Abstract— Its seems likely that agricultural management as diverse as certified organic and conventional IPM practices would impact the microbiota associated with crop surfaces differently. We sampled organic and conventionally managed apples at multiple time-points in a growing season and characterized the bacterial taxa associated with replicates of each treatment type. Surprisingly, no evidence of significant differences persisting across multiple time-points was observed. Significant differential abundance of certain taxa was documented but when it was, it was primarily associated with a single time-point making it difficult to understand if these observations resulted from an environmental or a treatment effect. Principal component analyses demonstrated that sampling time-point explained more of the differences between bacterial communities than treatment. Description of dominant shared bacterial families for both organic and conventional samples included Oxalobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is one of the most problematic pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii, Allium sativum and Solanum incanum in controlling Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica napus production. The trial was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five treatments used in the experiment were T. vogelii, A. sativum, S. incanum, dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for 24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that T. vogelii, S. incanum and A. sativum aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal effects on aphid in rape production.
Article Citation:
Shepherd Mudzingwa, Simbarashe Muzemu and James Chitamba.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium sativum L. and Solanum incanum L. in controlling aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in rape (Brassica napus L.)
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 157-163.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0040.pdf
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Alli...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (
Brevicoryne brassicae
L.) is one of the most problematic
pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy
infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that
consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect
resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used
widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy
of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous
extracts of
Tephrosia vogelii
,
Allium sativum
and
Solanum incanum
in controlling
Brevicoryne brassicae
in
Brassica napus
production. The trial was laid in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five
treatments used in the experiment were
T
.
vogelii
,
A
.
sativum
,
S
.
incanum
,
dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks
after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for
four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf
from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for
24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each
treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that
T. vogelii
,
S
.
incanum
and
A
.
sativum
aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal
effects on aphid in rape
production.
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Se...IJEABJ
Seriphidium herba-album (syn. Artemisia herba-alba) is a medicinal, aromatic, greenish-silver herb. It is used widely in folk medicine for treatment of diarrhea, abdominal cramps and in the healing of external wounds. It's also used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, depression and jaundice. In this study we assessed the protocol for callus induction, maturation of somatic embryogenesis, frequency of germination and conversion into plantlets for leaf explants of Seriphidium herba-album using different concentrations of PGRs. Highest induction frequencies of embryogenic calli occurred after 35 days on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP. Optimum MS medium for higher frequency of matured somatic embryos was recorded using 5.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and somatic embryos also induced young in vitro grown plantlets when cultured in the medium containing GA3 and kinetin. Hence, attempts to induce direct somatic embryogenesis have been achieved up to embryo regeneration and maturation.
Loss due to diseases range from 20 to 30 %, in case of severe infection, total crop may be lost.
Estimated global loss due to insect pests in potential yields of all crops is -14%.
In India losses due to insect pests ranges from 10 to 20 %
Abiotic stresses reduce average yield of crops by upto50% (Bray EA 1997)
Annually about 42% of the crop productivity is lost due to various abiotic stress factors (Oerkeet.al.,1994).
Mass Production of Paecilomyces Lilacinus by using Different Cultivation Medi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Paecilomyces lilacinus is a common saprophytic, filamentous fungus. Morphological characters of Paecilomyces lilacinus were separate mycelium, hyaline, conidia white to pink colored and formation of phialides. The growth of Paecilomyces lilacinus carried out on SDA media at room temperature was better than incubator. Various solid substrates like Rice, Wheat bran, and Sorghum were evaluated for the mass multiplication of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus. Added dextrose and antibiotics in solid media for mass multiplication at room temperature. Among all the substrate Wheat bran recorded the maximum spore count of 7. 1 10-8 spore/ml followed by Sorghum 5. 4 10-8 spore/ml and Rice 5. 1 10-8 spore/ml after 20 days. Also dry mycelia weight or biomass of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus without an incubator was more than using an incubator.
A Study on the Removal of Pesticide Residues on Potatoes Using Moringa oleife...AI Publications
Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant whose seeds possess strong coagulation properties capable of removing turbidity and heavy metals from water. In this study, the effectiveness of MO seeds as a potential pesticide removal apparatus for agricultural produce was investigated. The parameters of interest for each pesticide washing solution were pesticide-concentration reduction, cost, and taste alteration to the potatoes. Separate doses of 0.25 mL profenofos 500 EC were individually applied to distinct 250 g pesticide-free potato piles. A submersion of each tainted potato pile was carried out in one of the chosen pesticide baths (mineral water, 2% salt solution, 10% salt solution, vegetable bath wash, and 10 g MO seed) for 10 min, followed by a 10 second mineral water bath rinse. Remaining profenofos residue concentrations on potatoes were quantified using the quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and simple QuEChERs method coincided with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experiments showed that the MO seed was the most effective at removing profenofos at 52.9% followed by the vegetable bath at 47.3%. Neither method caused an alteration in food taste, but the MO seed method is significantly cheaper at 2,000/L IDR ($0.14 USD) compared to the vegetable bath at IDR 10,668/L ($0.77 USD) at the time of the experiment, respectively.
Microbial composting play an important role in the recycling of different processing wastes and the compost generated by bio-conversion of wastes offers several benefits such as enhanced soil fertility and soil health that can lead to increased agricultural productivity, improved soil biodiversity, reduced ecological risks and a healthier environment. The present experiment was conducted in Plastic pots, which were filled with the different wastes, namely Sugarcane waste, Plants waste, Flower waste, Mausmi waste and Mixed waste, which was inoculated by Yash Activator Plus (2% w/w) with a set control pot of each. The results of this study revealed that with Yash Activator Plus, the temperature was increased rapidly at 20 days of composting which were 50, 52, 58, 54 and 54˚C. Control treatments increased temperature up to 45, 44, 48, 46, and 46˚C respectively. The total loss of dry matter content at the end of composting amounted to be 37.73, 39.67, 52.94, 51.25 and 40% from the initial amount of Sugarcane waste, Plants waste, Flower waste, Mausmi waste and Mixed waste respectively. The maximum and minimum dry matter contents were decreased in flower waste and sugarcane waste respectively. Increased temperature enhanced the process of composting rapidly due to the thermophilic microorganisms, which reduces the time of composting. On the basis of this study, we can conclude that the mixed consortia of mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms increased the process of composting, which reduces the time of degradation of different wastes. Key-words- Compost, Microbial composting, Different waste, Yash Activator Plus
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is one of the most problematic pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii, Allium sativum and Solanum incanum in controlling Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica napus production. The trial was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five treatments used in the experiment were T. vogelii, A. sativum, S. incanum, dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for 24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that T. vogelii, S. incanum and A. sativum aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal effects on aphid in rape production.
Article Citation:
Shepherd Mudzingwa, Simbarashe Muzemu and James Chitamba.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium sativum L. and Solanum incanum L. in controlling aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in rape (Brassica napus L.)
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 157-163.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0040.pdf
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Alli...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (
Brevicoryne brassicae
L.) is one of the most problematic
pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy
infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that
consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect
resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used
widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy
of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous
extracts of
Tephrosia vogelii
,
Allium sativum
and
Solanum incanum
in controlling
Brevicoryne brassicae
in
Brassica napus
production. The trial was laid in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five
treatments used in the experiment were
T
.
vogelii
,
A
.
sativum
,
S
.
incanum
,
dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks
after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for
four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf
from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for
24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each
treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that
T. vogelii
,
S
.
incanum
and
A
.
sativum
aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal
effects on aphid in rape
production.
