Background: Vitamin D inadequacy constitutes an increasingly recognized comorbidity among Saudi populations. There were limited data about its prevalence in Saudi children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Saudi children and adolescents with T1DM in Albaha region, southwestern of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 117 Saudi children and adolescents with T1DM. These patients were recruited from Albaha diabetic center, Saudi Arabia. The range of age of the participants was 1 –18 years.. All participants were subjected to history taking including, age, gender, duration of diabetes, clinical presentation at the onset of diabetes. Measurement of serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D was done in all participants. Results: There were 117 Saudi children and adolescent with T1DM, 52 (44.4%) were boys, and 65 (55.6%) were girls with a mean age 8.8 ± 3.4 and 9.2 ± 3.9 for boys and girls respectively (p=0.52). The mean serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels among them was 17.1± 10.1 ng/ml and the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy was 88.9% (59.9% of subjects had vitamin D deficiency and 29 % had vitamin D insufficiency) and 11.1% had sufficient levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D. There was a significant difference in vitamin D level among different groups of vitamin D level (p˂ 0.001). The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency was greater in the girls with 34.2%, as compared to 25.6% among boys. Vitamin D deficiency was more common among children in the range of age 1-10 years (52.1% vs 36.8%). In vitamin D deficient group, the mean levels of vitamin D were significantly lower in patients presented with DKA as compared to those presented with hyperglycemic symptoms (p= 0.016). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is common in Saudi children and adolescent with T1DM in Albaha region. This is more common in girls and in the younger age groups. Therefore, screening for vitamin D deficiency, creating awareness to increase sunlight exposure, increase the fortification of food products with vitamin D and vitamin D supplementation for these patients should be warranted to prevent future morbidity.
Presented at Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center. Evidence-based research surrounding the potential association between vitamin D deficiency and risk for developing gestational diabetes among pregnant women and women of reproductive age.
Vitamin D Deficiency in Association with HSCRP Linked to Obesityijtsrd
Vitamin D deficiency is gaining increasing attention for its novel association with Obesity. Studies have found that maintaining vitamin D status may reduce ones risk of developing various diseases. Background In 2010, overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3"¢4 million deaths, 3"¢9 of years of life lost, and 3"¢8 of disability-adjusted life-years DALYs worldwide. The rise in obesity has led to widespread calls for regular monitoring of changes in overweight and obesity prevalence in all populations. The treatment of obesity and cardiovascular diseases is one of the most difficult and important challenges nowadays. This paper seeks to examine the consistently reported relationship between obesity and low vitamin D concentrations in association with HSCRP, with reference to the possible underlying mechanisms. The possibility that vitamin D may assist in preventing or treating obesity is also examined and recommendations for future research are made. We tested the hypothesis that suggests Adults with severe obesity have lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels will have higher hs-CRP levels. Dr. Pushpamala Ramaiah | Dr. Ayman Johargy | Dr. Lamiaa Ahmed Elsayed | Dr. Grace Lindsey "Vitamin D Deficiency in Association with HSCRP Linked to Obesity" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18479.pdf
A Study of Anemia Among children in Mansoura University Children's Hospital; ...Kareem Alnakeeb
A "Study of Anemia" Among children in Mansoura University Children's Hospital. It involved 30 male and female children aged from 5 to 120 months old, who were hospitalized in Mansoura University Children's Hospital. The study was performed in the period between 19 March 2018 and 18 April 2018.
Presented at Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center. Evidence-based research surrounding the potential association between vitamin D deficiency and risk for developing gestational diabetes among pregnant women and women of reproductive age.
Vitamin D Deficiency in Association with HSCRP Linked to Obesityijtsrd
Vitamin D deficiency is gaining increasing attention for its novel association with Obesity. Studies have found that maintaining vitamin D status may reduce ones risk of developing various diseases. Background In 2010, overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3"¢4 million deaths, 3"¢9 of years of life lost, and 3"¢8 of disability-adjusted life-years DALYs worldwide. The rise in obesity has led to widespread calls for regular monitoring of changes in overweight and obesity prevalence in all populations. The treatment of obesity and cardiovascular diseases is one of the most difficult and important challenges nowadays. This paper seeks to examine the consistently reported relationship between obesity and low vitamin D concentrations in association with HSCRP, with reference to the possible underlying mechanisms. The possibility that vitamin D may assist in preventing or treating obesity is also examined and recommendations for future research are made. We tested the hypothesis that suggests Adults with severe obesity have lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels will have higher hs-CRP levels. Dr. Pushpamala Ramaiah | Dr. Ayman Johargy | Dr. Lamiaa Ahmed Elsayed | Dr. Grace Lindsey "Vitamin D Deficiency in Association with HSCRP Linked to Obesity" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18479.pdf
A Study of Anemia Among children in Mansoura University Children's Hospital; ...Kareem Alnakeeb
A "Study of Anemia" Among children in Mansoura University Children's Hospital. It involved 30 male and female children aged from 5 to 120 months old, who were hospitalized in Mansoura University Children's Hospital. The study was performed in the period between 19 March 2018 and 18 April 2018.
Vitamin D deficiency is widespread in both the pediatric and adult chronic kidney disease CKD population. CKD is characterized by dysregulation of vitamin D and mineral metabolism. Secondary hyperparathyroidism and its management puts patients with CKD at increased cardiovascular risk. Emergence of experimental and some clinical data suggesting beneficial effects of vitamin D on proteinuria, blood pressure, inflammation and cardiovascular outcomes has pushed it to the center stage of CKD research. Pediatric data on vitamin D dysregulation and its consequences are still in its infancy. Ongoing prospective studies such as Chronic Kidney disease in Children CKiD and the Cardiovascular Comorbidity in Children with CKD 4 C should help to delineate the evolution of disturbances in mineral metabolism and its adverse effects on growth, CKD progression and cardiovascular outcomes. Dr. Prafull Dawale | Neha Jain "Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26778.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/26778/vitamin-d-in-chronic-kidney-disease/dr-prafull-dawale
Vitamin D deficiency is recognized as a global public health problem, with deficiency states reported from various countries. Acting as a Pro- Hormone; this is a unique endogenously synthesized vitamin. Besides its pivotal role in calcium homeostasis and bone mineral metabolism, the vitamin-D endocrine system is now recognized to sub-serve a wide range of fundamental biological functions in cell differentiation, inhibition of cell growth, and immunomodulation. Vitamin-D deficiency affects not only musculoskeletal health but also a wide range of acute and chronic disease. The metabolic product of vitamin-D is a potent, pleiotropic, repair and maintenance; secosteroid hormone that targets more than 200 human genes in a wide variety of tissues, meaning it has as many mechanisms of action on genes it targets. Two related sterol compounds viz. Cholecalciferol [Vitamin-D3] and Ergocalciferol [Vitamin-D2] are grouped as ‘Vitamin-D’. Cholecalciferol is of animal origin and the other Ergocalciferol [Vitamin-D2] is plant based. Interestingly, antirachitic properties of Vitamin-D2 and D3 are identical. After oral administration; Vitamin-D3 is absorbed better than D2 in small intestine; and bile is essential for absorption.
