches are applied to enhance the nutritional, functional and sensory attributes of food in milk, meat, fish, and beverage processing industries. The targeted use of biotechnological methods can, amongst other things, help reduce the quantity and number of unhealthy ingredients in foods as well as remove allergenic substances
Epigenetics, the microbiome and the environmentfathi neana
An epigenome consists of a record of the chemical changes to the DNA and histone proteins of an organism. These changes can be passed down to an organism's offspring via transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Epigenetics, Gut microbiome and the Environment interplay like a vicious triad.
1- The epigenome is highly sensitive to external environment
2- The epigenome is highly sensitive to internal environment (Microbiome)
3- The microbiome (internal environment) is affected by the external environment
Care of the microbiome seems to be a personal issue but as it is affected by the external environment the issue must be global and a worldwide campaign have to be started.
Segenet Kelemu - African edible-insects: diversity and pathway to food and n...SIANI
Segenet Kelemu, Director General of ICIPE (African Insect Science for Food and Health) about the potential of insects as a way to improve food security and nutrition
Abstract:Biodiversity is one of the earth’s greatest treasures. Compared to plants and animals, microbes are least explored since they are mostly considered as pathogens and very little is known about their beneficial potentiality. Hence, there arises an urgent need to raise the public awareness about its economic value by taking effective measures in exploiting and conserving the microbial diversity. An attempt has been made to discuss about the strategy of microbial screening and its applications along with future innovative practices that has to be undertaken in order to conserve its diversity. Microbiologists have just begun to isolate and study microbial life for a better understanding of its role in ecology. Only <1% of microbes in the world have been explored. Proper strategy has to be followed to study the microbial diversity which includes habitat selection, microbial isolation methods, polyphasic taxonomy studies and its application in varied fields. Apart from ex situ and in situ conservation, several innovative initiatives such as new long-term infrastructure funding mechanisms to foster multidisciplinary involvement of microbial biodiversity research centers in collaboration with collections, education and training programmes on taxonomic studies in schools and colleges, creation of repository for cultivated collections and a reference library creation of integrated center for data management and analysis, ultimately leading to national microbial diversity management policy creation.
Keyword: application, innovative initiatives. polyphasic taxonomy, screening, strategy, management policy.
Importance of cinnamon as a growth and immunity promoter in Ctenopharyngodon ...Innspub Net
Aquaculture practices always strive for the betterment of human lives and for providing cheaper resources for fish production. As fish is the most common food source all over the world, its sustainable production is very important. The use of herbs provides a cheaper way towards the progress of aquaculture. Herbs are used in place of expensive chemicals and growth enhancers. Like others, cinnamon is also a good alternate for growth chemicals. Cinnamon is an aggregate of many related species with different names depending on the environmental conditions of different landmasses. Cinnamon contains many compounds and chemicals which are important for fish growth. Cinnamon when added to fish feed makes the fish fight against stress and grow healthy than before. Cinnamaldehydes, polyphenols, carbohydrates, flavonoids, etc., boost up the immune system of fish and act as an important antioxidant and antibiotic species. It fastens the growth rate of fish and enhances the other growth and blood parameters as compared to other aquaculture systems using chemicals. Moreover, the use of cinnamon as a growth and immunity promotor is cheaper and environmentally friendly.
Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicina...ijtsrd
Use of herbal medicines is propagating day-by-day and several tribes still rely upon this green treasure against their ailments. Being unfortunate to the environment, invasive plants species hold supreme remedies that are unique. Besides ethnoremedial uses they embrace anticancerous, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antitubercular and other pharmacological attributes in them. In the present review, authors aimed to compile the segregated ethnomedicinal information of invasive plant species. The literature study revealed a significant ethnoremedial importance of invasive alien weeds that may serve to establish a ground for future researchers to explore in pharmacognostic field with safe and natural drug resource. Shaiphali Saxena | P. B. Rao"Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Attributes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11636.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/11636/invasive-alien-plants-valuable-elixir-with-pharmacological-and-ethnomedicinal-attributes/shaiphali-saxena
Mushrooms are nature's hidden treasures of nutrition. Many people like them for their satisfying meaty taste and their versatility. But are they really good for you? The answer is yes! In fact, you will be surprised to learn about the nutritional benefits of mushrooms. For thousands of years, mushrooms have been used in eastern medicine for their various health benefits.
Phytochemical Analysis and Mineral Content of Ethanol Extract of Citrullus la...Premier Publishers
This study examined the phytochemical and elemental content of water melon (Citrullus lanatus) bark. The sample was spread in the laboratory to dry at room temperature after which it was grounded to get a coarse powder form using sterile mortar and pestle. The extracts (ethanol and aqueous) were subjected to phytochemical and elemental analysis using standard procedures. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloid, saponins, oxalates, flavonoids, steroid, phytates and glycoside while the quantitative phytochemical screening indicated the contents of tannins to be (1.360g/100g), alkaloid (3.965 g/100g), saponins (1.380 g/100g), oxalates (3.675 g/100g), flavonoids (1.145g/100g), steroid (1.080g/100g), phytates (3.160g/100g) and glycoside (4.490 g/100g). The elemental analysis showed that the extracts contains Ca (0.025±0.002mg/100g), K (0.065±0.001mg/100g), Fe (0.189±0.007mg/100g), Zn (0.263±0.005mg/100g), Mg (1.771±0.005 mg/100g), Mn (0.670 ±0.003mg/100g), Na (0.033±0.001mg/100g), and Cu (0.245±0.003mg/100g) however Cr was not detected. The results of this study showed that the ethanol extract of C. lanatus contain bioactive compounds which might be responsible for pharmacological actions of the plant and the plant can also serve as a source of mineral elements in diet.
Antioxidant properties of some leafy and non leafy vegetables in west africaAkinbobola Akinwemoye
This is a seminar report on the Antioxidant properties of some leafy and non leafy vegetables in west africa. Get my contact on http://www.livestocking.com/p/contact-us.html to get a copy of this.