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Se...IJEABJ
Seriphidium herba-album (syn. Artemisia herba-alba) is a medicinal, aromatic, greenish-silver herb. It is used widely in folk medicine for treatment of diarrhea, abdominal cramps and in the healing of external wounds. It's also used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, depression and jaundice. In this study we assessed the protocol for callus induction, maturation of somatic embryogenesis, frequency of germination and conversion into plantlets for leaf explants of Seriphidium herba-album using different concentrations of PGRs. Highest induction frequencies of embryogenic calli occurred after 35 days on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP. Optimum MS medium for higher frequency of matured somatic embryos was recorded using 5.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and somatic embryos also induced young in vitro grown plantlets when cultured in the medium containing GA3 and kinetin. Hence, attempts to induce direct somatic embryogenesis have been achieved up to embryo regeneration and maturation.
Loss due to diseases range from 20 to 30 %, in case of severe infection, total crop may be lost.
Estimated global loss due to insect pests in potential yields of all crops is -14%.
In India losses due to insect pests ranges from 10 to 20 %
Abiotic stresses reduce average yield of crops by upto50% (Bray EA 1997)
Annually about 42% of the crop productivity is lost due to various abiotic stress factors (Oerkeet.al.,1994).
Mass Production of Paecilomyces Lilacinus by using Different Cultivation Medi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Paecilomyces lilacinus is a common saprophytic, filamentous fungus. Morphological characters of Paecilomyces lilacinus were separate mycelium, hyaline, conidia white to pink colored and formation of phialides. The growth of Paecilomyces lilacinus carried out on SDA media at room temperature was better than incubator. Various solid substrates like Rice, Wheat bran, and Sorghum were evaluated for the mass multiplication of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus. Added dextrose and antibiotics in solid media for mass multiplication at room temperature. Among all the substrate Wheat bran recorded the maximum spore count of 7. 1 10-8 spore/ml followed by Sorghum 5. 4 10-8 spore/ml and Rice 5. 1 10-8 spore/ml after 20 days. Also dry mycelia weight or biomass of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus without an incubator was more than using an incubator.
A Study on the Removal of Pesticide Residues on Potatoes Using Moringa oleife...AI Publications
Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant whose seeds possess strong coagulation properties capable of removing turbidity and heavy metals from water. In this study, the effectiveness of MO seeds as a potential pesticide removal apparatus for agricultural produce was investigated. The parameters of interest for each pesticide washing solution were pesticide-concentration reduction, cost, and taste alteration to the potatoes. Separate doses of 0.25 mL profenofos 500 EC were individually applied to distinct 250 g pesticide-free potato piles. A submersion of each tainted potato pile was carried out in one of the chosen pesticide baths (mineral water, 2% salt solution, 10% salt solution, vegetable bath wash, and 10 g MO seed) for 10 min, followed by a 10 second mineral water bath rinse. Remaining profenofos residue concentrations on potatoes were quantified using the quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and simple QuEChERs method coincided with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experiments showed that the MO seed was the most effective at removing profenofos at 52.9% followed by the vegetable bath at 47.3%. Neither method caused an alteration in food taste, but the MO seed method is significantly cheaper at 2,000/L IDR ($0.14 USD) compared to the vegetable bath at IDR 10,668/L ($0.77 USD) at the time of the experiment, respectively.
Microbial composting play an important role in the recycling of different processing wastes and the compost generated by bio-conversion of wastes offers several benefits such as enhanced soil fertility and soil health that can lead to increased agricultural productivity, improved soil biodiversity, reduced ecological risks and a healthier environment. The present experiment was conducted in Plastic pots, which were filled with the different wastes, namely Sugarcane waste, Plants waste, Flower waste, Mausmi waste and Mixed waste, which was inoculated by Yash Activator Plus (2% w/w) with a set control pot of each. The results of this study revealed that with Yash Activator Plus, the temperature was increased rapidly at 20 days of composting which were 50, 52, 58, 54 and 54˚C. Control treatments increased temperature up to 45, 44, 48, 46, and 46˚C respectively. The total loss of dry matter content at the end of composting amounted to be 37.73, 39.67, 52.94, 51.25 and 40% from the initial amount of Sugarcane waste, Plants waste, Flower waste, Mausmi waste and Mixed waste respectively. The maximum and minimum dry matter contents were decreased in flower waste and sugarcane waste respectively. Increased temperature enhanced the process of composting rapidly due to the thermophilic microorganisms, which reduces the time of composting. On the basis of this study, we can conclude that the mixed consortia of mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms increased the process of composting, which reduces the time of degradation of different wastes. Key-words- Compost, Microbial composting, Different waste, Yash Activator Plus
The Potential of Heliotropium indicum and Chili Pepper Extracts to Control Af...Premier Publishers
The experiment examined the potential of some organic extracts to control African army worm on maize plantations. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of four treatments each replicated four times. Treatments consisted of extracts from the leaves of Heliotropium indicum (HE), extract from dried chilli pepper (CPE), combination of H.indicum with dried chilli pepper extract (HE + CPE) and Cypermethrine (CP) insecticide incorporated in the study for comparison with the botanicals and the untreated check as control (CL). A susceptible and improved maize variety SAMARU 38 was used for the experiment. Data were collected on the following parameters for each treatment: Number of plants infested before and after treatment, percentage damage before and after treatment, total damage after treatment, percentage level of infestation after treatment, and percentage yield increase. All treatments at different plant growth stages reduced the number of holes on the maize plant and these values were significantly different from that of the untreated control plot. Field results indicated that extract of H. indicum, chili pepper and their combinations were effective in controlling army worm. Grain yield in extracts of H.indicum were higher than monocrotophos treatments and the untreated check. Incorporating the plant extracts treatments into sustainable maize production will help to improve the crop yield in resource-poor-farmers field, as well as increase monetary returns for their investment without altering the eco system.
Anthelmintic activity of leaves of different extracts of Gossypium herbaceum ...SriramNagarajan16
The N-hexane, ethyl ether and ethanol extracts of leaves of Gossypium herbaceum L was investigated for
anthelmintic activity using earthworms (Pheretimaposthuma). Various concentrations (10,20,40,60,80 &100
mg/ml) of plant extracts were tested in the bioassay. Albendazole (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard drug
whereas 1% v/v tween 80 as control. Determination of paralysis time and death time of the worms were recorded.
Theethyl ether and ethanol extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at highest concentration of 60, 80 &
100 mg/ml compared to standard drug. The result shows that ethyl ether extract possesses potent vermicidal
activity and found to be effective as an anthelmintic compared to ethanolic extract
Degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim from Aqueous Solutions using Selec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Together with pharmaceutical residues, personal care products encompassing prescription drugs, fragrances, and cosmetics have been detected in groundwater and other aquatic environments, hence compromising the quality of water. Their classification as micropollutants is due to their antibacterial resistance potential, persistence, and ecotoxicity. Biodegradation has been identified as a potential mechanism in their removal. The focus of this study focus was bioaugmentation; (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) to enhance the degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim in model aqueous solutions. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the pharmaceuticals. The efficacy of the bacterial strains to degrade selected drugs was evaluated by making the two drugs the sole source of energy and carbon. From the experimental data, the highest percentage biodegradation was recorded; Pseudomonas aeroginosa (86 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (79 %) for TMP and NVP respectively.