As per a study (Sizar et al., 2021), Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is highly prevalent among
more than one billion people worldwide. Vitamin D is of 2 types vitamin D3 and vitamin D2;
It is a prohormone and has a significant role in controlling calcium and phosphorus
metabolism. It also has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative functions in
various parts of our body. VDD is a common symptom in most chronic and severe diseases
such as cancer (prostate, breast, and colon cancer), mental disorders, asthma, diabetic
retinopathy, infectious, autoimmune, and cardiovascular diseases. In children, VDD is linked
to detrimental defects such as rickets, dental caries, growth failure, and premature death.
VDD increases the risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women, which results in the need for a
cesarean section. Pregnant, lactating, dark-toned (highly melanin pigmented), obese
children and children and adults who abstained from direct sun exposure are at high risk of
VDD. Consequentially use of sunscreen, season, altitude, latitude, time of the day, and
clothing influence the sun-induced synthesis of vitamin D3 in the skin. UV-B and some UV-A
radiation are absorbed by sunscreen, thus preventing it from reaching the skin and leading
to VDD.
Cytogenetic an Experimental Monitoring Test for Plant ExtractsIOSRJPBS
More than two centuries have been passed since the chromosomes have been firstly observed in plant cells by Nageli in 1842. During this long period, chromosomes have been discovered in human cells and well recognized as a source of genes locations. The effects of chemicals and environmental pollution in human health and caners became an interested field of studying diver mutagens and their role in affecting the genetic materials. Cytogenetic tests were the main tools to evaluate the effects of those mutagens on human genome and chromosomes. Many techniques have been used for these purposes including in vitro and in vivo analyzing tests using human and animal cells. The intent of this article is to review the role of cytogenetic techniques in detecting the effects of mutagens on chromosomal aberrations and the role of plant extracts in monitoring these effects
Prevalence of Rota Virus Detection by Reverse TranscriptasePolymerase Chain R...IOSRJPBS
The present study was conducted for the period from 1/6/2016 to 20/1/2017 in Baquba city. The study aimed to detection of rotavirus in stool specimens of children fewer than five age and also explore the effects of certain demographic factors on the detection rates by revers transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction. The study included 49 patients with acute diarrhea, 32 were male and 17 were female. The age range was two months to 5 years. Demographic information on the patients regarding age, sex, residence, type of feeding and source of drinking water were collected from their parents. Stool specimens were collected from each patients and. Detection of rotavirus in stool specimens was done by conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results of present study showed that the overall infection rate by rotavirus among patients with acute diarrhea by RT-PCR tests was 93.88%. The highest infection rate was recorded among those >10-≤15 months of age. None of the results showed significantly difference between female and male, PCR (88% vs 96.87%). Likewise, there was insignificantly difference between urban and rural residence, PCR (95.65% vs 92.30%). The results revealed insignificantly higher infection rate among patients (those below 2 years) feed mixing (91.66%) and bottled (100%) compared to that breast feeding (77.77%) by RT-PCR. The rotavirus infection rate was insignificantly higher among patients consuming municipal water for drinking (97.22%) compared to those consuming bottled water (84.61%) by the RT-PCR. The study concluded that rotavirus was detected in high rates among children less than 5 years old with acute diarrhea in Baquba city, particularly those less than 2 year old.
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Similar to High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Saudi Children And Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes In Albaha Region, Saudi Arabia
Vitamin D deficiency is widespread in both the pediatric and adult chronic kidney disease CKD population. CKD is characterized by dysregulation of vitamin D and mineral metabolism. Secondary hyperparathyroidism and its management puts patients with CKD at increased cardiovascular risk. Emergence of experimental and some clinical data suggesting beneficial effects of vitamin D on proteinuria, blood pressure, inflammation and cardiovascular outcomes has pushed it to the center stage of CKD research. Pediatric data on vitamin D dysregulation and its consequences are still in its infancy. Ongoing prospective studies such as Chronic Kidney disease in Children CKiD and the Cardiovascular Comorbidity in Children with CKD 4 C should help to delineate the evolution of disturbances in mineral metabolism and its adverse effects on growth, CKD progression and cardiovascular outcomes. Dr. Prafull Dawale | Neha Jain "Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26778.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/26778/vitamin-d-in-chronic-kidney-disease/dr-prafull-dawale
Vitamin D deficiency is recognized as a global public health problem, with deficiency states reported from various countries. Acting as a Pro- Hormone; this is a unique endogenously synthesized vitamin. Besides its pivotal role in calcium homeostasis and bone mineral metabolism, the vitamin-D endocrine system is now recognized to sub-serve a wide range of fundamental biological functions in cell differentiation, inhibition of cell growth, and immunomodulation. Vitamin-D deficiency affects not only musculoskeletal health but also a wide range of acute and chronic disease. The metabolic product of vitamin-D is a potent, pleiotropic, repair and maintenance; secosteroid hormone that targets more than 200 human genes in a wide variety of tissues, meaning it has as many mechanisms of action on genes it targets. Two related sterol compounds viz. Cholecalciferol [Vitamin-D3] and Ergocalciferol [Vitamin-D2] are grouped as ‘Vitamin-D’. Cholecalciferol is of animal origin and the other Ergocalciferol [Vitamin-D2] is plant based. Interestingly, antirachitic properties of Vitamin-D2 and D3 are identical. After oral administration; Vitamin-D3 is absorbed better than D2 in small intestine; and bile is essential for absorption.