Hepatoprotective and stress - reducing effects of dietary Moringaoleifera ext...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and stress-reducing effects of Moringaoleifera extract against A. hydrophila infection and transportation- induced stress in Nile tilapia, Oreochromisniloticus fingerlings. Fish were fed diets representing different supplementation levels of Moringaoleifera leaf extract. The graded levels of M. oleifera leaf extract were 0.00g (control), 0.05g, 0.10g, 0.15g, 0.20g, 0.25g per 100g for each diet. After six weeks of the feeding trial, fish previously fed each experimental diet were exposed to pathogenic strain of Aeromonashydrophila at a concentration of 9.3 × 105 CFU /mL. After bath exposure, fish from each dietary treatment was placed into the aquaria culture system. They were fed their respective diets at 5% body weight twice daily, and mortality was monitored for the remaining 4 weeks of the feeding trial. After the feeding trial, fish previously fed each experimental diet were kept in plastic tanks for a 2-hour journey. Blood and liver samples were collected for hepatocellular assessments (Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) tests) and stress biomarkers (survival, cortisol and glucose). Results showed that the increases of the AST, ALT, LDH, MDH, cortisol and glucose induced by stressors were significantly reduced (P< 0.05) by supplementing the fish with M. oleifera leaf extract in the diets. Based on the result of this study, a dose of 0.10g/100g dietary Moringa leaf supplementation was sufficient as a hepatoprotective and stress reducing agent in Nile tilapia, O. niloticus.
Effect of Different Method on Processing and Mineral Composition of Portulaca...ijtsrd
In the present scenario, people consume plant substances not only for the satisfaction of hunger or to fulfill the nutrients requirement to maintain the body processes but also to obtain those substances which help to endorse health by reducing the risk of disease. Green leafy vegetables GLV have been the mainstay of human diet as a source of micronutrients and gives an important contribution in combating micronutrient malnutrition in addition of food security as compared to conventional cultivated other vegetables Flyman and Afolyan, 2006 . Judicious use of GLV on a regular basis can replace or reduce the use of expensive medicines and supplements to maintain the health of individuals. Navita Pareek | Ayesha Jamal "Effect of Different Method on Processing and Mineral Composition of Portulaca Oleracea Leaves" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd48035.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/food-and-nutrition/48035/effect-of-different-method-on-processing-and-mineral-composition-of-portulaca-oleracea-leaves/navita-pareek
Cucurbits are edible crops, belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. They are climbers with reserves in roots and are distributed mainly in tropical zones. They are mostly moist vines and are distributed in both the eastern and western hemispheres. The member of this family are excellent fruit crops having most of the essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals required for the good health of humans. All parts of the Cucurbitaceae plants (leaf, stem, root or tuber, fruit and seeds) are used in the traditional system of medicine. Wide research is going on to search a new active compound and to analyze their medicinal properties. The present review of Cucurbitaceae family deals with the very large amount of updated information of scientific research and report in the field of phytochemistry and pharmacology. In this study, we have documented some of the important plants viz., Mukia maderaspatana, Solena amplexicaulis, Citrullus colocynthis, Citrullus lanatus, Coccinia indica, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Lagenaria siceraria, Luffa acutangula, Trichosanthes cucumerina, Corallocarpus epigaeus, Luffa cylindrica, Momordica charantia, Trichosanthes dioica and Kedrostis foetidissima.
Cytogenetic an Experimental Monitoring Test for Plant ExtractsIOSRJPBS
More than two centuries have been passed since the chromosomes have been firstly observed in plant cells by Nageli in 1842. During this long period, chromosomes have been discovered in human cells and well recognized as a source of genes locations. The effects of chemicals and environmental pollution in human health and caners became an interested field of studying diver mutagens and their role in affecting the genetic materials. Cytogenetic tests were the main tools to evaluate the effects of those mutagens on human genome and chromosomes. Many techniques have been used for these purposes including in vitro and in vivo analyzing tests using human and animal cells. The intent of this article is to review the role of cytogenetic techniques in detecting the effects of mutagens on chromosomal aberrations and the role of plant extracts in monitoring these effects
Prevalence of Rota Virus Detection by Reverse TranscriptasePolymerase Chain R...IOSRJPBS
The present study was conducted for the period from 1/6/2016 to 20/1/2017 in Baquba city. The study aimed to detection of rotavirus in stool specimens of children fewer than five age and also explore the effects of certain demographic factors on the detection rates by revers transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction. The study included 49 patients with acute diarrhea, 32 were male and 17 were female. The age range was two months to 5 years. Demographic information on the patients regarding age, sex, residence, type of feeding and source of drinking water were collected from their parents. Stool specimens were collected from each patients and. Detection of rotavirus in stool specimens was done by conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results of present study showed that the overall infection rate by rotavirus among patients with acute diarrhea by RT-PCR tests was 93.88%. The highest infection rate was recorded among those >10-≤15 months of age. None of the results showed significantly difference between female and male, PCR (88% vs 96.87%). Likewise, there was insignificantly difference between urban and rural residence, PCR (95.65% vs 92.30%). The results revealed insignificantly higher infection rate among patients (those below 2 years) feed mixing (91.66%) and bottled (100%) compared to that breast feeding (77.77%) by RT-PCR. The rotavirus infection rate was insignificantly higher among patients consuming municipal water for drinking (97.22%) compared to those consuming bottled water (84.61%) by the RT-PCR. The study concluded that rotavirus was detected in high rates among children less than 5 years old with acute diarrhea in Baquba city, particularly those less than 2 year old.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
Objective:Many of the available therapies for diabetes have a number of serious adverse effects; therefore the search for more effective and safer hypoglycaemic agents becomes a paramount. This research was set to investigate the antidiabetic potential and cytoprotective effect of ethanolic root extract of Salacianitida on alloxan induced hyperglyceamic rats. Method:Acute toxicity and phytochemical constituents were evaluated using standardized methods. The study lasted for a period of thirty days comprising of two phases: induction phase and treatment phase. Thirty animals were grouped into five groups of six rats each. Group 1 and 2 serve as normal and toxic control respectively while groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with 750, 1500mg of S.nitidaand 5mg glibenclamide respectively. The BGL, food and fluid intake was monitored daily while the body weight was measured on weekly. The last day of the study after an overnight fast, the animals were loaded with glucose and the OGTT measured prior to and at 30minutes interval for two hours after which the animals were sacrificed under ether anaesthesia and the organs isolated for histological examination. Results/Conclusion:The results of the present study indicate that S.nitida possessantidiabetic potentials and cytoprotective effect noted in its significant percentage reduction in the glucose level, slight increase in body weight and restoration of the toxic organs to normal.