Recycling of Recalcitrant Solid Waste from Herbal Pharmaceutical Industry thr...IJEAB
As per the estimates of World Health Organization (WHO) about 80% of world’s population depends on plant and plant products for their primary healthcare. Recently the demand for herbal drugs has increased many folds at the global level, as these herbal medicines do not have any side effects and its cost effectiveness. Huge quantities of solid waste is generated during the production of decoction using roots, stems, nuts, barks, seeds, flowers and fruits. This solid waste is recalcitrant in nature and the dried waste is very sharp and prickly in nature. Hence cannot be used as a fodder, like leguminous plants. At present, this solid waste is simply being disposed off on land. So it was envisaged to try vermicomposting of this solid waste using earthworm species of Eudrilus eugeniae, considering the high content of Volatile Solids of Total Solids to the tune of 81.78%, indicating its good degradable nature. Herbal solid waste depicted C/N ratio of 35.34 and the vermicompost had C/N ratio of 12.6. Volatile Solids reduction obtained is around 61.23% indicating good bioconversion of the waste. 18.6% moisture content further indicates good quality vermicompost production. Maturity of the compost was confirmed by microbial analysis and also by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Vermicompost prepared out of this herbal pharmaceutical solid waste depicted efficient porosity of 80.489% and water holding capacity of 87.5534%. Bulk density was around 0.9667 gm/cm3 indicating its suitability for agricultural activity.
— Post-harvest diseases are a major problem for banana yield. Despite treatments with chemical fungicides, a persistence of diseases is noticed. This study aims at proposing a biological control method against banana post-harvest diseases by using banana rachis leachate. The effect of leachate has been tested in vitro on mycelial growth, conidial germination and in vivo on pathogenic fungi virulence. All leachate concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) tested showed antifungal activity on the tested fungi. However, the 20% concentration was more effective with complete inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of all fungi. No symptoms of crown rot and anthracnose were observed after treatment of bananas with leachate. However, with azoxystrobin, the prevalence of crown rot and anthracnose was 60% and 30%, respectively. Banana rachis leachate recorded highly significant reduction of banana finger rot prevalence compared to azoxystrobin. Banana rachis leachate have strong antifungal properties that may be useful to control banana post-harvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides Keywords— banana; post-harvest diseases; banana rachis leachate, antifungal activity.
Testing the ability against Bacillus cereus of actinobacteria strains isolate...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study aimed to test the antibacterial activity of Bacillus cereus of actinobacterial isolates isolated from marine sponges in the Kien Giang Sea, Vietnam. That can select the strains with high resistance to identify them. There were 198 actinobacterial isolates tested. Based on the ability of antimicrobial activity to B. cereus, 82/198 had the against B. cereus, in which there were six isolates with high (7.3%), 52 medium (25.6%), and 21 weak resistance (67.1%). Selection of six isolates with the best resistance to B. cereus (ND1.7a, ND2.7c, HD1-3e, HD1-6a, HD2.3b, and H6b) identified by PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results identified five strains of Streptomyces (Streptomyces tateyamensis ND1.7a, Streptomyces althioticus HD1.3e, Streptomyces flaveolus HD1.6a, Streptomyces olivaceus HD2.3d, and Streptomyces albidoflavus H6b) and one strain of genus Microbacterium (Microbacterium tumbae ND2.7c).
Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter and spring wheat...Innspub Net
To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar. Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress, while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir. Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress. Articles source: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
In vitro callus induction of Melothria purpusilla, a traditional medicinal pl...IJERA Editor
Melothria purpusilla, a member of Cucurbitaceae, is an endemic species found in North-Eastern part of India.
The plant is used traditionally by the people of Manipur in the treatment of jaundice and its roots in fever and
diarrhoea. Tissue culture of medicinal plants was performed as a measure for the conservation of endangered
medicinal plants, Melothria perpusilla. Morphogenetic changes were observed in Melothria perpusilla
explants in the MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of PGRs. Different colours of callus
formation were observed in MS supplemented with BAP, kinetin and IBA. The best callus induction was
observed with MS media supplemented with combination of 1BAP mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l and combination of
1Kinetin mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l.
FARMERS’ KNOWLEDGE ON ADVERSE EFFECT OF USING AGRO-CHEMICALSSamar Biswas
Agrochemical , a contraction of agricultural chemical, is a generic term for the various chemical products used in agriculture. In most cases, agrichemical refers to the broad range of pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. It may also include synthetic fertilizers, hormones and other chemical growth agents, and concentrated stores of raw animal manure(Wikipedia).
Chemical fertilizer as an important agro-chemical in Bangladesh was first introduced with limited use in early sixties. Its consumption has increased progressively over the last three decades. Total consumption of fertilizers increased around four folds from 0.87 million tons in 1980-81 to 3.04 million tons in 1996-97 with a growth rate of 8.36% per annum
Today is an established fact that agriculture not industry is major polluter of environment on a local , regional and global basis (Conway and Pretty, 1991).
Identification of Antibacterial Efficacy of Flavonoids of Anaegissus rotundif...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: Antibacterial efficacy of flavonoids (bound and free) of different parts (root, stem, bark, flower, and gum) of Anaegissus rotundifolia was evaluated against seven bacteria (Bacillus subtilis = Gram-positive, Escherichia coli, Raoultella planticola, Enterobactor aerogens, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens = Gram-negative bacteria). Material and Method: Flavonoids extracts of all the plant parts were found to possess strong antibacterial efficacy against these test pathogens, as revealed by zone of inhibition (ZOI [mm ± standard deviation]), activity index (AI), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC [mg/ml]), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC [mg/ml]), and total activity (TA [ml/g]) of extracts against each sensitive test pathogens were also evaluated. All the pathogens were found to be sensitive against these flavonoid extracts. Result: Flavonoid extract of the root and stem showed the best activity against B. subtilis (Gram-positive bacteria), ZOI (16.50 ± 0.24 mm), AI (1.100), MIC (0.078 mg/ml), and MBC (0.157 mg/ml). Highest TA (456.410 ml/g) of gum alkaloid was found against B. subtilis (G +ve bacteria). The findings of the present study suggested the exploitation of alkaloid extracts of Anaegissus rotundifolia for future antimicrobial drugs.
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...IJEABJ
Chitosan play an important role as an antifungal against Botrytis cinerea and the effect was a concentration dependent. The obtained results of in vitro experiment demonstrated that chitosan (4%) decreased radial growth of B. cinereato 2 %. Invivo the severity of infection reduced from 59.8 and 100.0 to 9.7, 33.8 and 40.1 in first, second and third week’s storage periods at 13C, respectively. Also, chitosan coating (4%) significantly caused an increase in fruit firmness whereas TSS was decreased with an increase by increasing in storage time. However,Vitamin C gave fluctuated results by increasing storage time. Gamma irradiation at 2.5 KGy reduced severity (%) of infected fruits from 55.5, 100 and 100 to 31.7, 45.9 and 49.9 and in healthy fruits severity (%) reduced from 48.9, 100 and 100 to 23.3, 25.1 and 29.1 in different storage periods 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. Similarly, chitosan as well as gamma irradiation combination induced a significant increase of peroxidase enzyme (POD) activity. Induced changes in surface morphology and damage of cell structure caused by using chitosan shown by scanning electron microscopy. Also, gamma irradiation causes changes in hyphea structure and in surface morphology but combination of gamma irradiation with chitosan was more effective in altering fungus morphology and cell structure damage and no spore forming. This providing the efficiency of combination on reducing disease severity (%) of strawberry.
Controlled environment system and method for rapid propagation of saba banana...Innspub Net
Conventional propagation practices of banana challenge the production of disease-free planting materials. This study evaluates the use of misting system and different plant growth enhancers, Benzyl Amino Purine at 2mg/l and Napthalene Acetic Acid at 0.93g/L, on plantlet development of Saba banana (Musa balbisiana) macropropagated under glasshouse conditions. A total of 36 corms are equally distributed in three propagators. Four growth parameters are observed and analysed using factorial in Completely Randomized Design in first generation plantlets (GP1) and second generation plantlets (GP2). Results show that the use of misting system significantly increased (p<0.01) all the growth parameters tested during the first and second cycles. The growth enhancers significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (p<0.01), (GP1, GP2) and increased the number of shoots emerged (p<0.01) (GP1, GP2), shoot collar diameter (p<0.01) (GP1) (p<0.05) (GP2), and total leaf area (p<0.05) (GP1) (p<0.01) (GP2). The interaction of the two factors has significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (P ≤ 0.05), produced the most number of shoots (P ≤ 0.01) and the largest total leaf area (P ≤ 0.05) in GP2. The findings suggest that the combined use of misting system and plant growth enhancers accelerates the growth of macropropagated Saba banana.