As per a study (Sizar et al., 2021), Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is highly prevalent among
more than one billion people worldwide. Vitamin D is of 2 types vitamin D3 and vitamin D2;
It is a prohormone and has a significant role in controlling calcium and phosphorus
metabolism. It also has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative functions in
various parts of our body. VDD is a common symptom in most chronic and severe diseases
such as cancer (prostate, breast, and colon cancer), mental disorders, asthma, diabetic
retinopathy, infectious, autoimmune, and cardiovascular diseases. In children, VDD is linked
to detrimental defects such as rickets, dental caries, growth failure, and premature death.
VDD increases the risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women, which results in the need for a
cesarean section. Pregnant, lactating, dark-toned (highly melanin pigmented), obese
children and children and adults who abstained from direct sun exposure are at high risk of
VDD. Consequentially use of sunscreen, season, altitude, latitude, time of the day, and
clothing influence the sun-induced synthesis of vitamin D3 in the skin. UV-B and some UV-A
radiation are absorbed by sunscreen, thus preventing it from reaching the skin and leading
to VDD.
Cytogenetic an Experimental Monitoring Test for Plant ExtractsIOSRJPBS
More than two centuries have been passed since the chromosomes have been firstly observed in plant cells by Nageli in 1842. During this long period, chromosomes have been discovered in human cells and well recognized as a source of genes locations. The effects of chemicals and environmental pollution in human health and caners became an interested field of studying diver mutagens and their role in affecting the genetic materials. Cytogenetic tests were the main tools to evaluate the effects of those mutagens on human genome and chromosomes. Many techniques have been used for these purposes including in vitro and in vivo analyzing tests using human and animal cells. The intent of this article is to review the role of cytogenetic techniques in detecting the effects of mutagens on chromosomal aberrations and the role of plant extracts in monitoring these effects
Prevalence of Rota Virus Detection by Reverse TranscriptasePolymerase Chain R...IOSRJPBS
The present study was conducted for the period from 1/6/2016 to 20/1/2017 in Baquba city. The study aimed to detection of rotavirus in stool specimens of children fewer than five age and also explore the effects of certain demographic factors on the detection rates by revers transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction. The study included 49 patients with acute diarrhea, 32 were male and 17 were female. The age range was two months to 5 years. Demographic information on the patients regarding age, sex, residence, type of feeding and source of drinking water were collected from their parents. Stool specimens were collected from each patients and. Detection of rotavirus in stool specimens was done by conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results of present study showed that the overall infection rate by rotavirus among patients with acute diarrhea by RT-PCR tests was 93.88%. The highest infection rate was recorded among those >10-≤15 months of age. None of the results showed significantly difference between female and male, PCR (88% vs 96.87%). Likewise, there was insignificantly difference between urban and rural residence, PCR (95.65% vs 92.30%). The results revealed insignificantly higher infection rate among patients (those below 2 years) feed mixing (91.66%) and bottled (100%) compared to that breast feeding (77.77%) by RT-PCR. The rotavirus infection rate was insignificantly higher among patients consuming municipal water for drinking (97.22%) compared to those consuming bottled water (84.61%) by the RT-PCR. The study concluded that rotavirus was detected in high rates among children less than 5 years old with acute diarrhea in Baquba city, particularly those less than 2 year old.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
Objective:Many of the available therapies for diabetes have a number of serious adverse effects; therefore the search for more effective and safer hypoglycaemic agents becomes a paramount. This research was set to investigate the antidiabetic potential and cytoprotective effect of ethanolic root extract of Salacianitida on alloxan induced hyperglyceamic rats. Method:Acute toxicity and phytochemical constituents were evaluated using standardized methods. The study lasted for a period of thirty days comprising of two phases: induction phase and treatment phase. Thirty animals were grouped into five groups of six rats each. Group 1 and 2 serve as normal and toxic control respectively while groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with 750, 1500mg of S.nitidaand 5mg glibenclamide respectively. The BGL, food and fluid intake was monitored daily while the body weight was measured on weekly. The last day of the study after an overnight fast, the animals were loaded with glucose and the OGTT measured prior to and at 30minutes interval for two hours after which the animals were sacrificed under ether anaesthesia and the organs isolated for histological examination. Results/Conclusion:The results of the present study indicate that S.nitida possessantidiabetic potentials and cytoprotective effect noted in its significant percentage reduction in the glucose level, slight increase in body weight and restoration of the toxic organs to normal.
Anti Bacterial and Anti Oxidant Activities of Evolvulus Alsinoides LinnIOSRJPBS
: Plants are very important sources of potential useful raw materials as natural chemotherapeutic agents. Shankhpushpi is botanically termed as Evolvulus alsinoides; the extracts have exhibited antioxidant, anti-ulcer, and immunomodulatory activities. The present work is to investigate the invitro therapeutic potential activities of methanolic extract of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides on the antimicrobial activity against five clinical pathogenic bacterial strains viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebshiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhii, using agar well diffusion assay and Anti oxidant activity using 1-1-Diphenyl- 2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Extract inhibited IC50: 40.2. Total phenolic content: 28.4 mg/ml & Total flavonoid content: 20.2 μg /ml. Evolvulus alsinoides (MIC): 512.5mg/ml possess 30 to 40 % inhibition, the antibacterial activity of the herbal extracts was more pronounced on the gram- negative bacteria Klebshiella pneumonia than the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The free radical scavenging activity of methanolic activity of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides increase in a concentration dependent manner, and posses statistically significance DPPH free radical scavenging & Anti microbial activities
A Study on Biomarkers in a Spatially Distributed Type – 2 Diabetes mellitus G...IOSRJPBS
Diabetes, a dreaded disease already ravaged a huge population worldwide, whether it is inherited through generations or invited by the people by their uncontrolled way of life is still obscure. Biomarkers assay is a boon to the diseased to opt proper prophylactic measures to curb or eradicate diseases. The elevated levels of various biomarkers related to inflammation of vital organs, liver function, kidney function and other vital parameters in our diabetic cases reveals the extent of organ(s) damage in these subjects. It is also evident that the levels of various biomarkers are similar in our diabetic subjects, irrespective of their habits or habitats.
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
In recent years, traditional system of medicine has become a topic of global importance. Many of the plant species that provide medicinal herbs have been scientifically evaluated for their possible medicinal, pharmacological and toxicological effects. A number of species of the genus Grewia have been used as medicinal herbs to treat several diseases in different parts of the globe. Grewia bicolor is the most famous medicinal plant among the genus Grewia. Despite the wide use of the plant in traditional medicine, so far no scientific evaluation was carried out on this plant for the preclinical toxicity profile. The present study was conducted to evaluate the safety of Grewia bicolor root extract. The plant extract proved that it is relatively safe through the acute and sub-acute studies.