Anti Bacterial and Anti Oxidant Activities of Evolvulus Alsinoides LinnIOSRJPBS
: Plants are very important sources of potential useful raw materials as natural chemotherapeutic agents. Shankhpushpi is botanically termed as Evolvulus alsinoides; the extracts have exhibited antioxidant, anti-ulcer, and immunomodulatory activities. The present work is to investigate the invitro therapeutic potential activities of methanolic extract of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides on the antimicrobial activity against five clinical pathogenic bacterial strains viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebshiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhii, using agar well diffusion assay and Anti oxidant activity using 1-1-Diphenyl- 2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Extract inhibited IC50: 40.2. Total phenolic content: 28.4 mg/ml & Total flavonoid content: 20.2 μg /ml. Evolvulus alsinoides (MIC): 512.5mg/ml possess 30 to 40 % inhibition, the antibacterial activity of the herbal extracts was more pronounced on the gram- negative bacteria Klebshiella pneumonia than the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The free radical scavenging activity of methanolic activity of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides increase in a concentration dependent manner, and posses statistically significance DPPH free radical scavenging & Anti microbial activities
A Study on Biomarkers in a Spatially Distributed Type – 2 Diabetes mellitus G...IOSRJPBS
Diabetes, a dreaded disease already ravaged a huge population worldwide, whether it is inherited through generations or invited by the people by their uncontrolled way of life is still obscure. Biomarkers assay is a boon to the diseased to opt proper prophylactic measures to curb or eradicate diseases. The elevated levels of various biomarkers related to inflammation of vital organs, liver function, kidney function and other vital parameters in our diabetic cases reveals the extent of organ(s) damage in these subjects. It is also evident that the levels of various biomarkers are similar in our diabetic subjects, irrespective of their habits or habitats.
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
In recent years, traditional system of medicine has become a topic of global importance. Many of the plant species that provide medicinal herbs have been scientifically evaluated for their possible medicinal, pharmacological and toxicological effects. A number of species of the genus Grewia have been used as medicinal herbs to treat several diseases in different parts of the globe. Grewia bicolor is the most famous medicinal plant among the genus Grewia. Despite the wide use of the plant in traditional medicine, so far no scientific evaluation was carried out on this plant for the preclinical toxicity profile. The present study was conducted to evaluate the safety of Grewia bicolor root extract. The plant extract proved that it is relatively safe through the acute and sub-acute studies.
Flora of Kansai Basin at Lalgarh of Paschim Medinipur District in West Bengal...IOSRJPBS
Flora is systematic enumeration of plant species in a given community of a given ecosystem. It reflects the quality as well as the health of the ecosystem because the floral community are the producers which support the growth and development of ecosystem. It reflects the inflow of nutrients and recycling processes through bio-geochemical processes. Indiscriminate use of different chemicals and articles for different purposes produced by different leading factories for the modern development of human societies causes threat to the environment and loosing the biodiversity which significantly destroying the environment rapidly. The main reason is increasing load of human population which damaging the environment and degrading the ecosystem by pollution directly or indirectly. The present paper reflects the 57 floral elements under 29 families and the community structure including eco-degradation process which could be a starting point of extension through community research by a group of workers in future. Hope that interested people will come and take that opportunity to record the problems for future study and assessment about the dwindling ecosystem for our existence at Lalgarh.
Although ATP production is very important for mitochondria, little is known about the actual rate of production and the value of “unit of currency” for mitochondrial energy transactions. “Unit of currency” for all transactions in general is named “quantum” in Physics, and no value of ATP quantum is accurately given in bibliography, other than rough estimates. This work focuses to calculating produced energy unit in mitochondrial metabolism (Quantum for ATP, or QATP for sort) and the rate of ATP production (power of “mitochondrial factory”)
High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Saudi Children And Adolescents ...IOSRJPBS
Background: Vitamin D inadequacy constitutes an increasingly recognized comorbidity among Saudi populations. There were limited data about its prevalence in Saudi children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Saudi children and adolescents with T1DM in Albaha region, southwestern of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 117 Saudi children and adolescents with T1DM. These patients were recruited from Albaha diabetic center, Saudi Arabia. The range of age of the participants was 1 –18 years.. All participants were subjected to history taking including, age, gender, duration of diabetes, clinical presentation at the onset of diabetes. Measurement of serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D was done in all participants. Results: There were 117 Saudi children and adolescent with T1DM, 52 (44.4%) were boys, and 65 (55.6%) were girls with a mean age 8.8 ± 3.4 and 9.2 ± 3.9 for boys and girls respectively (p=0.52). The mean serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels among them was 17.1± 10.1 ng/ml and the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy was 88.9% (59.9% of subjects had vitamin D deficiency and 29 % had vitamin D insufficiency) and 11.1% had sufficient levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D. There was a significant difference in vitamin D level among different groups of vitamin D level (p˂ 0.001). The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency was greater in the girls with 34.2%, as compared to 25.6% among boys. Vitamin D deficiency was more common among children in the range of age 1-10 years (52.1% vs 36.8%). In vitamin D deficient group, the mean levels of vitamin D were significantly lower in patients presented with DKA as compared to those presented with hyperglycemic symptoms (p= 0.016). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is common in Saudi children and adolescent with T1DM in Albaha region. This is more common in girls and in the younger age groups. Therefore, screening for vitamin D deficiency, creating awareness to increase sunlight exposure, increase the fortification of food products with vitamin D and vitamin D supplementation for these patients should be warranted to prevent future morbidity.
