What is a Comparator in Metrology ? | Types of Comparators
January 5, 2018 by
In Metrology, The comparator is a Precision Instrument, which is used to compare the dimensions of the given component with the actual working standard.
The Comparator is an indirect type of precision measurement because it will not measure the dimension, it will indicate the difference in measurement between the given component and working standard, and another magnification instrument is needed to measure this difference with accuracy. Still Didn’t get it? Let’s talk about The principle
Principle and operation of Comparator
The comparator (which will have a dial indicator) will be used along with the gauge blocks. Gauge blocks are also known as Slip Gauge (You already knows right?)
Now you need to Arrange the slip gauges to a dimension of which the workpiece should have.
The Slip gauges will have the working standard dimension, but the workpiece will have a deviation from this working standard.
The workpiece dimension may be less than or greater than this(Slip gauge) dimension What is a Comparator in Metrology ? | Types of Comparators
January 5, 2018 by
In Metrology, The comparator is a Precision Instrument, which is used to compare the dimensions of the given component with the actual working standard.
The Comparator is an indirect type of precision measurement because it will not measure the dimension, it will indicate the difference in measurement between the given component and working standard, and another magnification instrument is needed to measure this difference with accuracy. Still Didn’t get it? Let’s talk about The principle
Principle and operation of Comparator
The comparator (which will have a dial indicator) will be used along with the gauge blocks. Gauge blocks are also known as Slip Gauge (You already knows right?)
Now you need to Arrange the slip gauges to a dimension of which the workpiece should have.
The Slip gauges will have the working standard dimension, but the workpiece will have a deviation from this working standard.
The workpiece dimension may be less than or greater than this(Slip gauge) dimensionWhat is a Comparator in Metrology ? | Types of Comparators
January 5, 2018 by
In Metrology, The comparator is a Precision Instrument, which is used to compare the dimensions of the given component with the actual working standard.
The Comparator is an indirect type of precision measurement because it will not measure the dimension, it will indicate the difference in measurement between the given component and working standard, and another magnification instrument is needed to measure this difference with accuracy. Still Didn’t get it? Let’s talk about The principle
Principle and operation of Comparator
The comparator (which will have a dial indicator) will be used along with the gauge blocks. Gauge blocks are also known as Slip Gauge (You already knows right?)
Now you need to Arrange the slip gauges to a dimension of which
Comparators: Constructional features and operation of mechanical, optical, electrical/electronics and pneumatic comparators, advantages, limitations and field of applications
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Comparators: Constructional features and operation of mechanical, optical, electrical/electronics and pneumatic comparators, advantages, limitations and field of applications
Principles of interference, concept of flatness, flatness testing, optical flats, optical interferometer and laser interferometer.
Surface texture measurement: importance of surface conditions, roughness and waviness, surface roughness standards specifying surface roughness parameters- Ra, Ry, Rz, RMS value etc., surface roughness measuring instruments – Tomlinson and Taylor Hobson versions, surface roughness symbols
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
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moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
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from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
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as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
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condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
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We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
1. COMPARATORS
A comparator is a precision instrument employed to compare the
dimension of a given component with a working standard (usually
slip gauges).
It thus does not measure the actual dimension but indicate how
much it differs from the basic dimension.
In mass production identical component parts are produced on a
very large scale.
Micrometer and Vernier caliper are not more feasible because
skill involve and time required to measure the dimension .
In such case comparator is more suitable for the measurement.
2. Classification:
1. Mechanical Comparator: It works on gears pinions, linkages,
levers, springs etc.
2. Pneumatic Comparator: Pneumatic comparator works by using
high pressure air, valves , back pressure etc.
3. Optical Comparator: Optical comparator works by using lens,
mirrors, light source etc.
4. Electrical Comparator: Works by using step up, step down
transformers.
5. Electronic Comparator: It works by using amplifier, digital signal
etc.
6. Combined Comparator: The combination of any two of the above
types can give the best result.
3. MECHANICAL COMPARATORS
Some of the comparator which belong to this class are:
1. Dial indicator
2. Reed type comparator
3. Sigma Comparator
4. Johnson Mikrokrator
4. Dial Indicator:
It operates on the principle, that a very slight upward pressure on the
spindle at the contact point is multiplied through a system of gears
and levers.
It is indicated on the face of the dial by a dial finger.
Dial indicators basically consists of a body with a round graduated
dial and a contact point connected with a spiral or gear train so that
hand on the dial face indicates the amount of movement of the
contact point.
The indicator is set to zero by the use of slip gauges representing the
basic size of part.
7. Applications:
1. Comparing two heights or distances between narrow limits.
2. To determine the errors in geometrical form such as ovality,
roundness and taper.
3. For taking accurate measurement of deformation such as intension
and compression.
4. To check the alignment of lathe centers by using suitable accurate
bar between the centers.
5. To check trueness of milling machine arbours and to check the
parallelism of shaper arm with table surface or vice.
8. Johansson Microkator :
Principle:
It works on the principle of a Button spring, spinning on a loop of string like
in the case of Children’s toys.
The method of mechanical magnification is shown in Figure.
It employs a twisted metal strip. Any pull on the strip causes the centre of
the strip to rotate.
A very light pointer made of glass tube is attached to the centre of the
twisted metal strip.