Flora of Kansai Basin at Lalgarh of Paschim Medinipur District in West Bengal...IOSRJPBS
Flora is systematic enumeration of plant species in a given community of a given ecosystem. It reflects the quality as well as the health of the ecosystem because the floral community are the producers which support the growth and development of ecosystem. It reflects the inflow of nutrients and recycling processes through bio-geochemical processes. Indiscriminate use of different chemicals and articles for different purposes produced by different leading factories for the modern development of human societies causes threat to the environment and loosing the biodiversity which significantly destroying the environment rapidly. The main reason is increasing load of human population which damaging the environment and degrading the ecosystem by pollution directly or indirectly. The present paper reflects the 57 floral elements under 29 families and the community structure including eco-degradation process which could be a starting point of extension through community research by a group of workers in future. Hope that interested people will come and take that opportunity to record the problems for future study and assessment about the dwindling ecosystem for our existence at Lalgarh.
Although ATP production is very important for mitochondria, little is known about the actual rate of production and the value of “unit of currency” for mitochondrial energy transactions. “Unit of currency” for all transactions in general is named “quantum” in Physics, and no value of ATP quantum is accurately given in bibliography, other than rough estimates. This work focuses to calculating produced energy unit in mitochondrial metabolism (Quantum for ATP, or QATP for sort) and the rate of ATP production (power of “mitochondrial factory”)
Development of Nimbolide from Seeds of Azadirachta Indica Extract Assisted by...IOSRJPBS
The recent studies on Nimbolide, a robust cervical anticancer agent was identified for the separation of Nimbolide from Azadirachta indica berry collected from Ranga Reddy- Dist, the seeds were initially isolated, dried and transformed into coarse powder. The seed core was defatted and concentrated using methanol in a soxhlet apparatus. The methanolic extract obtained from seeds is subjected to High Performance Liquid Chromatography [HPLC] by direct reverse phase method for isolation of Nimbolide using Molecular Docking of Nimbolide through Molecular Operatin Environment [MOE] 2008 software. This declared that Nimbolide has capability of binding 12.3% to a Glycine 131 undergoing polar interactions. Nimbolide was found to interact with Cyclin E, was redeemed from the Protein Data Bank [PDB code; 1W98]. It was observed that Nimbolide showed an satisfactory increased life span (54.32 and 65.16), decreased the viable cells (52.3±1.5 and 32.5±1.3), and tumor volume (3.2±0.03 and 2.4±0.04).
A Review on Different Benefits of MushroomIOSRJPBS
This paper reviews mushrooms. In this paper, nutritional and medicinal values, other uses of mushrooms were discussed. Mushrooms have been important in human history as food, as medicine, as legands, and in folk lore and religion. Mushrooms are basically consumed for their texture and flavor. They have recently become attractive as health - beneficent food and as sources for the development of drugs. Many higher mushrooms are known to contain a number of biologically active components that show promising antitumor and immunomodulating, cardiovascular, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic and antidiabetic effects. Nutritional value of mushrooms lies between that of meat and vegetables. The rich source of proteins, vitamins and minerals and low in fat content (2-8%) unique chemicals constitution of mushrooms makes them low calorie food 8 and choice diet for those suffering from hypertension, arthrosclerosis, diabetes, obesity. Mushrooms play a role in the development of new biological remediation techniques and filtration technologies (e.g. using fungi to lower bacterial levels in contaminated water). From the review it was observed that developing countries should harness the potentials of mushrooms as this would boost the revenue income and healthy living. It is hoped that this paper would add to existing information on this fungus
Evaluation of plasma Creatine Kinase activity and Inorganic phosphate among S...IOSRJPBS
Background: CK and phosphorus are helpful biomarker for detection of early renalabnormality particularlyCK which has been shown to be abetter predicator of acute renal failure. Objectives: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study.Conducted in Khartoum and White Nile state from March to June 2016.The aim of this study to assess serum creatine kinase (CK) activity and inorganic phosphate concentrations in Sudanese patients with sickle cell anemia. 80 subjects were enrolled in this study they were classified into 40 with sickle cell disease (SCD) as casegroup and 40 healthy apparently as control group. CK activity and phosphorus level was measured by using Spectrophotometry method. Results: The results showed significantly higher Ck activity in patients with SCD when compared with control group with (P = 0.021), and not significant differences in mean of serum phosphorus concentration in case when compared with control with (P = 0.547). Also show serum CK activity in patients used hydroxyurea when compare with the mean of patients not used hydroxyurea it is significantly decrease with (P= 0.006)
A Clinical Study of Amoebic Dysentery and Its Homoeopathic ManagementIOSRJPBS
A Clinical Study of Amoebic Dysentery and Its Homoeopathic Management, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India. Background: To study the clinical presentation of amoebic dysentery and to study the results of Homeopathic management and treatment of amoebic dysentery. To assess the influence of miasm in the case of Amoebic Dysentery. Methodology: Thirty out-patients with clinically confirmed symptomatic cases of amoebic dysentery were entered trial and treated with Homoeopathic remedies on the basis of Homoeopathic principles with fixed criteria to know the results of treatment as recovered, improved or not improved. For the present study he patients who visited on Sriganganagar Homoeopathic Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Sri Ganganagar, Rajsthan, India and peripheral Out Patient Department were selected on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: Totally 30 patients were selected for this study. At the end of the study it was observed that, out of 30 patients, 24 patients recovered (80%), 5 case improved (16.66%) and1case is not improved (3.3%). with the help ofsuitable homoeopathic medicines. Conclusion: There were no side effects during the treatment and it can be concluded that Homoeopathic Medicines can be help the patient to take a new lease on life
Biological Efficacy of Quassia Indica (Geratn) Nooteb and Centella Asiatica (...IOSRJPBS
Antimicrobial activity of different extracts of two selected plants, Quassia indica (Geartn) Nooteb and Centella asiatica (L.) Urban were tested against selected strains of bacteria viz; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sps, Bacillus thuringiensis, Klebsiella sps and Serratia sps using agar disc diffusion technique. Petroleum ether, acetone, methanol and water extracts of seed and leaf of Q. indica and leaf of C. asiatica showed moderate to significant antimicrobial activity. Of the four extracts tested, petroleum ether and water fractions showed more activity against all the bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition of the active fractions for the petroleum ether ranged from 8.57 to 12.63 mm and 8.53 to 14.5mm for the water fraction of Q. indica seed and leaf and C. asiatica leaf; and exhibited comparable results with widely used commercial antimicrobial agents (16 to19 mm for Kanamycin and 14 to 17mm for Cefotaxime). The results prove the efficacy of the most active fractions of the selected plant extracts to be used for developing potent antimicrobial formulations.