Development of Nimbolide from Seeds of Azadirachta Indica Extract Assisted by...IOSRJPBS
The recent studies on Nimbolide, a robust cervical anticancer agent was identified for the separation of Nimbolide from Azadirachta indica berry collected from Ranga Reddy- Dist, the seeds were initially isolated, dried and transformed into coarse powder. The seed core was defatted and concentrated using methanol in a soxhlet apparatus. The methanolic extract obtained from seeds is subjected to High Performance Liquid Chromatography [HPLC] by direct reverse phase method for isolation of Nimbolide using Molecular Docking of Nimbolide through Molecular Operatin Environment [MOE] 2008 software. This declared that Nimbolide has capability of binding 12.3% to a Glycine 131 undergoing polar interactions. Nimbolide was found to interact with Cyclin E, was redeemed from the Protein Data Bank [PDB code; 1W98]. It was observed that Nimbolide showed an satisfactory increased life span (54.32 and 65.16), decreased the viable cells (52.3±1.5 and 32.5±1.3), and tumor volume (3.2±0.03 and 2.4±0.04).
Evaluation of plasma Creatine Kinase activity and Inorganic phosphate among S...IOSRJPBS
Background: CK and phosphorus are helpful biomarker for detection of early renalabnormality particularlyCK which has been shown to be abetter predicator of acute renal failure. Objectives: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study.Conducted in Khartoum and White Nile state from March to June 2016.The aim of this study to assess serum creatine kinase (CK) activity and inorganic phosphate concentrations in Sudanese patients with sickle cell anemia. 80 subjects were enrolled in this study they were classified into 40 with sickle cell disease (SCD) as casegroup and 40 healthy apparently as control group. CK activity and phosphorus level was measured by using Spectrophotometry method. Results: The results showed significantly higher Ck activity in patients with SCD when compared with control group with (P = 0.021), and not significant differences in mean of serum phosphorus concentration in case when compared with control with (P = 0.547). Also show serum CK activity in patients used hydroxyurea when compare with the mean of patients not used hydroxyurea it is significantly decrease with (P= 0.006)
A Clinical Study of Amoebic Dysentery and Its Homoeopathic ManagementIOSRJPBS
A Clinical Study of Amoebic Dysentery and Its Homoeopathic Management, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India. Background: To study the clinical presentation of amoebic dysentery and to study the results of Homeopathic management and treatment of amoebic dysentery. To assess the influence of miasm in the case of Amoebic Dysentery. Methodology: Thirty out-patients with clinically confirmed symptomatic cases of amoebic dysentery were entered trial and treated with Homoeopathic remedies on the basis of Homoeopathic principles with fixed criteria to know the results of treatment as recovered, improved or not improved. For the present study he patients who visited on Sriganganagar Homoeopathic Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Sri Ganganagar, Rajsthan, India and peripheral Out Patient Department were selected on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: Totally 30 patients were selected for this study. At the end of the study it was observed that, out of 30 patients, 24 patients recovered (80%), 5 case improved (16.66%) and1case is not improved (3.3%). with the help ofsuitable homoeopathic medicines. Conclusion: There were no side effects during the treatment and it can be concluded that Homoeopathic Medicines can be help the patient to take a new lease on life
Biological Efficacy of Quassia Indica (Geratn) Nooteb and Centella Asiatica (...IOSRJPBS
Antimicrobial activity of different extracts of two selected plants, Quassia indica (Geartn) Nooteb and Centella asiatica (L.) Urban were tested against selected strains of bacteria viz; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sps, Bacillus thuringiensis, Klebsiella sps and Serratia sps using agar disc diffusion technique. Petroleum ether, acetone, methanol and water extracts of seed and leaf of Q. indica and leaf of C. asiatica showed moderate to significant antimicrobial activity. Of the four extracts tested, petroleum ether and water fractions showed more activity against all the bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition of the active fractions for the petroleum ether ranged from 8.57 to 12.63 mm and 8.53 to 14.5mm for the water fraction of Q. indica seed and leaf and C. asiatica leaf; and exhibited comparable results with widely used commercial antimicrobial agents (16 to19 mm for Kanamycin and 14 to 17mm for Cefotaxime). The results prove the efficacy of the most active fractions of the selected plant extracts to be used for developing potent antimicrobial formulations.
Comparative Testing of Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous Extract of Bergenia ...IOSRJPBS
The aim of this research was to formulate a gel comprising of the both extracts of Bergenia ligulata rhizomes and Butea monosperma flowers that would aid in wound healing by exhibiting antibacterial activity at the site of wound infection if any. As per the literature survey conducted it was found that aqueous extract of Bergenia ligulata rhizomes and ethanolic extract of Butea monosperma flowers have good potential of antibacterial activity. Hence this antibacterial activity was studied with the help of agar well-diffusion assay method, against the micro-organisms-S. aureus, MRSA, Pr. vulgaris, and E.coli . Both these extracts were obtained through Soxhlet extraction process and this process was optimized to get maximum yield of extraction. By agar gel well- diffusion assay at the concentration of about 100µg/mL both the extracts exhibited maximum zone of inhibition. This concentration was helpful in deciding the dose for topical gel formulation.
Yield Performances of Pleurotus ostreatus on Different Growth Substrates as I...IOSRJPBS
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of some vegetables (Diplazium sammatii, Moringa oleifera, and Justicia insularis) as additives on the growth parameters of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on two substrates; banana leaves (BL) and banana leaves/sawdust (BL/SD). The substrates were amended with these vegetables at different concentration levels (0 g, 5 g, 10 g and 15 g). Spawn running was completed in 30, 35, and 40 days in banana leaves, banana leaves/sawdust and the control respectively. Parameters assessed included area of pileus, number of fruit bodies, fresh weight, dry weight, length of stipe and girth of stipe. Higher mean values for fresh weight (21.69 g), area of pileus (42.58 cm2 ), length of stipe (5.10 g) and girth of stipe (4.30 g) were obtained from BL substrate treated to 5 g M. oleifera leaf powder. These values were significantly different from values obtained for other plant additives. Considering the number of fruit bodiesthat emerged on BL/SD substrates, the control produced more fruit bodies than the substrates with additives. The best performance in BL/SD substrates was observed when the substrate was treated to 10 g J. insularis in some of the parameters assessed. These included fresh weight (20.64 g), number of fruit bodies (8.00) and stipe girth (3.44 cm).Other parameters like area of pileus (36.08 cm2 ) and dry weight (2.39 cm), control had a better performance. While for length of stipe, 15 g M. oleifera leaf powder had the highest mean value that was significantly different (P≤0.05) from what was observed in substrates amended with other additives. It is therefore evident that these vegetables have high potential for utilization as additives or supplements for growing of Pleurotus ostreatus especially when using BL as substrates. In addition, substratesadditive concentration combination played a significant role in selective organ growth of the test mushroom.
