1. The document discusses various form measurement principles and methods including straightness, flatness, thread measurement, gear measurement, surface finish measurement, and roundness measurement. 2. Thread measurement involves measuring various thread elements like major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, and form using methods such as thread plug gauges, thread wires, and thread micrometers. 3. Gear measurement includes measuring parameters like pitch, lead, backlash, tooth thickness, and errors using equipment such as involute measuring machines, gear tooth vernier calipers, and gear testers. 4. Surface finish is measured using various instruments that analyze surface texture parameters like average roughness, peak-valley height, and form factor.

1. UNIT 4
FORM MEASUREMENT
Principles and Methods of
straightness – Flatness measurement
– Thread measurement, gear
measurement, surface finish
measurement, Roundness
measurement – Applications.

2. APPLICATIONS

8. INTRODUCTION
• Threads are of prime importance, they are used as
fasteners.
• It is a helical groove, used to transmit force and
motion.
• In plain shaft, the hole assembly, the object of
dimensional control is to ensure a certain
consistency of fit.
• The performance of screw threads during their
assembly with nut depends upon a number of
parameters such as the condition of the machine
tool used for screw cutting, work material and
tool.

9. GEOMETRICAL FEATURES
• The measurement of
• Straightness
• Flatness
• Squareness
• Parallelism
• Roundness
• Circularity
• Cylindricity

10. FORM MEASUREMENT INCLUDES
• Screw thread measurement
• Gear measurement
• Radius measurement
• Surface Finish measurement
• Straightness measurement
• Flatness measurement
• roundness measurement

11. STRAIGHTNESS MEASUREMENT
• A line is said to be straight over a given length,
if the variation of the distance of its from two
planes perpendicular to each other and
parallel to the general direction of the line
remains within the specified tolerance limits.
• The tolerance on the straightness of a line is
defined as the maximum deviation in relation
to the reference straight line joining the two
extremities of the line to be checked.

12. • Important geometrical parameter of machines
• Example: shaping machine-guideways
• Shortest distance between the two lines –
straight line
• Ray of light, liquid level
• It is a qualitative measure of a surface
• Straightness measuring system should be in
line with functional point – called Bryan’s
principle

13. Straightness Measurement

14. METHODS OF STRAIGHTNESS
SPIRIT LEVEL:
• Inspecting the horizontal surfaces
• Finding direction and magnitude of minor
deviation from nominal condition
• The bubble will move from its position along
the radius of the angle of tilt.
• Ether, alcohol, benzol- low viscosity fluid
• Having graduated scale

15. Spirit level indicator

17. Spirit level indicator

18. STRAIGHT EDGES:
• With the help of surface plates and sprit
levels straight edges are used for checking
straightness and flatness
• Flat – sectioned measuring instrument
• Made up of steels
• Straight edges are used for testing large areas
of surface
• Painted surfaces are used to measure
straightness
LASER MEASURING SYSTEM:

19. Straight edge equipment

20. FLATNESS MEASUREMENT
• Minimum distance between the two planes,
which will cover all irregularities of the
surface to be tested
• Best-fit plane between two standard
reference plane one above and one below
the plane surface to be tested
• Deviation of the surface from the best fitting
plane

22. TEST PROCEDURE

23. Measurement of Screw Threads
• Screw Threads are used to
Transmit power and Motion.
• Fasten Two components with help
Of nuts,bolts and Studs.
Screw threads form included
Angle,Head Angle,Helix angle.

24. Screw Thread Terminology

25. Screw Thread Terminology

26. Error In Thread

27. Error In Thread

28. Error In Thread

29. Error In Thread

30. Measurement of Various Elements of
Thread
1.Major diameter
2.Minor Diameter.
3.Effective of Pitch diameter.
4.Pitch.
5.Thread Angle and form.

31. Measurement of Major Diameter
• Ordinary Micrometer:

32. Measurement of Major Diameter
• Bench Micrometer:

33. Measurement of Minor Diameter

34. Measurement of Minor Diameter

35. Measurement of Effective Diameter
1.One Wire Method.
2.Two Wire Method.
3.Three wire Method.
4.Micrometer Method.
One Wire Method:

36. Measurement of Effective Diameter
Two Wire Method:

37. Two Wire Method

38. Thread Measuring Machine

39. Thread Measuring Machine

40. Thread Measuring Machine

41. Three wire Method

42. Three wire Method

43. Three wire Method

44. Problems

48. THREAD MICROMETER METHOD

49. THREAD MICROMETER METHOD
• Used to measure threads within certain range of thread pitches.
• Anvil settings getting small error to measure range threads.
• First pitch diameter is measured for standard plug gauge of the same
size.
• It has special contacts to suit with the end screw thread for checking.
• End of spindle is pointed at V thread from with corresponding V
recess in the fixed Anvil.
• Is to measure only the angle of point and flanks of the threads come
into the contact.
• Micometer give the pitch diameter.
• Advantages:
• Which shows the variation in drunken thread.
• Limitations:
• Must set Standard thread plug get reading exactly zero.