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER ...Dr Dama
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER VERMICOMPOST IN COMPARISON WITH PRESS MUDCAKE.
Mushan L.C*. Rao K.R.**, Shagalolu V.V*. and Dama L.B*@.
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The generation of pathogenic microorgannisms is overwhelming the potency, safety and cost of synthetic antibiotics. The study south insight for the use of plant materials to fight microbes and optimized antibiotic activity of pure, binary and ternary blends of ethanol extracts of flower of Mangifera india, Gongronema latifolium leaves, Citrus sinensis peel on Streptococcus aureus using the Simplex Lattice {3,3} mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourteen (14) blends of the plants' parts were produced and tested on the S. aureus. Inhibition zones inhibited by the extract blends ranged between 11-19 mm. Blends C and BC exhibited the highest value of 19 mm. Other blends equally exhibited some inhibition effects on the growth of the test microorganism, however, decreasing in values as their proportions in the blends carried. ANOVA on the data revealed that the model of the experiment was significant (p<0.05; R 2 =0.8350), the pure; A, B, C, and the ternary blends, ABC, were significant in the model (p<0.05). Although other blends were n ot statistically significant (p>0.05), the graphic and the equation indicated their positive contributions to the model. The model showed overall mean inhibition zone of 14.11 mm compared to 22.5 mm observed in Levofloxacin on the test organism. The study showed that ethanolic extracts of the plants' parts could provide the basis for engineering and synthesis of potent antibiotics.
Phytochemical property and oral toxicity safety of Chrysophyllum caimito and ...Open Access Research Paper
The century-old practice of herbal medication in animals still persists in local communities despite the contemporary advances in veterinary health care today. The numerous benefits including convenience of use, accessibility, inexpensiveness and insignificant side effects when compared to synthetic veterinary medicines in which drug resistance and residuals are linked. This research work aimed to elucidate the presence of bioactive components and determine the margin of safety of Chrysophyllum cainito (Caimito) and Psidium guajava (Guava) ethanolic bark extracts which are among the selection of documented herbals reliably utilized for gastro-intestinal sicknesses in farm animals. Qualitative phytochemical screening exemplified the presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, xanthoproteins, steroids and coumarin. Avian acute oral toxicity testing denoted that 2000mg/kg dosage was adequate and safe to use in Sasso chickens as substantiated by insignificant effect to body weight, SGOT and uric acid values and the non-appearance of toxicity symptoms including death. The secondary metabolites demonstrated in these plants explicate the pharmacological activities which can be utilized as potential alternatives to current medication strategies in animals.
The Potential of Heliotropium indicum and Chili Pepper Extracts to Control Af...Premier Publishers
The experiment examined the potential of some organic extracts to control African army worm on maize plantations. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of four treatments each replicated four times. Treatments consisted of extracts from the leaves of Heliotropium indicum (HE), extract from dried chilli pepper (CPE), combination of H.indicum with dried chilli pepper extract (HE + CPE) and Cypermethrine (CP) insecticide incorporated in the study for comparison with the botanicals and the untreated check as control (CL). A susceptible and improved maize variety SAMARU 38 was used for the experiment. Data were collected on the following parameters for each treatment: Number of plants infested before and after treatment, percentage damage before and after treatment, total damage after treatment, percentage level of infestation after treatment, and percentage yield increase. All treatments at different plant growth stages reduced the number of holes on the maize plant and these values were significantly different from that of the untreated control plot. Field results indicated that extract of H. indicum, chili pepper and their combinations were effective in controlling army worm. Grain yield in extracts of H.indicum were higher than monocrotophos treatments and the untreated check. Incorporating the plant extracts treatments into sustainable maize production will help to improve the crop yield in resource-poor-farmers field, as well as increase monetary returns for their investment without altering the eco system.
Anthelmintic activity of leaves of different extracts of Gossypium herbaceum ...SriramNagarajan16
The N-hexane, ethyl ether and ethanol extracts of leaves of Gossypium herbaceum L was investigated for
anthelmintic activity using earthworms (Pheretimaposthuma). Various concentrations (10,20,40,60,80 &100
mg/ml) of plant extracts were tested in the bioassay. Albendazole (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard drug
whereas 1% v/v tween 80 as control. Determination of paralysis time and death time of the worms were recorded.
Theethyl ether and ethanol extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at highest concentration of 60, 80 &
100 mg/ml compared to standard drug. The result shows that ethyl ether extract possesses potent vermicidal
activity and found to be effective as an anthelmintic compared to ethanolic extract
Degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim from Aqueous Solutions using Selec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Together with pharmaceutical residues, personal care products encompassing prescription drugs, fragrances, and cosmetics have been detected in groundwater and other aquatic environments, hence compromising the quality of water. Their classification as micropollutants is due to their antibacterial resistance potential, persistence, and ecotoxicity. Biodegradation has been identified as a potential mechanism in their removal. The focus of this study focus was bioaugmentation; (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) to enhance the degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim in model aqueous solutions. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the pharmaceuticals. The efficacy of the bacterial strains to degrade selected drugs was evaluated by making the two drugs the sole source of energy and carbon. From the experimental data, the highest percentage biodegradation was recorded; Pseudomonas aeroginosa (86 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (79 %) for TMP and NVP respectively.
Recycling of Recalcitrant Solid Waste from Herbal Pharmaceutical Industry thr...IJEAB
As per the estimates of World Health Organization (WHO) about 80% of world’s population depends on plant and plant products for their primary healthcare. Recently the demand for herbal drugs has increased many folds at the global level, as these herbal medicines do not have any side effects and its cost effectiveness. Huge quantities of solid waste is generated during the production of decoction using roots, stems, nuts, barks, seeds, flowers and fruits. This solid waste is recalcitrant in nature and the dried waste is very sharp and prickly in nature. Hence cannot be used as a fodder, like leguminous plants. At present, this solid waste is simply being disposed off on land. So it was envisaged to try vermicomposting of this solid waste using earthworm species of Eudrilus eugeniae, considering the high content of Volatile Solids of Total Solids to the tune of 81.78%, indicating its good degradable nature. Herbal solid waste depicted C/N ratio of 35.34 and the vermicompost had C/N ratio of 12.6. Volatile Solids reduction obtained is around 61.23% indicating good bioconversion of the waste. 18.6% moisture content further indicates good quality vermicompost production. Maturity of the compost was confirmed by microbial analysis and also by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Vermicompost prepared out of this herbal pharmaceutical solid waste depicted efficient porosity of 80.489% and water holding capacity of 87.5534%. Bulk density was around 0.9667 gm/cm3 indicating its suitability for agricultural activity.
— Post-harvest diseases are a major problem for banana yield. Despite treatments with chemical fungicides, a persistence of diseases is noticed. This study aims at proposing a biological control method against banana post-harvest diseases by using banana rachis leachate. The effect of leachate has been tested in vitro on mycelial growth, conidial germination and in vivo on pathogenic fungi virulence. All leachate concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) tested showed antifungal activity on the tested fungi. However, the 20% concentration was more effective with complete inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of all fungi. No symptoms of crown rot and anthracnose were observed after treatment of bananas with leachate. However, with azoxystrobin, the prevalence of crown rot and anthracnose was 60% and 30%, respectively. Banana rachis leachate recorded highly significant reduction of banana finger rot prevalence compared to azoxystrobin. Banana rachis leachate have strong antifungal properties that may be useful to control banana post-harvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides Keywords— banana; post-harvest diseases; banana rachis leachate, antifungal activity.