The measuring plunger is on the slit washer and transmits its motion
through the bell crank lever to the twisted metal strip.
The other end of the twisted metal strip is fastened to the cantilever strip.
The overhanging length of the cantilever strip can be varied to adjust the
magnification of the instrument.
The longer the length of the cantilever, the more it will deflect under the
pull of the twisted metal strip and less rotation of the pointer is obtained.
11. HOW IT WORKS
The reed mechanism is frictionless device for magnifying small
motions of spindle.
It consists of a fixed block A which is rigidly fastened to the gauge
head case.
The floating block B carries the gauging spindle and is connected
horizontally to the fixed block by reeds C.
A vertical reed is attached to each block with upper ends joined
together, as shown in the figure . Beyond this joint extends a pointer
or target.
A linear motion of the spindle moves the free block vertically
causing the vertical reed to slide.
This movement causes the pointer or target to swing through an arc
over the scale proportional to the distance traveled by the spindle and
of course very much magnified. Comparators of this type may have
sensitivities of the order of 0.25 micron per scale division.
13. Principle:
In mechanical optical comparator, small variation in
the plunger movement is magnified first by
mechanical system and then by optical system
14. HOW IT WORKS
In mechanical optical comparator
small displacement of the measuring
plunger are amplified first by
mechanical system consisting of
pivoted lavers.
The amplified mechanical
movement is further amplified by a
simple optical system involving the
projection of an image.
Mechanical system causes a plane
reflector to tilt about an axis and the
image of an index is projected on a
scale on the inner surface of a
ground glass screen.
Optical magnification provides high
degree of measuring precision.
15. IMPORTANT
In this system,
Mechanical amplification = x2 / x1
Optical amplification = (x4 / x3 ) * 2
It is multiplied by 2, because if
mirror is tilted by an angle δθ, then
image will be tilted by
2 x δθ.
Thus over magnification of this
system = 2 (x2 / x1) *(x4 / x3)
Advantages of Optical
Comparators:-
1. It has small number of moving
parts and hence a higher accuracy.
2. In the optical comparators, the
scale can be made to move past a
datum line and thus have high
range and no parallax errors.
3. It has very high magnification.
4. Optical lever is weightless.
17. HOW IT WORKS
The plunger is attached to a bar which is supported between the
bending plates at the top and bottom portion as shown in Figure (a)
The bar is restricted to move in the vertical direction. A knife edge is
fixed to the bar.
The knife edge is attached to the sapphire plate which is attached to the
moving block.
The knife edge extorts a force on the moving block through sapphire
plate. Moving block is attached to the fixed block with the help of
crossed strips as shown in Figure (b).
When the force is applied on the moving block, it will give an angular
deflection.
A Y-arm which is attached to the moving block transmits the rotary
motion to the driving drum of radius r.
This deflects the pointer and then the reading is noted.
18. Advantages of Mechanical Comparator
1. They do not require any external source of energy.
2. These are cheaper and portable.
3. These are of robust construction and compact
design.
4. The simple linear scales are easy to read.
5. These are unaffected by variations due to external
source of energy such air, electricity etc.
19. Disadvantages:
• Range is limited as the pointer moves over a fixed
scale.
• Pointer scale system used can cause parallax error.
• There are number of moving parts which create
problems due to friction, and ultimately the accuracy
is less.
• The instrument may become sensitive to vibration due
to high inertia.
20. Pneumatic Comparators (Solex Gauge):
Principle:
•It works on the principle of
pressure difference generated
by the air flow.
•Air is supplied at constant
pressure through the orifice
and the air escapes in the
form of jets through a
restricted space which exerts
a back pressure.
•The variation in the back
pressure is then used to find
the dimensions of a
component.
21. How It Works
Working:
As shown in Figure (a) the air is compressed in the compressor at high
pressure which is equal to Water head H.
The excess air escapes in the form of bubbles. Then the metric amount of air
is passed through the orifice at the constant pressure.
Due to restricted area, at A1 position, the back pressure is generated by the
head of water displaced in the manometer tube.
To determine the roundness of the job, the job is rotated along the jet axis, if
no variation in the pressure reading is obtained then we can say that the job
is perfectly circular at position A1.
Then the same procedure is repeated at various positions A2, A3, A4,
position and variation in the pressure reading is found out.
Also the diameter is measured at position A1 corresponding to the portion
against two jets and diameter is also measured at various position along the
length of the bore
22. Metrological Advantages of
Pneumatic Comparators
Reasons for Pneumatic Inspection of Small Holes:
1. Pneumatic gaging elements can be very small. This permits precision
measurement of smaller inside diameters that is possible by other
means of measurement.
2. Deeper holes can be inspected because depth has little effect on ease
of measurement.
3. Greater accuracy is obtained because rocking and centralizing are
unimportant.
4. Nominal gaging force permits thin-walled and yielding materials to
be measured.
5. Absence of metal-to-metal contact protects finely finished surfaces.
23. Disadvantages of Pneumatic
Comparators:
i)They require elaborate auxiliary equipment such as
accurate pressure regulation.
ii) The scale is generally not uniform.
iii) When indicating device is the glass tube, then high
magnification is necessary in order to avoid the
meniscus errors.
iv) The apparatus is not easily portable and is rather
elaborate for many industrial applications.
v) Different gauging heads are required for different
dimensions.