Comparative Testing of Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous Extract of Bergenia ...IOSRJPBS
The aim of this research was to formulate a gel comprising of the both extracts of Bergenia ligulata rhizomes and Butea monosperma flowers that would aid in wound healing by exhibiting antibacterial activity at the site of wound infection if any. As per the literature survey conducted it was found that aqueous extract of Bergenia ligulata rhizomes and ethanolic extract of Butea monosperma flowers have good potential of antibacterial activity. Hence this antibacterial activity was studied with the help of agar well-diffusion assay method, against the micro-organisms-S. aureus, MRSA, Pr. vulgaris, and E.coli . Both these extracts were obtained through Soxhlet extraction process and this process was optimized to get maximum yield of extraction. By agar gel well- diffusion assay at the concentration of about 100µg/mL both the extracts exhibited maximum zone of inhibition. This concentration was helpful in deciding the dose for topical gel formulation.
Yield Performances of Pleurotus ostreatus on Different Growth Substrates as I...IOSRJPBS
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of some vegetables (Diplazium sammatii, Moringa oleifera, and Justicia insularis) as additives on the growth parameters of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on two substrates; banana leaves (BL) and banana leaves/sawdust (BL/SD). The substrates were amended with these vegetables at different concentration levels (0 g, 5 g, 10 g and 15 g). Spawn running was completed in 30, 35, and 40 days in banana leaves, banana leaves/sawdust and the control respectively. Parameters assessed included area of pileus, number of fruit bodies, fresh weight, dry weight, length of stipe and girth of stipe. Higher mean values for fresh weight (21.69 g), area of pileus (42.58 cm2 ), length of stipe (5.10 g) and girth of stipe (4.30 g) were obtained from BL substrate treated to 5 g M. oleifera leaf powder. These values were significantly different from values obtained for other plant additives. Considering the number of fruit bodiesthat emerged on BL/SD substrates, the control produced more fruit bodies than the substrates with additives. The best performance in BL/SD substrates was observed when the substrate was treated to 10 g J. insularis in some of the parameters assessed. These included fresh weight (20.64 g), number of fruit bodies (8.00) and stipe girth (3.44 cm).Other parameters like area of pileus (36.08 cm2 ) and dry weight (2.39 cm), control had a better performance. While for length of stipe, 15 g M. oleifera leaf powder had the highest mean value that was significantly different (P≤0.05) from what was observed in substrates amended with other additives. It is therefore evident that these vegetables have high potential for utilization as additives or supplements for growing of Pleurotus ostreatus especially when using BL as substrates. In addition, substratesadditive concentration combination played a significant role in selective organ growth of the test mushroom.
Dermatoglification Analysis for Selection and Training of Sports TalentsIOSRJPBS
: The term sports talent can be defined as the individual who, through his inherited and acquired conditions, has a special ability for sports performance, above the average of the general population. Fingerprints are genetic markers and can function as indicators of sporting talents. The objective of the present study was to use dermatoglyphics to identify the genetic-physical profile of soccer athletes. Twenty-four athletes belonging to the Palmeiras Sports Society Athletes' Capture Center participated in this study in the Nordeste sub-category category 16. The dermatoglyphic protocol of Cummins and Midlo (1961) was used. Standard fingerprint indices were calculated: the number of drawings for the 10 fingers and the delta index (D10). We also analyzed the types of digital formulas that indicate the representation in individuals of different types of drawings. Based on the classification of Fernandes (2002), the group presented somatofunctional classification for height, velocity and explosive strength, due to the delta index of 11.54. We conclude that dermatoglyphics can be a parameter to identify the potentiality of an individual and can be incorporated into a policy of selection and formation of sports talent.
Establishment of suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. for benzyl isoth...IOSRJPBS
Successful scale-upof the anticancer benzyl isothiocyanate compound production was achieved from cell suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. Cell cultures were established from the stem internodal segments derived callus. Elicitation with two biotic elicitors; chitosan and salicylic acid, increased callus biomass and benzyl isothiocyanate accumulation, but chitosan induced the maximum accumulation, which reached about four-fold higher over the control at the concentration of 100 mg/L. Benzyl isothiocyanate production from cell suspension cultures was studied in shake-flask culture and stirred-tank bioreactor with the application of the optimum concentration of chitosan in the medium. Both methods elevate the compound production; however its yield was higherin the stirred-tank bioreactor.It achieved about eight-fold increase in the production of benzyl isothiocyanate after 24 days of incubation. This protocol can act as a roadmap for large-scale production of benzyl isothiocyanate from cell suspension cultures ofSalvadora persica by using bioreactors
Antimicrobial Activity of Bauhinia Purpurea (L) by Minimum Inhibitory Concent...IOSRJPBS
MIC methods are widely used in the comparative testing of new agents, or when a more accurate result is required for clinical management. As there are no CLSI (formerly NCCLS) recommendations for the determination of MICs of varies bio-compounds against gram positive and gram negative organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration is the lowest concentration (in μg/ml) of an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of a given strain of bacteria. In Diagnostic laboratories these MIC’S are used to confirm resistance and also most often used to determine antimicrobial invitro activity. In the present MIC method, one can get the information about Antibiotic agent, preparation of stock solutions, media and inoculation, conditions of incubation, ultimately reading and interpretation of results. The present study is focused to evaluate antibacterial activities of ethanolic extract and purified fractions of Bauhinia purpurea using a gram-positive and a gram-negative organisms Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella, E.coli and enterococcus
Evaluations of Some Biological Properties of Ethanolic Leave Extract of Costu...IOSRJPBS
Costus afer plant has been known to the traditionalist for a very long time. The locals having realized its medicinal potentials have employed it in a variety of ways. This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial, biochemical and CNS depressant properties of ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer in albino mice and anti-inflammatory activity in albino rats. Ninety albino mice (22-29g) of both sexes were selected and divided into eighteen groups of five mice each. Four groups for analgesic activity, three groups for in-vivo clothing time, four groups for spontaneous locomotor activity, three groups for heamatological evaluation and four groups for phenobarbitone induced hypnosis. Twenty albino rats (180-200g) of both sexes were also selected and divided into four groups of five rats each and used for anti-inflammatory activity. In all, the control groups receive 0.2ml of normal saline while two dose groups of the extract was used 400 and 1200mg/kg representing low and high dose in the treatment group. Indomethacin, Phenobarbitone, Chropromazine, Indomethacine, Ciprofloxacin and Fluconazole were used as reference drug for anlagesic activity, locomotor activity, hypnosis, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal test respectively. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer was performed. The result of the qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, glycosides and terpenoids whereas anthraquinones, essential oil and phlobatannins were absent. The results obtained shows that ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer posses antibacterial activity but no antifungal activity. There was a dose dependent increase in analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities, bleeding/clotting time and CNS activity. The hematological evaluation of the leaves of costusafer shows that the extract has no noticeable effect on the HB, PCV, RBC, but decreases the WBC, platelet count, neutrophils and lymphocytes components of the blood, also the clotting/bleeding time was seen to increase dose dependently in the treated groups. In conclusion, ethanol extract of costus afer ker Gawl leaves possess antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and CNS depressant activity.