Testing the ability against Bacillus cereus of actinobacteria strains isolate...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study aimed to test the antibacterial activity of Bacillus cereus of actinobacterial isolates isolated from marine sponges in the Kien Giang Sea, Vietnam. That can select the strains with high resistance to identify them. There were 198 actinobacterial isolates tested. Based on the ability of antimicrobial activity to B. cereus, 82/198 had the against B. cereus, in which there were six isolates with high (7.3%), 52 medium (25.6%), and 21 weak resistance (67.1%). Selection of six isolates with the best resistance to B. cereus (ND1.7a, ND2.7c, HD1-3e, HD1-6a, HD2.3b, and H6b) identified by PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results identified five strains of Streptomyces (Streptomyces tateyamensis ND1.7a, Streptomyces althioticus HD1.3e, Streptomyces flaveolus HD1.6a, Streptomyces olivaceus HD2.3d, and Streptomyces albidoflavus H6b) and one strain of genus Microbacterium (Microbacterium tumbae ND2.7c).
Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter and spring wheat...Innspub Net
To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar. Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress, while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir. Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress. Articles source: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
In vitro callus induction of Melothria purpusilla, a traditional medicinal pl...IJERA Editor
Melothria purpusilla, a member of Cucurbitaceae, is an endemic species found in North-Eastern part of India.
The plant is used traditionally by the people of Manipur in the treatment of jaundice and its roots in fever and
diarrhoea. Tissue culture of medicinal plants was performed as a measure for the conservation of endangered
medicinal plants, Melothria perpusilla. Morphogenetic changes were observed in Melothria perpusilla
explants in the MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of PGRs. Different colours of callus
formation were observed in MS supplemented with BAP, kinetin and IBA. The best callus induction was
observed with MS media supplemented with combination of 1BAP mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l and combination of
1Kinetin mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l.
FARMERS’ KNOWLEDGE ON ADVERSE EFFECT OF USING AGRO-CHEMICALSSamar Biswas
Agrochemical , a contraction of agricultural chemical, is a generic term for the various chemical products used in agriculture. In most cases, agrichemical refers to the broad range of pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. It may also include synthetic fertilizers, hormones and other chemical growth agents, and concentrated stores of raw animal manure(Wikipedia).
Chemical fertilizer as an important agro-chemical in Bangladesh was first introduced with limited use in early sixties. Its consumption has increased progressively over the last three decades. Total consumption of fertilizers increased around four folds from 0.87 million tons in 1980-81 to 3.04 million tons in 1996-97 with a growth rate of 8.36% per annum
Today is an established fact that agriculture not industry is major polluter of environment on a local , regional and global basis (Conway and Pretty, 1991).
Identification of Antibacterial Efficacy of Flavonoids of Anaegissus rotundif...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: Antibacterial efficacy of flavonoids (bound and free) of different parts (root, stem, bark, flower, and gum) of Anaegissus rotundifolia was evaluated against seven bacteria (Bacillus subtilis = Gram-positive, Escherichia coli, Raoultella planticola, Enterobactor aerogens, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens = Gram-negative bacteria). Material and Method: Flavonoids extracts of all the plant parts were found to possess strong antibacterial efficacy against these test pathogens, as revealed by zone of inhibition (ZOI [mm ± standard deviation]), activity index (AI), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC [mg/ml]), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC [mg/ml]), and total activity (TA [ml/g]) of extracts against each sensitive test pathogens were also evaluated. All the pathogens were found to be sensitive against these flavonoid extracts. Result: Flavonoid extract of the root and stem showed the best activity against B. subtilis (Gram-positive bacteria), ZOI (16.50 ± 0.24 mm), AI (1.100), MIC (0.078 mg/ml), and MBC (0.157 mg/ml). Highest TA (456.410 ml/g) of gum alkaloid was found against B. subtilis (G +ve bacteria). The findings of the present study suggested the exploitation of alkaloid extracts of Anaegissus rotundifolia for future antimicrobial drugs.
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...IJEABJ
Chitosan play an important role as an antifungal against Botrytis cinerea and the effect was a concentration dependent. The obtained results of in vitro experiment demonstrated that chitosan (4%) decreased radial growth of B. cinereato 2 %. Invivo the severity of infection reduced from 59.8 and 100.0 to 9.7, 33.8 and 40.1 in first, second and third week’s storage periods at 13C, respectively. Also, chitosan coating (4%) significantly caused an increase in fruit firmness whereas TSS was decreased with an increase by increasing in storage time. However,Vitamin C gave fluctuated results by increasing storage time. Gamma irradiation at 2.5 KGy reduced severity (%) of infected fruits from 55.5, 100 and 100 to 31.7, 45.9 and 49.9 and in healthy fruits severity (%) reduced from 48.9, 100 and 100 to 23.3, 25.1 and 29.1 in different storage periods 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. Similarly, chitosan as well as gamma irradiation combination induced a significant increase of peroxidase enzyme (POD) activity. Induced changes in surface morphology and damage of cell structure caused by using chitosan shown by scanning electron microscopy. Also, gamma irradiation causes changes in hyphea structure and in surface morphology but combination of gamma irradiation with chitosan was more effective in altering fungus morphology and cell structure damage and no spore forming. This providing the efficiency of combination on reducing disease severity (%) of strawberry.
Controlled environment system and method for rapid propagation of saba banana...Innspub Net
Conventional propagation practices of banana challenge the production of disease-free planting materials. This study evaluates the use of misting system and different plant growth enhancers, Benzyl Amino Purine at 2mg/l and Napthalene Acetic Acid at 0.93g/L, on plantlet development of Saba banana (Musa balbisiana) macropropagated under glasshouse conditions. A total of 36 corms are equally distributed in three propagators. Four growth parameters are observed and analysed using factorial in Completely Randomized Design in first generation plantlets (GP1) and second generation plantlets (GP2). Results show that the use of misting system significantly increased (p<0.01) all the growth parameters tested during the first and second cycles. The growth enhancers significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (p<0.01), (GP1, GP2) and increased the number of shoots emerged (p<0.01) (GP1, GP2), shoot collar diameter (p<0.01) (GP1) (p<0.05) (GP2), and total leaf area (p<0.05) (GP1) (p<0.01) (GP2). The interaction of the two factors has significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (P ≤ 0.05), produced the most number of shoots (P ≤ 0.01) and the largest total leaf area (P ≤ 0.05) in GP2. The findings suggest that the combined use of misting system and plant growth enhancers accelerates the growth of macropropagated Saba banana.
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER ...Dr Dama
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER VERMICOMPOST IN COMPARISON WITH PRESS MUDCAKE.
Mushan L.C*. Rao K.R.**, Shagalolu V.V*. and Dama L.B*@.
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The generation of pathogenic microorgannisms is overwhelming the potency, safety and cost of synthetic antibiotics. The study south insight for the use of plant materials to fight microbes and optimized antibiotic activity of pure, binary and ternary blends of ethanol extracts of flower of Mangifera india, Gongronema latifolium leaves, Citrus sinensis peel on Streptococcus aureus using the Simplex Lattice {3,3} mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourteen (14) blends of the plants' parts were produced and tested on the S. aureus. Inhibition zones inhibited by the extract blends ranged between 11-19 mm. Blends C and BC exhibited the highest value of 19 mm. Other blends equally exhibited some inhibition effects on the growth of the test microorganism, however, decreasing in values as their proportions in the blends carried. ANOVA on the data revealed that the model of the experiment was significant (p<0.05; R 2 =0.8350), the pure; A, B, C, and the ternary blends, ABC, were significant in the model (p<0.05). Although other blends were n ot statistically significant (p>0.05), the graphic and the equation indicated their positive contributions to the model. The model showed overall mean inhibition zone of 14.11 mm compared to 22.5 mm observed in Levofloxacin on the test organism. The study showed that ethanolic extracts of the plants' parts could provide the basis for engineering and synthesis of potent antibiotics.