Dermatoglification Analysis for Selection and Training of Sports TalentsIOSRJPBS
: The term sports talent can be defined as the individual who, through his inherited and acquired conditions, has a special ability for sports performance, above the average of the general population. Fingerprints are genetic markers and can function as indicators of sporting talents. The objective of the present study was to use dermatoglyphics to identify the genetic-physical profile of soccer athletes. Twenty-four athletes belonging to the Palmeiras Sports Society Athletes' Capture Center participated in this study in the Nordeste sub-category category 16. The dermatoglyphic protocol of Cummins and Midlo (1961) was used. Standard fingerprint indices were calculated: the number of drawings for the 10 fingers and the delta index (D10). We also analyzed the types of digital formulas that indicate the representation in individuals of different types of drawings. Based on the classification of Fernandes (2002), the group presented somatofunctional classification for height, velocity and explosive strength, due to the delta index of 11.54. We conclude that dermatoglyphics can be a parameter to identify the potentiality of an individual and can be incorporated into a policy of selection and formation of sports talent.
Establishment of suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. for benzyl isoth...IOSRJPBS
Successful scale-upof the anticancer benzyl isothiocyanate compound production was achieved from cell suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. Cell cultures were established from the stem internodal segments derived callus. Elicitation with two biotic elicitors; chitosan and salicylic acid, increased callus biomass and benzyl isothiocyanate accumulation, but chitosan induced the maximum accumulation, which reached about four-fold higher over the control at the concentration of 100 mg/L. Benzyl isothiocyanate production from cell suspension cultures was studied in shake-flask culture and stirred-tank bioreactor with the application of the optimum concentration of chitosan in the medium. Both methods elevate the compound production; however its yield was higherin the stirred-tank bioreactor.It achieved about eight-fold increase in the production of benzyl isothiocyanate after 24 days of incubation. This protocol can act as a roadmap for large-scale production of benzyl isothiocyanate from cell suspension cultures ofSalvadora persica by using bioreactors
Antimicrobial Activity of Bauhinia Purpurea (L) by Minimum Inhibitory Concent...IOSRJPBS
MIC methods are widely used in the comparative testing of new agents, or when a more accurate result is required for clinical management. As there are no CLSI (formerly NCCLS) recommendations for the determination of MICs of varies bio-compounds against gram positive and gram negative organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration is the lowest concentration (in μg/ml) of an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of a given strain of bacteria. In Diagnostic laboratories these MIC’S are used to confirm resistance and also most often used to determine antimicrobial invitro activity. In the present MIC method, one can get the information about Antibiotic agent, preparation of stock solutions, media and inoculation, conditions of incubation, ultimately reading and interpretation of results. The present study is focused to evaluate antibacterial activities of ethanolic extract and purified fractions of Bauhinia purpurea using a gram-positive and a gram-negative organisms Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella, E.coli and enterococcus
Evaluations of Some Biological Properties of Ethanolic Leave Extract of Costu...IOSRJPBS
Costus afer plant has been known to the traditionalist for a very long time. The locals having realized its medicinal potentials have employed it in a variety of ways. This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial, biochemical and CNS depressant properties of ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer in albino mice and anti-inflammatory activity in albino rats. Ninety albino mice (22-29g) of both sexes were selected and divided into eighteen groups of five mice each. Four groups for analgesic activity, three groups for in-vivo clothing time, four groups for spontaneous locomotor activity, three groups for heamatological evaluation and four groups for phenobarbitone induced hypnosis. Twenty albino rats (180-200g) of both sexes were also selected and divided into four groups of five rats each and used for anti-inflammatory activity. In all, the control groups receive 0.2ml of normal saline while two dose groups of the extract was used 400 and 1200mg/kg representing low and high dose in the treatment group. Indomethacin, Phenobarbitone, Chropromazine, Indomethacine, Ciprofloxacin and Fluconazole were used as reference drug for anlagesic activity, locomotor activity, hypnosis, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal test respectively. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer was performed. The result of the qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, glycosides and terpenoids whereas anthraquinones, essential oil and phlobatannins were absent. The results obtained shows that ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer posses antibacterial activity but no antifungal activity. There was a dose dependent increase in analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities, bleeding/clotting time and CNS activity. The hematological evaluation of the leaves of costusafer shows that the extract has no noticeable effect on the HB, PCV, RBC, but decreases the WBC, platelet count, neutrophils and lymphocytes components of the blood, also the clotting/bleeding time was seen to increase dose dependently in the treated groups. In conclusion, ethanol extract of costus afer ker Gawl leaves possess antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and CNS depressant activity.
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of the Flavonoid-rich Fraction of th...IOSRJPBS
The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis are edible and used in herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The present study demonstrates the antioxidative effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves (FRJT) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of FRJT were determined by serum biochemical enzymes; alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), heamatological pararmeters (PCV, Hb and WBC) and histology study. The results obtained showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the activities of liver marker enzymes across the pre-treated groups compared with the untreated rats. Assay of antioxidant enzymes showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced SOD and GPx activities whereas CAT activity was non-significantly (p ˃ 0.05) increased when compared with the untreated animals. PCV, Hb and WBC levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the untreated group. However, supplementation with FRJT and Silymarin ameliorated the induced depletion of blood in the pre-treated animals. Histological examination of the liver tissue showed marked reduction in fatty degeneration across the pre-treated groups when compared with the untreated group. The results in this study indicate that FRJT exhibited varying levels of protection against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rat models. These results also indicate that the flavonoid-rich fraction contains antioxidants, which mop up free radicals in the system and support its use in the treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative damage.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN:2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 12, Issue 1 Ver. II (Jan. - Feb.2017), PP 107-111
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/3008-120102107111 www.iosrjournals.org 107 | Page
A Review on Different Benefits of Mushroom
Dr.Romi Singh
School of Environmental Biology A.P.S.U. Rewa
Abstract: This paper reviews mushrooms. In this paper, nutritional and medicinal values, other uses of
mushrooms were discussed. Mushrooms have been important in human history as food, as medicine, as legands,
and in folk lore and religion. Mushrooms are basically consumed for their texture and flavor. They have
recently become attractive as health - beneficent food and as sources for the development of drugs. Many higher
mushrooms are known to contain a number of biologically active components that show promising antitumor
and immunomodulating, cardiovascular, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, antiviral, antibacterial,
antiparasitic and antidiabetic effects. Nutritional value of mushrooms lies between that of meat and vegetables.