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of the Flavonoid-rich Fraction of th...IOSRJPBS
The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis are edible and used in herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The present study demonstrates the antioxidative effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves (FRJT) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of FRJT were determined by serum biochemical enzymes; alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), heamatological pararmeters (PCV, Hb and WBC) and histology study. The results obtained showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the activities of liver marker enzymes across the pre-treated groups compared with the untreated rats. Assay of antioxidant enzymes showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced SOD and GPx activities whereas CAT activity was non-significantly (p ˃ 0.05) increased when compared with the untreated animals. PCV, Hb and WBC levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the untreated group. However, supplementation with FRJT and Silymarin ameliorated the induced depletion of blood in the pre-treated animals. Histological examination of the liver tissue showed marked reduction in fatty degeneration across the pre-treated groups when compared with the untreated group. The results in this study indicate that FRJT exhibited varying levels of protection against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rat models. These results also indicate that the flavonoid-rich fraction contains antioxidants, which mop up free radicals in the system and support its use in the treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative damage.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
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Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Saudi Children And Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes In Albaha Region, Saudi Arabia
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN:2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 12, Issue 1 Ver. III (Jan. - Feb.2017), PP 05-10
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1201030510 www.iosrjournals.org 5 | Page
High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Saudi Children
And Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes In Albaha Region,
Saudi Arabia
Ahmed H Al-Ghamdi1
, Abdelhameed A Fureeh2
, Jamaal A Alghamdi3
,
Waleed M. Alkhuraimi4
, Faisal F. Alomari4
, Fahad A Alzahrani4
, Ramzi A
Alzahrani4
, Abdulrahman A Alzahrani4
, Sami A Alzahrani4
,
Abdulnasser M Alghamdi4
Assistant professor of pediatric endocrinology1
, professor of adult endocrinology2
, Resident at prince Meshary
bin Saud hospital in Albaha 3
, Medical student4
, Albaha college of medicine, KSA1
-4
, Mansoura college of
medicine 2
, Egypt
Abstract:
Background: Vitamin D inadequacy constitutes an increasingly recognized comorbidity among Saudi
populations. There were limited data about its prevalence in Saudi children with type 1 diabetes mellitus
(T1DM).
Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Saudi children and adolescents with T1DM in
Albaha region, southwestern of Saudi Arabia.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 117 Saudi children and adolescents with T1DM. These patients
were recruited from Albaha diabetic center, Saudi Arabia. The range of age of the participants was 1–18
years.. All participants were subjected to history taking including, age, gender, duration of diabetes,
clinical presentation at the onset of diabetes. Measurement of serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D was done in all
participants.
Results: There were 117 Saudi children and adolescent with T1DM, 52 (44.4%) were boys, and 65 (55.6%)
were girls with a mean age 8.8 ± 3.4 and 9.2 ± 3.9 for boys and girls respectively (p=0.52). The mean
serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels among them was 17.1± 10.1 ng/ml and the prevalence of vitamin D
inadequacy was 88.9% (59.9% of subjects had vitamin D deficiency and 29 % had vitamin D insufficiency)
and 11.1% had sufficient levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D. There was a significant difference in vitamin D level
among different groups of vitamin D level (p˂ 0.001). The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency was greater in
the girls with 34.2%, as compared to 25.6% among boys. Vitamin D deficiency was more common among
children in the range of age 1-10 years (52.1% vs 36.8%). In vitamin D deficient group, the mean levels of
vitamin D were significantly lower in patients presented with DKA as compared to those presented with
hyperglycemic symptoms (p= 0.016).
Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is common in Saudi children and adolescent with T1DM in Albaha region.
This is more common in girls and in the younger age groups. Therefore, screening for vitamin D deficiency,
creating awareness to increase sunlight exposure, increase the fortification of food products with vitamin D
and vitamin D supplementation for these patients should be warranted to prevent future morbidity.
Keywords: 25 hydroxy vitamin D, Saudi, Type 1 diabetes, vitamin D deficiency
I. Introduction
Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease occurring in the pancreatic islets (1). It accounts for
90% of diabetes in children and adolescents (2). The annual incidence has been increasing worldwide, possibly
related to genetic, dietary, and environmental factors that might interfere with its pathogenesis (3). There has
been appealing evidence on the role of vitamin D in many autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis,
scleroderma, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and also T1DM (4,5).
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone that contributes to calcium and phosphorus metabolism for healthy
bone mineralization. Vitamin D includes vitamin D2 (derived from plants) and vitamin D3 (derived from
animals) as well as vitamin D metabolites. Vitamin D3 (also known as cholecalciferol) appears to be more
effective than vitamin D2 (also known as ergocalciferol (6). In humans, ~90% of vitamin D arises from
endogenous synthesis by conversion of 7-dehydroxycholesterol into previtamin D by ultraviolet B radiations
and then to vitamin D by a nonenzymatic transformation. Considering that vitamin D is biologically inactive, it
is activated in a two-stage hydroxylation process: first, hepatic hydroxylation that results in 25-hydroxyvitamin
2. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Saudi children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes ..