Phytochemical property and oral toxicity safety of Chrysophyllum caimito and ...Open Access Research Paper
The century-old practice of herbal medication in animals still persists in local communities despite the contemporary advances in veterinary health care today. The numerous benefits including convenience of use, accessibility, inexpensiveness and insignificant side effects when compared to synthetic veterinary medicines in which drug resistance and residuals are linked. This research work aimed to elucidate the presence of bioactive components and determine the margin of safety of Chrysophyllum cainito (Caimito) and Psidium guajava (Guava) ethanolic bark extracts which are among the selection of documented herbals reliably utilized for gastro-intestinal sicknesses in farm animals. Qualitative phytochemical screening exemplified the presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, xanthoproteins, steroids and coumarin. Avian acute oral toxicity testing denoted that 2000mg/kg dosage was adequate and safe to use in Sasso chickens as substantiated by insignificant effect to body weight, SGOT and uric acid values and the non-appearance of toxicity symptoms including death. The secondary metabolites demonstrated in these plants explicate the pharmacological activities which can be utilized as potential alternatives to current medication strategies in animals.
— The microbiological content of Lettuce (a vegetable), commonly vended in the Benin metropolis of Edo state were evaluated. Five vending locations were chosen for the study. Whole and soft rot samples were purchased and analysed for microbiological composition. Results showed high counts in soft rot samples in lettuce. Nutrient agar plated lettuce samples had bacterial counts in the range of 2.0x 103 to 4.7x10 7. Pseudomonas species was the dominant species found in lettuce samples. Bacillus species was isolated from one location in the lettuce samples. Mac Conkey agar plated lettuce plated had bacterial counts in the range of 2.3 x 10 3 to 5.7x 10 7. Enterobacter species, E. coli, and Klebsiella species were the dominant species isolated. Though, Proteus species was isolated from lettuce samples obtained from location five only. The study observes that consuming soft rot samples could pose a risk of introducing pathogens to the consumer due to their high microbial counts and could be detrimental to the health of the consumer.
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
This study was initiated in order to understand the biochemical mechanisms involved in the resistance of J. curcas to Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Artificial inoculations were done on young seedlings leaves of 8 J. curcas local accessions from Burkina Faso including 4 resistant and 4 susceptible. Two extractions were made for the evaluation of each biochemical parameter: one on the 1st day before and the second on the 7th day after inoculation. The study revealed that the response of J curcas to L. threobromae infection is depending to the resistance or the susceptibility of accessions. It showed an increase in the content of biomolecules synthesis such as phenolic, flavonoids, proteins, photosynthetic pigments, salicylic acid and also an increase of catalase and trypsin inhibition activities. In susceptible accessions, the study revealed a decrease in the photosynthetic pigments and an increase in MDA content comparatively to resistant accessions. The ACP performed on the basis of the evaluated biochemical parameters showed that the axis F1 allows the separation of the resistant and the susceptible accessions, and indicated that the resistance of accessions result in the activation of biomolecules synthesis such as phenolic, flavonoids, proteins, photosynthetic pigments, salicylic acid and stimulation of catalase and trypsin inhibition activities. The F2 axis is associated with sugars content and, chymotrypsin inhibition and SOD activities. In susceptible accessions, an increase in MDA content and SOD activity were observed. This study represents an important step in combating leaf fungal diseases by opting to the green technology and by breeding for genotypes with inducing natural defense compounds.
Cumulative effect of modified atmospheric packaging on the textural and chemi...SukhveerSingh31
Fruits and vegetables have been consumed by humans since ancient times. Scientific
investigations have proved that an increased consumption of fruits and vegetables is known to
reduce instances of cancer and cardiovascular mortality (Bhardwaj et al., 2014)
Control of Mites and Thrips and its Impact on the Yield of Avocado cv. “Hass”...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— For social and economic reasons Avocado is an important crop; however, some arthropods, of which mites are especially important, can limit its production, as is the case in the state of Guerrero. In order to determine which treatment is the best for controlling these pests, an experiment was carried out in Filo de Caballos, Guerrero, where five treatments were applied, together with an absolute control. Sampling was continuous, and the mites found in each treatment were counted. The treatment was applied when the economic threshold of 10 mites/leaf/tree was reached. The best treatments for controlling mites were T1 (abamectin and azadirachtin), and T3 (abamectin and imidacloprid), with 8 and 10 applications each. The population of thrips never reached the economic threshold; their densities were low throughout the experiment. Treatments 4, 1, 3, 2, and 5 had higher weights and they were classified into the “Extra” caliber. The fruits with the greatest length were those from treatments 4, 1, 3, 2 and 5, ordered decreasingly according to their size. Regarding fruit quality, the differences were not well marked among the treatments. The choice of control to be used is left to the farmers; however, it is necessary to remember that there are alternatives to the control of mites and thrips that help to increase caliber, size, and fruit quality.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
Nutritional Profile and Physicochemical Properties of Peach Varieties in Ethi...AJSERJournal
Nutritional and functional characteristics of fruits are related to their quality and are influenced by
genotype and ripening stage, and by environmental conditions and orchard management practices. The purpose of this
research was to test nutritional profile and selected physicochemical properties of different improved and adopted
peach varieties in Ethiopia and comparative study among varieties and between study varieties and standard
reference. The result got show that improved peach varieties greater amount of ash (4.3-5.51%), protein (4.34-6.05%),
fat (0.097-1.386%) and fiber (2.87-4.611%) than standard reference (0.263, 1.423, 0.427, and 1.20%, in the
aforementioned order) but lower in carbohydrate (84.411-89.90%) than standard of (96.678%). The mineral content
higher in K (0.48-1.182%), Ca (0.162-0.565 %), Mg (0.037-0.066%), Fe (16.33-159.2%) and Zn (2.43-8.84%) than
standard reference (0.942, 0.051, 0.071, 16.32, 3.213%), respectively except Na, Mg, Cu and Sulfur while the fruit
quality was revealed low moisture content which less water and medium vitamin C (3.99-5.55%) and TSS (8.36-
14.31%). We observed variation in proximate composition and mineral content among sixteen peach varieties.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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Using next generation sequencing to describe epiphytic microbiota associated with organic and conventionally managed apples
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 36
Using next generation sequencing to describe epiphytic microbiota
associated with organic and conventionally managed apples
Andrea Ottesen1*
, Demetra Skaltsas2
, James Robert White3
, Sasha Gorham4
,
Padmini Ramachandran5
, Eric Brown6
, Michael Newell7
, Christopher Walsh8
1,4,5,6
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA 5001 Campus Drive, College Park MD 20740
2,8
Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, UMD College Park, MD 20740
3
Resphera Biosciences, 1529 Lancaster Street Baltimore, MD 21231
7
Wye Research and Education Center, 124 Wye narrows Drive, Queenstown, MD 21658
*author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Andrea.Ottesen@fda.hhs.gov
Abstract— Its seems likely that agricultural management as diverse as certified organic and conventional IPM practices
would impact the microbiota associated with crop surfaces differently. We sampled organic and conventionally managed
apples at multiple time-points in a growing season and characterized the bacterial taxa associated with replicates of each
treatment type. Surprisingly, no evidence of significant differences persisting across multiple time-points was observed.
Significant differential abundance of certain taxa was documented but when it was, it was primarily associated with a single
time-point making it difficult to understand if these observations resulted from an environmental or a treatment effect.