The rich source of proteins, vitamins and minerals and low in fat content (2-8%) unique chemicals constitution
of mushrooms makes them low calorie food 8 and choice diet for those suffering from hypertension,
arthrosclerosis, diabetes, obesity. Mushrooms play a role in the development of new biological remediation
techniques and filtration technologies (e.g. using fungi to lower bacterial levels in contaminated water). From
the review it was observed that developing countries should harness the potentials of mushrooms as this would
boost the revenue income and healthy living. It is hoped that this paper would add to existing information on
this fungus.
Keywords: Mushrooms, Medicinal value, Nutritional value.
I. Introduction
Mushrooms are macro fungi with distinctive fruiting bodies which are either epigenous or hypogenous
and sufficiently conspicuous to the naked eye to be hand-picked (Chang and Miles, 1982). Mushrooms are
lively in folklore as ‚witches egg and fairy egg‛ (Molitoris, 2001). The appraisal of mushrooms as highly
nutritive foodstuff is well founded. Many kinds of mushrooms are edible, and at the same time possess tonic and
medical attributes (Chang, 1999).Human use of mushrooms extent as early to 5000 BC. About 2000 species of
edible mushrooms are known all over the world. For centuries, some mushrooms have been used in religious
ceremonies of many ancient people and primitive tribes. Mushrooms are believed by the Romans to have
properties that could produce super human strength, help in finding lost objects and lead the soul to the realm of
the gods (Grube et al., 2001). Edible mushrooms are important sources of food. They form very nourishing
meals especially for invalids, for they are easily digestible. They are consumed not only for their innate flavour
and taste, but also for their important nutritional value. On fresh weight basis mushrooms are superior in protein
content (Aremu et al., 2009) to all vegetables and fruits, but are inferior to meat and dairy products, which are
the conventional protein sources. On dry-weight basis, however, mushrooms are similar with respect to dried-
yeast and superior to dried peas and beans.
Most mushroom derived preparation and substances find their use not as pharmaceutical but as a novel
class of dietary supplements (DS) or ‚nutraceutical‛. A mushroom nutraceuticals is a refined or partially refined
extract or dried biomass from either the mycelium or the fruiting body of the mushroom, which is consumed in
the form of capsule or tablets as a dietary supplement and which may enhance the immune response of human
body, thereby increasing resistance to disease and in some cases causing regression of a disease state (Wasser et
al., 2000). Many pharmaceutical substances with potent and unique properties were isolated from mushroom
and distributed worldwide (Wasser and Weis, 1999). Extensive clinical studies have explicitly illustrated that a
number of mushroom species have medicinal and therapeutic value in the prevention /treatment of cancer, viral
disease, hypercholesterolemia, blood platelet aggregation, and hypertension (Jong et al., 1991 etc.
(Subramanian, 1995). Among the 14,000 species known, 2000 are safe and about 600 have significant
pharmacological properties (Wasser et al., 2000). Most of the traditional knowledge about medicinal properties
comes from the Far East (China, Japan, Korea, and Russia). Anticancer drugs isolated from mushrooms such as
Lentinus edodus, Coriolus versicolor and Schizophyllum commune are sold in Japan (Jong and Birmingham,
1992). Medicines from poisonous mushrooms have been considered in China as ‘poison as an antidote for
poison’ (Yang and Jong, 1989).
Ita et al, (2008) in their study on bioaccumulation potential of heavy metals in sporocarps from Niger
Delta region of Nigeria, revealed that certain mushrooms accumulate heavy metals. The accumulating potentials
are affected by the species, substrate composition, age of mycelium and intervals between fructifications.
Studies on metals in mushrooms have shown a correlation between fungal metals concentration and point
2. A Review on Different Benefits of Mushroom
DOI: 10.9790/3008-120102107111 www.iosrjournals.org 108 | Page
sources of metal pollution (Isildak et al, 2004; Gyar and Ogbonna, 2006). Human activities have been reported
to impact negativity on arable lands contaminating them with pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals
and waste engine oil pollutants, and consequently causing arable land shortage and other environmental
challenges (Okhuoya et al, 2010; Oghenekaro et al, 2008). These challenges may exert negative effect such as
kidney damage, impairment of circulatory, reproductive and nervous system damage (Abulude et al, 2004) on
man and animals when consumed (Ita et al, 2008).Mushroom mycelia can produce a group of complex
extracellular enzymes which can degrade and utilize the lignocelluloses wastes in order to reduce pollution. It
has been revealed recently that mushroom mycelia can play a significant role in the restoration of damaged
environments. Saprotrophic, endophytic, mycorrhizal, and even parasitic mushrooms can be performed in four
different ways: mycofiltration (using mycelia to filter water), mycoforestry (using mycelia to restore forests),
mycoremediation (using mycelia to eliminate toxic waste), and mycopesticides (using mycelia to control insect
pests). These methods represent the potential to create a clean ecosystem, where no damage will be left after
fungal implementation (Training Manual on Mushrooms cultivation, 2008).
II. Nutritional Benefits
Mushrooms are important sources of food. They are consumed not only for their innate flavor and taste,
but also for their important nutritional value. The nutrient content varies from species and depends on their
growth requirement. Mushrooms have a high percentage of water 93-95% as compared to learn beef (70%) and
fresh vegetables (92%). They also contain valuable minerals such as iron, potassium, phosphorus, calcium and
copper, 56% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 2% fat and also 10% ash on dry weight basis. They are also rich in
vitamin B and vitamin D. Mushrooms provide a high protein and low caloric diet and can thus be recommended
to heart patients. They also contain all the essential amino-acid required by an adult (Koyyalamudi et al., 2009).