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1201030510 www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page
D (25[OH]D) and, second, hydroxylation of 25(OH)D in the kidneys, resulting in 1,25-(OH)2D which is the
active form of vitamin D (7).
With respect to the relatively short half-life of 1,25(OH)2D (~4 hours), vitamin D status is best
monitored by 25(OH)D which is the major circulating form of vitamin D with a long half-life (2-3 weeks). In
clinical practice, definitions commonly used are those provided by both the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the
Endocrine Society. According to both groups, vitamin D deficiency is defined as 25(OH)D below 20 ng/ml,
insufficiency as 25(OH)D of 21–29 ng/ml, and sufficiency as 25(OH)D of 30–100 ng/ml (8,9).
Few studies were done on vitamin D status in Saudi children with T1DM. However, there were
limited data from different regions of Saudi Arabia about the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Saudi
children with T1DM. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Saudi
children and adolescent with T1DM in albaha region, southwestern of Saudi Arabia.
II. Methods
This was designed as a cross sectioned study, which enrolled 117 Saudi children and adolescent with
T1DM from those received medical care at an Abaha diabetic center, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).
Albaḥah region is located in the southwestern of Saudi Arabia, having an area of 9,921 km², with population
aged from 0-19 years old are 132,712 (35.3%) (10). Albaḥah region is located 2500 meters above the sea level
and includes Abaḥah city, Almikhwah, Baljorashi, Rahwat Albar, and Sabt Alalaya.. All participants were
subjected to history taking (age, sex, clinical presentation, and duration of diabetes). The serum levels of 25
hydroxy vitamin D were done in all participants.
The diagnosis of T1DM was made according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria (11).
Any patient above 18 years, T2DM and those with diabetes secondary to cystic fibrosis, or steroid therapy were
excluded from the study. Our patients were divided into four age groups as: infancy and toddlerhood group (0-2
years), preschool group (3-5 years), middle childhood group (6-10 years) and adolescence group (11-18 years)
(12). The patients also subdivided according to the clinical presentation at the onset into, these presented with
hyperglycemic symptoms (defined as polyuria, polydypsia, nocturia and weight loss) and those presented by
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) (defined by glucose >250 mg/dL, arterial pH<7.30, blood bicarbonate <15
mmol/L and ketonaemia of over 5 mmol/l. (13). Also, the patients were grouped according to their vitamin D
levels into: vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/ml), vitamin D insufficiency (20-29.9 ng/ml); and sufficient vitamin D
level (≥30ng/ml) (8, 14). The study was approved by the ethics committee of Albaha college of medicine,
Albaha region, KSA.
25-hydroxy vitamin D levels was assayed in the serum by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay
(ECLIA) by Cobas e411 machine. (Roche Diagnostics, GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) and commercially
available IDS kits (IDS Ltd, Boldon Colliery, Tyne & Wear, UK). The inter- and intra-assay coefficients of
variation (CV) for 25 (OH) D were 5.3% and 4.6%, respectively, with 100% cross-reactivity to 25 (OH) D3 and
75% cross reactivity to 25 (OH) D2.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS; Student
version 21). Data were expressed as frequencies [n (%)], whereas means and standard deviation were used for
continuous variables. Chi-square statistics was used to compare between categorical variables. The Independent
T-test was applied to compare two quantitative variance and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare more
than two quantitative variables. A Pearson correlation was used to correlate vitamin D level with the age and
duration of diabetes. A p-value smaller than 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.
III. Results
This study included 117 Saudi children and adolescent with type 1 diabetes, 52 participants (44.4%)
were boys, and 65 (55.6%) were girls with a mean age 8.8 ± 3.4 and 9.2 ± 3.9 years for boys and girls
respectively (p=0.52). The range of age of participants was 1–18 years. The mean duration of diabetes was
2.2±1.8 years.
The mean levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D among Saudi children and adolescent with T1DM was
17.1± 10.1 ng/ml (18.3±10.9 in boys vs 16.1±9.4 in girls, p=0.24). The prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy
among T1DM patients in Albaha region was 88.9% (59.9% of subjects had vitamin D deficiency and 29 %
had vitamin D insufficiency) and 11.1% had sufficient levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D. There was a
significant difference in vitamin D level among different groups of vitamin D level (p˂ 0.001) Table 1.
The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency was greater in the girls with 34.2%, as compared to only
25.6% among boys but this not reach the significant level. T1DM patients with Vitamin D insufficiency is also
common among female patients (Table 1).
3. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Saudi children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes ..
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1201030510 www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page
Vitamin D deficiency was more common among children in the range of age 1-10 years (52.1% vs
36.8%). (Figure 1). There was no significant correlation between vitamin D levels, duration of diabetes and age
of the studied patients (p>0.05).
In vitamin D deficient group, the mean levels of vitamin D were significantly lower in patients presented with
DKA when compared with those presented with hyperglycemic symptoms (p= 0.016) (Table 2).
IV. Figures And Tables
Table 1: Comparing the clinical data and 25 hydroxy vitamin D levels in the study population in different
Groups of vitamin D.
Table 2: Comparison of vitamin D levels between diabetic participants presented at the onset with DKA
and hyperglycemic symptoms.
Figure 1: Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency stratified by age
Vitamin D state Vitamin D deficiency Vitamin D insufficiency Sufficient vitamin D P
Number (%) 70 (59.9%) 34 (29%) 13 (11.1)
Age years 9.2±3.7 9.1±3.7 8.2±3.7 0.66
Gender
Boys
Mean± SD* 11.4±5.8 23.3±2.9 37.5±9.6
Number (%)** 30 (25.6%) 15 (12.8%) 7 (6.1%) **0.76
Girls
Vitamin D* Mean± SD 10.2±5.4 22.7±2.7 34.6±4.9
Number (%)** 40 (34.2%) 19 (16.2%) 6 (5.1)
P* 0.4 0.5 0.65 **0.76
Age group
0-2 years 2 3 1
0.853-5 years 11 3 2
6-10 years 28 14 5
11-18 years 29 14 5
Duration of DM 2.1±1.6 2.4±1.3 2.1±1.9 0.73
Vitamin D levels
Mean± SD
10.7±5.6 22.9±2.8 36.2±7.6 P˂0.001
Hyperglycemia
72 cases
DKA
45 cases
p
Vitamin D level 16.5±8.3 18±12.5 0.44
Vitamin D state
Vitamin D deficiency number (mean± SD) 47 (11.8±5) 23 (8.4±4.1) 0.016
Vitamin D insufficiency number (mean± SD) 20 (23.1±2.9) 14 (22.7±2.5) 0.66
Sufficient vitamin D number (mean± SD) 5 (34.1±5.7) 8 (37.4±8.7) 0.48
4. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Saudi children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes ..