Principal component analyses demonstrated that sampling time-point explained more of the differences between bacterial
communities than treatment. Description of dominant shared bacterial families for both organic and conventional samples
included Oxalobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae.
Keywords— Organic, conventional, 16S, ITS, phyllosphere, bacteria, fungi.
I. INTRODUCTION
Organic agriculture is part of efforts to streamline agricultural practices to provide safer and more sustainably harvested
foods. “Organic” became a certified practice with the passage of the Organic Food Production Act in the 1990 Farm Bill.
For certified organic practices, the use of synthetic pesticides, genetically modified organisms, sewage sludges, irradiation,
and other practices deemed to be detrimental to society and the environment are prohibited. While produce labeled
‘‘organic’’ means that a set of prescribed practices has been followed - these practices vary enormously by crop and
geographic region. To understand what “organic” means for 5 different fruits and vegetables at any supermarket would
involve extensive study of each commodity, where it was grown, weather pressures during the growing season, and what the
regulations and approved materials may be for organic certification in each specific region.
Questions persist regarding how organic management may contrast with conventional management in terms of impact on
harvest, plant pathology, and food safety. To better understand how organic and conventional management impacted an apple
crop with regard to bacterial microbiota found on surfaces of fruits and leaves, we designed the experiment presented here.
The microbial ecology associated with the surfaces of fruits and leaves is significant for all aforementioned considerations.
For food safety, it is important to assess whether or not, a greater risk of exposure to human pathogens may correlate with
organically or conventionally managed foods. Organic agriculture often relies on fertilizers or pesticides that are more
natural materials - thus often supporting a more robust “native” microbial ecology that could be transferred to the crop.
Fertilizers in particular host a wealth of bacterial and fungal species that may directly impact the safety of the crop especially
if there is direct contact with edible surfaces of plants.
Here, we examine the impact of organic and conventional management on apples (cultivar Enterprise) grown in Queenstown,
Maryland. Because so many different materials are used in the two management types (Table 1), we hypothesized that the
organic and conventional fertilization and pesticide schedules would impact the epiphytic microbiota of the apple crop
differently. Apple trees were grown in a randomized block design with five replicates of each apple tree under both certified
organic and conventional IPM (integrated pest management) management. Trees were planted in 2003, with the first
certified organic crop harvested in 2006. All samples for the work presented here were collected in 2008, after three
consecutive years of certified organic and conventional management.
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 37
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Experimental Design of the Organic and Conventional Orchard
Randomized complete blocks of apple trees were planted (2003) in a one hectare (approx. 2.5 acres) plot at the Wye
Research and Education Center in Queenstown, Maryland. Blocks were treated either with chemicals approved for certified
organic management by the National Organic Program (NOP) of the USDA or with the most commonly applied chemicals in
a standard commercial apple spray schedule for the Mid-Atlantic region (Table 1). Five replicates of each treatment were
maintained for five years (2004-2008). Approximately 16 meters (50 feet) was maintained between plots to comply with
Maryland Department of Agriculture regulation for proximity of conventional chemicals to certified organic lands (Figure 1).
Certified organic materials from National Organic Program (NOP) lists were substituted at a one to one ratio with
conventional materials used in a typical IPM management for commercial apples grown in the mid-Atlantic. The following
organic and conventional materials were used to manage the orchard (Table 1).
TABLE 1
ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL MATERIALS
Treatment Insecticides Fungicides Fertilizers Bactericides Herbicides
Organic
Kaolin, Pyrethrins,
Spinosad, Azadirachtin
Copper,
Sulfur
Kelp, fish emulsion, chicken
manure, compost teas,
6-1-1 NPK 5-3-4 NPK
Streptomycin
Acetic acid, physical
barriers (plastics)
Conventional
Pyrethroid, Carbamate,
Organothio- phosphates
Carbamates Calcium nitrate, 15-0-0 NPK Streptomycin glyphosate
Organic and conventional materials were substituted at a one to one ratio.
2.2 Enterprise Apples
The cultivar ‘Enterprise’ was used. Enterprise is a late ripening fruit that was bred in a cooperative breeding program of the
Indiana, Illinois and New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations. Enterprise, like other disease-resistant cultivars has a field
immunity to apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), a high resistance to Fire Blight (Erwinia amylovora), cedar-apple rust
(Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae), and a moderate resistance to powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha). The
letter “pri” in Enterprise commemorates the Purdue-Rutgers-Illinois cooperative breeding programs that contributed to the
parental material for Enterprise and Goldrush cultivars.
2.3 Epiphytic Microbiota Sampling
At three time-points: (6/13 = 0) (6/18 = 5) (6/23 = 10) during the 2008 growing season, fruit and leaves of the cultivar
‘Enterprise’, were collected from 5 replicated blocks of organic and conventionally managed trees. Approximately 20 leaves
plus two apples were placed in a sterile ziplock bag. Leaves were collected from around all sides of the tree and transported
back to the lab in sealed bags in a cooler at 4° Celsius. Three hundred ml. of deionized water was added to the bags and
samples were sonicated for five minutes to dislodge surface microbial species. The microfloral wash was transferred to
centrifuge tubes and centrifuged at 30,000g for twelve hours at 4°C. Pellet was transferred to a small microcentrifuge tube
and stored at –20°C until DNA extraction.
2.4 DNA extraction and 16S/ITS Amplicon Sequencing
The Promega Wizard DNA extraction Kit was used according to the manufacturer’s specifications and 16S/ITS amplicon
sequencing was performed according to Illumina’s “Overview of tailed amplicon sequencing approach with MiSeq” protocol.
Forward primers were used with staggered nucleotides as described in Illumina’s technical manual. This two-step PCR
approach utilizes sequence specific primers and Nextera DNA Index Kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA). Sequence specific
primers (IDT Inc., Coralville, Iowa) were designed according to low diversity amplicon specifications. Emerald Green GT
PCR Master Mix (Takara Bio Inc. Otsu, Shiga, Japan) was used to generate amplicons. Clean PCR product was obtained
using AMPure XT Beads to remove fragments smaller than 300 bases. Sample DNA concentration was determined using
Qubit High-Sensitivity Assay (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY). Samples were then diluted to 2 nM and pooled using
10ul of each sample. Ten microliters (10 ul) were taken from the amplicon multiplex sample and denatured with 10 ul .2 N
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 38
NaOH. This process was performed simultaneously for a 2 nM PhiX sample (Illumina, San Diego, CA) in a separate tube.
Samples were incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes then 980 ul HT1 buffer (Illumina, San Diego, CA) was added to
each sample to create a final concentration of 20pM. PhiX and amplicon multiplex samples were diluted to 5pM in 500 ul,
and pooled together at a 1:1 ratio for a final volume of 1000 ul. Six hundred microliters (600 ul) of the combined sample was
loaded on a MiSeq V2 cartridge (Illumina, San Diego, CA). Sample was sequenced on a MiSeq V2 platform.
2.5 Bioinformatic Methods
For 16S amplicon analysis, raw paired end fastq files output by the MiSeq platform were assembled using FLASH [1] with a
minimum overlap criterion of 100 bp and maximum permitted mismatch density of 10%. The resulting merged sequences
were filtered for quality and length (≥150bp) using QIIME [2,3], and spurious hits to the Phi X control genome were
identified using BLASTN and removed. Passing sequences were trimmed for forward and reverse primers, evaluated for
chimeras with UCHIME (de novo mode) [4], and subsequently filtered for host-related contaminant including chloroplast
DNA and Malus domestica mitochondrial DNA using the RDP Bayesian classifier [5]. Finally a large-scale BLASTN search
of the GreenGenes database (v13_05) was performed to identify unknown contaminant sequences. Identified contaminants
included a substantial number of amplified mitochondrial DNA from fungal species largely reflecting the 12S rRNA gene
region. The final set of cleaned 16S sequences was characterized for diversity and taxonomic composition using QIIME.
Sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using UCLUST (de novo) [6] with a 95% identity
threshold. Representative sequences of each cluster were assigned to a taxonomic lineage by the RDP classifier (trained on
the GreenGenes 16S database, release v13_05) using a minimum confidence threshold of 0.80. Representatives were input to
PYNAST [7] to generate a multiple sequence alignment, which was subsequently used to construct a neighbor-joining
phylogenetic tree with FastTree [8]. After full characterization of the clean sequence dataset, sampling depth was normalized
by randomly sampling 2,161 sequences from each sample. ITS paired end reads could not be assembled into consensus
fragments due to insufficient length. Therefore we utilized the R1 read set for our analysis, which consistently resulted in
higher mean quality scores than the corresponding R2 read sets. Reads were processed for length (≥150bp) and quality using
QIIME, as well as spurious hits to the Phi X control genome. Passing sequences were trimmed for the R1 associated primer
and screened for chimeras with UCHIME (de novo mode). Passing sequences were searched against the UNITE ITS database
(v12_11) to identify unknown contaminant DNA.
The final set of clean ITS sequences were characterized for diversity and taxonomic composition using QIIME. To provide
even sampling depth, we first performed random sampling to 12,400 sequences per sample. Similarly to the 16S analysis,
sequences were clustered into OTUs using UCLUST (de novo) with a 95% identity threshold, with OTU representatives
assigned to a taxonomic lineage using the RDP Bayesian classifier trained on the UNITE db (v12_11) requiring a minimum
confidence threshold 0.5. For both amplicon sets, alpha and beta-diversity metrics (e.g. Bray-curtis, unweighted UniFrac
distance [9]) were computed in QIIME. Additional statistical analyses (e.g. hierarchical clustering and visualization) were
performed in R (v.2.12.0) The false discovery rate (FDR) [10] was employed to control for false positives in comparative
statistical testing.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Dominant bacterial families observed in both organic and conventional samples included Oxalobacteraceae,
Pseudomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (Figure 1). Interestingly, the family Lachnospiraceae was
only observed in Conventional samples (Figure 1). Lachnospiraceae is a family in the order Clostridiales comprised of
anaerobic species. Many genera in this family are commonly associated with mammalian intestinal microbiota. The use of
this family has been proposed to serve as a fecal indicator [11]. The incidence of Lachnospiraceae in Conventional samples
was restricted to only one time point (6/23 /10) so it may be difficult to establish if the occurrence of Lachnospiraceae was
due to an environmental event, a contamination event or was indeed a result of some component of the conventional
management.
Statistically significant differential abundance of certain bacterial taxa in organic compared to conventional treatments was
observed at several different time-points, but not consistently across all the time-points. In the third time-point: (6/23 /10), a
statistically significant (P < 0.0098) differential abundance of Cystobacterineae was observed in organic samples compared
to conventional samples (Figure 2). Cystobacterineae are within the order Myxococcales. Taxa in this order have been
described as widespread in terrestrial, ocean and soil environments[12]. Many have large genomes and are known for the
formation of fruiting bodies and the ability to synthesize secondary metabolites [12,13]. Some taxa have been known to
excrete hydrolytic enzymes that decompose complex biopolymers[12]. Another family that was significantly differentially
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 39
enriched (P< 0.011) in organic samples was Oxalobacteraceae. Oxalobacteraceae is a family of Betaproteobacteria in the
order Burkholderiales [14] (Figure 2). Using principle component analyses to visualize differences in bacterial communities
that may be correlated to treatment or sampling time-points revealed considerable overlap but also a small clustering effect of
organic and conventional samples by treatment (Figure 3). A separation of early (red) and mid (green) sample time-points
was quite pronounced but a later time-point (blue) was indistinguishable from the early time-point (Figure 3).
FIGURE 1 BACTERIAL FAMILIES IN ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONALLY MANAGED APPLES
Abundance of the most dominant bacterial families observed in both organic and conventionally managed apples across
three time-points (0, 5, 10).
FIGURE 2 SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENTIAL ABUNDANCE OF BACTERIAL TAXA
Bacterial taxa that were found to be significantly differentially enriched in organic or conventional treatments are shown
here. At time-point 10 Cystobacterineae (P< 0.0098) and Oxalobacteraceae (P< 0.011) were both significantly enriched
in organic treatments.
Fungal taxa in organic and conventional samples over all sampling time-points were fairly consistent for both treatments.
The most abundant fungal taxa in both treatments were Dothioraceae, Pleosporaceae, Hysteriaceae and Micosphaerellaceae
(Figure 4). Several fungal taxa were significantly differentially enriched in both conventional (Capnodiales) ( P< 0.00068)
and organic (Tremellales) (P< 0.0037) samples (Figure 5).
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 40
It was interesting to observe that the majority of taxonomic representation in organic and conventional treatments were
shared both for bacterial (Figure 1) and fungal (Figure 4) taxa. Previous work[15] documented more significant differences
correlated to organic and conventional treatments, however conclusions were based on a very small number of sequences in
comparison to the work presented here – which can exaggerate differences. Leff at al. documented differences between
microbiota associated with organic and conventional spinach, lettuce, mushrooms, strawberries, tomatoes, peppers, peaches
and grapes, however differences between organic and conventional apples was minimal[16]. Samples from the Leff et al.
study were however exposed to many more variables than simply field management because samples were collected from
point of sale.
FIGURE 3 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSES OF BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES IN ORGANIC AND
CONVENTIONAL APPLES
A clustering by treatment is evident, potentially driven by differences associated with specific time-points. Early and mid
time-points appear to cluster together while no separation is evident between early and late time-points.
FIGURE 4 FUNGAL FAMILIES IN ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONALLY MANAGED APPLES
Abundance of the most dominant fungal families observed in both organic and conventionally managed apples across
three time-points (0, 5, 10).
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 41
FIGURE 5: SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENTIAL ABUNDANCE OF FUNGAL TAXA
Fungal taxa that were found to be significantly differentially enriched in organic or conventional treatments are shown
here. At time-point 10 Capnodiales is significantly enriched in conventional samples (P< 0.00068) and at time-point 5
Tremellales is significantly enriched in organic samples (P< 0.0037).
Whether or not actual field conditions and management practices play a significant role in the bacterial and fungal microbiota
that are ultimately associated with fruits and vegetables when they arrive at the table is not fully understood. Although,
much work has provided a growing assembly of “usual suspects” associated with microbiomes of agricultural commodities,
the lack of the use of a control in most of these studies has limited our understanding of which microbiota are introduced by
the environment, which microbiota may be host plant mediated and which microbiota may be influenced by agricultural
practices such as organic and conventional management. A recent study [17] that employed inanimate surfaces as a control
to study origins of phyllosphere microbiota found that controls and live plants shared almost the same taxonomic profiles –
suggesting that environmental pressures may be strong enough to mask treatment effects introduced by practices such as
organic and conventional management.
IV. CONCLUSION
Despite the drastically different agricultural inputs that were applied to the organically and conventionally managed trees,
very few statistically significant differences were observed between samples from the two treatments and those that were,
were associated with a single time-point, making it difficult to discern if it was a treatment effect, a temporal effect or an
environmental effect. The high level of shared bacterial and fungal taxa suggests that environmental parameters (such as
wind, dust, or air) may have had an equally strong influence on the epiphytic microbiota as the organic and conventional
management did.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to acknowledge the dedicated efforts of the farm crew of the Wye Research and Education Center in
Queenstown, Maryland.
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