Mushrooms is reported to be an excellent source of riboflavin and nicotinic acid; a good source of pantothenic
acid and ascorbic acid (Ukpebor et al., 2007). The absence of starch in mushrooms makes it an ideal food for
diabetic patients and for persons who wants to shed excess fat. Kettawan et al., (2011) and Selvi et al (2007)
have demonstrated that mushrooms contain antioxidants. Mushroom proteins contain all the essential amino
acids and are especially rich in lysine and leucine, which are lacking in most staple cereal food. The low total fat
content, and high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (72-85%) relative to total fatty acids, is considered a
significant contribution to the health value to mushrooms. Fresh mushrooms contain relatively large amount of
carbohydrate and further range from 51-88% and 4- 20% mushroom appear to be a good source of vitamin
including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, biotin and ascorbic acid (Andrae et al., 1999). They can be successfully
used as appetizers in marinated form and also as an ingredient in soups, sauces, salads, stuffing and meat dishes
(Achremowicz et al., 1983). Mushrooms also contain many mineral salts and vitamins, particularly of the B and
some D groups (Mattila et al., 2001). 100 g of fresh mushrooms contains 5.3-14.8 g of dry matter, 1.5-6.7 g of
carbohydrates, 1.5-3.0 g of protein and 0.3-0.4 g of fat. Recently, Dundar et al. (2009) have made a
comprehensive study of effect of various substrate on the chemical composition and nutritional values of
P.ostreatus.
Mushrooms are non-photosynthetic organisms therefore, sugars, carbohydrates are present in lower
proportions than vegetables such as carrots and sprouts, and so provide only a fraction of the energy
requirement. There are about eight essential amino acids, that is, those which cannot be produced by the human
body, and so must be consumed in the diet daily. Mushroom protein appears to be intermediate in nutritional
qualities between meat and vegetable proteins. Some species like provide nutritive value comparable to that of
meats and milk, but P.ostreatus due to low protein content, and deficiency in some essential amino acids has a
low nutritive value (Bano and Rajarathnam, 1982).Apart from protein compounds, free amino acids, chitin,
amines, nucleic acids and urea can also be found in mushrooms. Mushrooms like most vegetable are
characteristically cholesterol-free food comprising of 2-8% fat on dry weight basis. The crude fat includes
representatives of all classes of lipid compounds including free fatty acids, glycerides, sterols, and
phospholipids. Of existing fatty acids, a high proportion are linoleic acid (the only essential fatty acid required
in the human diet), that constituting63-74% of total fatty acids. Oyster mushrooms also possess bioactive
compounds with hypocholesterolaemic activities, such as polysaccharides, mevinolin and other statins (Gunde-
Cimerman and Plemenitas, 2001). P.citrinopileatus fruiting body extracts have been shown to have
antihyperlipidaemic effects that may lower serum triglyceride and cholesterol (Hu et al., 2006).
The fructifications of mushrooms are characterized by high levels of well assimilable mineral
constituent (Mattila et al., 2001) whose level depends on the species and age of the mushrooms, the diameter of
the pilei and on the substratum (Demirbas, 2001). There are many essential vitamins required daily in our diet.
Mushrooms are important sources of vitamins especially of group B particularly thiamine, riboflavin,
pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, folic acid and cobalamine, other vitamins, such as
ergosterol, biotin and tocopherols are also present (Mattila et al., 2001). Vegetarians are aware of that
mushrooms are one of the best plant-based sources of niacin around the world and 100 g of fresh mushrooms
3. A Review on Different Benefits of Mushroom
DOI: 10.9790/3008-120102107111 www.iosrjournals.org 109 | Page
provide more than a quarter of the adult daily requirement of this vitamin. Mushrooms are unique in that they
contain vitamin B12, something that is not present in vegetables. Since B12 is mainly of animal origin,
deficiency is commonly associated with vegetarian diets. Mushrooms were found to contain 0.32-0.65 mg of
B12 per g, allowing just 3 g of fresh mushrooms to provide the RDA of this vitamin. Vegetarians may find this a
useful way of getting this important nutrient. Vitamin A is uncommon although several mushrooms contain
detectable amounts of pro-vitamin-A measured as the β-carotene equivalent. Most cultivated mushrooms are
believed to contain low amounts of the fat soluble vitamins, K and E, and only a small of vitamin C
(Bernas et al. 2006).
III. Medicinal Benefits
A number of mushroom species are known to possess medicinal properties where Ganoderma, king of
medicinal mushrooms, and Lentinula,are the most important genera (Chang, 1996). Lentinula edodes (shiitake),
Grifola frondosa (maitake)have a history of medicinal use spanning millennia in parts of Asia. Medicinal
mushroom research has indicated possible cardiovascular, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic, anti-
inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic activities (Lentinan, 2009). Amanita muscaria used
therapeutically as a powder, tincture for swollen glands, nervous troubles and epilepsy etc. A lotion made out of
this can be used externally and internally for the ailments of heart and inflammation of eye. Amanita phalloids is
used against cholera and intermittent fever. Psilocybin and psilocin are two other drugs extracted from Psilocybe
mexicana used to treat mental disorders (Bahl, 1987). Significant pharmacological effects or physiological
properties of mushrooms are bioregulation (immunological enhancement), maintenance of homeostasis, and
regulation of biorhythm, cure of various diseases and prevention and 10 improvement of life threatening
diseases such as cancer, cerebral stroke and heart diseases. It is also confirmed that mushrooms have effective
substances for antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic,
hypolipedemic, antithrombotic, hypotensive and other applications (Wasser and Weis, 1999). Antioxidant
compounds prevent oxidative damage related to aging and diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, cancer and
cirrhosis. Mushrooms that contain antioxidants or increase antioxidant enzyme activity may be used to reduce
oxidative damage in humans (Yang et al., 2002).