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1201030510 www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page
V. Discussion
The incidence of diabetes and other metabolic disorders is increasing at an alarming rate in countries of
the Arabian Gulf, possibly due to dramatic changes in lifestyle and food intake patterns since the discovery of
oil in the 1950s (15,16). A growing literature suggests that vitamin D homeostasis may play a role in the
etiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes (17–19). Few studies from the Middle East have examined the
association between vitamin D status and diabetes (19-21. Few studies were done on vitamin D status in Saudi
children with T1DM, therefore this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among
Saudi children and adolescents with T1DM in Albaha region, southwestern of Saudi Arabia.
Although a low vitamin D status has been reported in populations of Saudi Arabia, our study is the first
one designed to evaluate vitamin D status in T1DM in Albaha region.
In our study, Saudi children and adolescent with T1DM in Albaha region have an alarmingly low
vitamin D status. Nearly 60 % of the Saudi children had vitamin D deficiency and 29 % had vitamin D
insufficiency, these together suggest that, 88.9 % of the Saudi children with T1DM are at risk for inadequate
vitamin D. Our results are in accordance with the findings from countries of the Arabian Gulf, in Saudi
children, vitamin D deficiency was considerably higher in T1DM Saudi children (84%) compared to healthy
Saudi children (59%) (27). Also, in Qatari youth, with T1DM demonstrated a significant increase in the
prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (25OHD/30 ng/ ml) in the T1DM subjects (90.6%), in a country in which
vitamin D deficiency in non-diabetic children were also high (85.3%), (28).
However, our results were contradictory to previous Western studies analyzing subjects with T1DM.
The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 60.5% in a Swiss study (22), 43% in an Australian study(23),
approximately 25% in an Italian study (24), and 15% in a North American study (25).
Bierschenk and coworkers (26), demonstrated that median 25 hydroxy vitamin D levels were
comparable between established T1DM subjects, new-onset T1DM subjects and control subjects, when studied
in individuals residing in a solar rich environment in the United States. Interestingly, however, in this study,
vitamin D levels in all groups were suboptimal, with 76.1% of new-onset T1DM, 68.5% of established T1DM
and 70.1% of control subjects having 25 hydroxy vitamin D levels below 30 ng/ml (26).
To explain the higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in our study, although Saudi Arabia is a
country with ample sunshine, the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Saudi children and adolescent with
T1DM may result from limited exposure to sunshine, lack of awareness about vitamin D deficiency, low dietary
intake of fortified products and dietary supplements. Another explanation for the high prevalence of vitamin d
deficiency in Saudi children and adolescent with T1DM is a racial difference in vitamin D concentration or a
genetic predisposition to vitamin D deficiency among Saudi Arabians. Moreover Albaha's climate is moderate
in summer and cold in winter due to its location at 2,500 meters (8,200 ft) above sea level and Saudi Arabia is
a country that has been experiencing a marked increase in the prevalence of obesity in the past decade, which
can additionally contribute to a low vitamin D status (31). These findings point to the need of continuous
monitoring vitamin D status in T1DM and identifying contributing factors.
In this study, we observed that, the mean value of 25 hydroxy vitamin D was lower in girls compared
to boys and the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was also greater in the girls than in boys, but this not reach
the significant level. A possible explanation for that result, due to girls covering of their bodies with dark veils
for cultural and religious reasons and sunscreen usage before sun exposure, which prevents the penetration of
the UVB light needed for the synthesis of vitamin D. In the human body, sun exposure represents,the most
important source of vitamin D production (29). Certainly Hobbs et al, reported severe vitamin D deficiency in
Arab–American women who wear the veil (30). However, this does not explain why Saudi Arabian boys had
similarly low levels of vitamin D. Even if we hypothesize that Saudi Arabians have a mildly dark skin, which
could limit the penetration of UVB light.
Low vitamin D status has been associated with an increased risk of diabetes in populations of North
America and Europe (31, 32). Our results suggest that low vitamin D status in Saudi children and adolescent
with T1DM is also strongly associated. The possible mechanisms for this association may include the presence
of vitamin D receptors in pancreatic beta cells to which circulating vitamin D binds (33). Vitamin D has been
well recognized for its role in regulating extracellular calcium flux, and insulin secretion is known as a calcium
dependent process (34). Several studies reported an impaired insulin release in association with vitamin D
deficiency (35,36), and vitamin D supplementation has been shown to improve insulin release in randomized
controlled trials (37). In addition, vitamin D may improve insulin sensitivity by reducing systematic
inflammation (38) and this may explain the important finding in our study, in vitamin D deficiency group, the
mean levels of vitamin D were significantly lower in patients presented with DKA when compared with those
presented with hyperglycemic symptoms (p= 0.016). 25-OH D deficiency has been prevalent upon the initial
presentation of T1DM patients who presented with DKA, making it a contributing factor. However, that low
levels improved spontaneously after correction of acidosis, the direct contribution of 25-OH D deficiency in the
acute presentation of DKA remains controversial (39). Our result was similar to the results of Savastio et al.
5. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Saudi children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes ..
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1201030510 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
who reported that, children with T1DM show a generalized 25OHD deficiency that impact on metabolic status
and glycemic homeostasis and 25OHD levels were inversely related to diabetic ketoacidosis severity (p<0.05)
(40).
VI. Conclusion
Vitamin D deficiency is common in Saudi children and adolescent with T1DM in Albaha region. This
is more common in girls and in the younger age groups. The lower levels of vitamin D may be attributed to
wearing of traditional clothes, deliberate avoidance of the sun, genetic factors and inadequate dietary intake.
Therefore, screening for vitamin D deficiency, fortification of food with vitamin D and vitamin D
supplementation for these patients should be warranted to avoid more morbidity. Additionally, we suggest the
need for more studies to assess the role of vitamin D deficiency in pathogenesis of T1DM aiming for proper
control and prevention of T1DM.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge every patient participate in this study
References
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