Recently extracts from fruiting bodies and mycelia of Ganoderma species and Volvariella found to
possess in vitro antioxidant activity (Jones and Janardhanan, 2000; Lakshmi et al., 2003; Mau et al., 2002;
Mathew et al., 2008) and antimutagenic activities (Lakshmi et al., 2003). Oyster mushrooms (species of genus
Pleurotus) are highly edible and nutritious, rank second among the commercially cultivated mushrooms in the
world (Chang, 1999) and are demonstrated to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities
(Jose and Janardhanan, 2000. Currently, several extracts have wide spread use in Japan, Korea, and China, as
adjuncts to radiation treatments and chemotherapy (Smith et al, 2002; Borchers et al, 2008). Mushrooms that
have psychoactive substances have been used as sacraments for healing (Mental and physical) (Hudler 2000).
Certain mushrooms, especially polypores like Reishi were thought to be able to benefit a wide variety of health
ailments (Sarfaraz et al, 2009.).
Of 89 mushroom species tested, an extract from P.cornucopiae possessed the most effective
antigenotoxic and bio-antimutagenic activities when tested on Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli
(Filipic et al., 2002). Oyster mushrooms possess bioactive compounds with hypocholesterolaemic activities,
such as polysaccharides, mevinolin and other statins (Gunde-Cimerman and Plemenitas, 2001). It has recently
been reported that P.citrinopileatus fruiting body extracts exerted antihyperlipidaemic effects. Antibacterial and
antifungal activities have been observed in Pleurotus spp extracts and isolated compounds, presumably
produced as a defense mechanism against other organisms (Ngai & Ng, 2006).
IV. Other Benefits
According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2011), mushrooms have been used for dyeing wood
and other natural fibers. The chromosphores of mushroom dyes are organic compound and produce strong and
vivid colors, and all colors of the spectrum can be achieved with mushrooms dyes. Dyes from them have been
the source of many dyes before the synthetic ones (Mussak and Bechtold 2009). Presently, they play a role in
the development of new biological remediation techniques and filtration technologies (Wikipedia, 2011).In the
US, and other developed countries, mushrooms have been used as fire starters.The increased agro-industrial
activities have led to the accumulation of a large quantity of lignocellulosic residues and many agro-chemicals
all over the world. Many of Pleurotus species are primary decomposers of hardwood trees and are found
worldwide. Due to presence of non specific oxygenases they are being used in the in situ degradation of many
xenobiotics, phenolics, colouring pigments in effluents etc. Amaral et al. (2004) also reported the use of T.
versicolor as biocatalysts for decolorization of different industrial dyes and waste water treatments. Recent
studies have shown that P. ostreatusis able to degrade a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (Sack and
Gunthen, 1993).
4. A Review on Different Benefits of Mushroom
DOI: 10.9790/3008-120102107111 www.iosrjournals.org 110 | Page
Right from harvesting, processing and consumption of agricultural products a huge quantity of agro-
wastes are generated which often create disposal problem. Besides cereal and other crop wastes agro-industrial
units also produce huge quantities of wastes e.g. Rice straw although it is used in the feeding of ruminants, it has
a very low protein content and low digestibility. It is now well accepted that some mushrooms, particularly
some species of Pleurotus has the ability to upgrade cattle feed by colonizing different types of crop/vegetable
wastes thereby increasing their digestibility through delignification (Rajarathnam et al., 1992, Adamovic et al.,
1998 & Salmones et al., 2005).Laccase is an extracellular phenol oxidase produced by many mushrooms and
has an important role in lignin biodegradation (Higuchi, 1990 & Sanjdr and Baldrian, 2007). The ability of
Pleurotus spp for the bioconversion of agro-wastes is due to the presence of non-specific oxygenases, are also
being explored in bioremediation efforts. This includes degradation of chlorinated mono-aromatics (Buswell,
2001), as well as in the biodegradation of other xenobiotic compounds (Morgan et al.,1991), in the purification
of air, water and soil, in the cleanup of contaminated soils and in the treatment of industrial effluents (Reid et
al.,2002).Another application is the biodegradation of industrial effluents such as dyes. The possible risk to
humans that ingest food containing dyes can be extended to the environment, for factories discharge their
residues into nearby rivers and streams. P.florida has been in the degradation of dyes, a possible alternative in
the treatment of industrial effluents (Espindola et al., 2007) Trametes versicolor produced three lignolytic
enzymes with efficient degradation capacity on lignin, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated
biphenyl mixture and a number of synthetic dyes (Tanaka et al., 1999; Novotny et al., 2004). T. versicolor and
its enzymes have been reported to delignify and to bleach kraft pulp (Gamelas et al., 2005) and also efficiently
dechlorinate and decolorize bleach kraft pulp effluents (Selvam et al., 2002). This presents a good potential to
be the base of new environmental friendly technologies for pulp and paper industry. Emuh (2010) reported that
the crude oil and heavy metals present in polluted soil are broken down and absorbed by mushroom hypha and
mycelia through the secretion of enzymes into environmentally safe levels resulting in carbon (IV) oxide, water
and perhaps biomass. Zebulun et al. (2011) worked on the decontamination of anthracene-polluted soil through
a mushroom (P. ostreatus) induced biodegradation. They reported that time, level of contamination and fungal
treatment affected the rate of degradation of all levels of anthracene degradation (76 to 89%) compared to
control soil (33 to 51%).
Pleurotus spp are potential candidates for the production of industrially important enzymes using cheap
raw materials like agro-waste. The P. tuber-regium is anothermushroom examined for its ability to ameliorate
crude oil polluted soil. Isikhuemhen et al. (2003) reported that the mushroom had the ability to ameliorate crude
oil polluted soil and the resulting soil sample supported seed germination and seedling growth of Vigna
unguiculata. They reported a significant improvement in percentage germination, plant height and root
elongation.
V. Conclusion
The benefits of mushrooms are relatively economical because the mushrooms can be grown on a
number of inexpensive agricultural or forest wastes such as rice straw, corn cobs and saw dust. The fungal
inoculum can also be mass-produced by current simple techniques used to produce fungal spawn. In the quest,
for economical and ecologically sound methods for environmental remediation, the use of mushrooms is a very
good approach and solution. More intensive research needs to be carried out on the potentials and ecology of a
large number of edible mushrooms.
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