50. PITCH MEASUREMENT
• Three methods,
1.Pitch Measuring Machine 2.Tool Makers microscope
3.Screw pitch gauge.
Pitch Measuring Machine
• Measurement is to move the stylus along the screen parallel to
the axis from one place to the next place.
• In this method is accurate method of measuring the pitch.
• Micrometer reading is set near zero on the scale.
• Indicator is moved along to bring the stylus and the indicator is
adjusted radially.

51. Pitch Measuring Machine
• Stylus engages between thread flanks and the pointer K is opposite
in the line L.
• To bring T in opposite in its index mark.
• Rotation of the micrometer and the second reading is taken.
• Difference between these two measured readings is known pitch of
the thread.

52. Measurement of pitch
TOOLMAKERS MICROSCOPE

54. 1.Work table is placed on the base of the instrument.
2.Optical Head is mounted on a vertical column it can be
moved up and down.
3.Workpiece is mounted on glass plate.
4.Light source provides horizontal beam of light which
reflected from a mirror 90° upward towards the table.
5.Image of the work piece through optical head.
6.Image is projected three prisms to ground glass.
7.Screen can be rotated 360 °.
8.Different types of graduated screens and eyepieces are used.
Applications:
Linear measurement.
Measurement of Pitch diameter.
Comparing thread forms.
Center to center distance measurements.

55. THREAD GAUGES

56. Plug Screw Gauge

57. THREAD GAUGES

61. ADJUSTABLE THREAD GAUGES

62. ADJUSTABLE THREAD GAUGES
• It is another name of Wickman Adjustable Thread gauge.
• Which is used to measure Limits,major,minor, and effective
Diameter.
• Anvil-Adjusting screw the setting of the master gauge.
• After adjustment monogram lead seal can be fixed over the
adjusting screw.

63. Gauging of Taps

64. Functions of Various types of gauges
1.Solid or Adjustable GO screw Ring gauge.
2.Check plug for new solid screw Ring gauge.
3.Wear Check plug for new solid and Adjustable GO Ring
gauge.
4.Setting Plug for adjustable GO Screw Ring gauge.
5.GO screw Caliper Gauge.
6. Setting Plug for GO Screw Caliper gauge.
7.NOGO Screw Caliper gauge
8.Gauge for Major Diameter.
Internal Thread gauging:
1.GO Screw Plug.
2.NOGO Screw Gauge 3.Gauge for Minor diameter.

65. FLOATING CARRIAGE MICROMETER

66. FLOATING CARRIAGE MICROMETER
• It consists of three major parts,
1.Base casting 2.Lower Carriage 3.Upper Carriage.
• Base has housing to support the work piece.
• Two V Grooves on the table lie parallel to the center.It’s support the
Lower gauge.
• Carriage has two conical pegs.
• One V Grooves resting upon a ball.
• Another one V Groove which lies on base ball.
• Upper surface of the lower carriage has Two V grooves on ball
bearings.
• Upper carriage floats at freely on the balls.It is called Floating
carriage.
• Movement allowed two directions which right angle to each other.

67. Measurement of Gears
• Gear is a mechanical drives which transmit power through
toothed wheel.
• Accuracy is very important to gear manufacturing.
• Transmission efficiency almost 99%.
• The gear blanks should be tested for the dimensional accuracy
and tooth thickness for the forms of gears.
• Two forms of gears are commonly.1.Involute 2.Cycloidal.
• Involute gear is also called as spur gear.
• Cycloidal gears are used to heavy and impact loads.
• Pressure angle is 25° to 14.5°

68. Measurement of Gears
Types of Gears:
1.Spur Gear.
2.Sprial Gear.
3.Helical Gear.
4.Bevel Gear.
5.Worm and worm wheel.
6.Rack and Pinion Gear.

69. Gear Terminology

70. Gear Terminology

71. Gear Terminology

72. Gear Terminology

73. Gears of Errors

74. Spur Gear Measurements
Runout:
• It is eccentricity in the pitch circle.
• It will give the tooth failures in gears.
• By used eccentricity tester.
• Gears are rotates tooth by tooth and the variation is noted
from the dial indicator.

75. Pitch Measurement
1.Tooth to Tooth Measurements
2.Direct Angular Measurement

76. Involute Measuring Machine

77. LEAD AND BACKLASH

78. Tooth Thickness Measurement
A).GEAR TOOTH VERNIER CALIPER METHOD(CHORDAL THICKNESS METHOD)

81. B.BASE TANGENT METHOD
C).CONSTANT CHORD METHOD

83. Parkinson Gear Tester
• Master Gear attached the vertical Spindle.
• Tested gear is fixed on carriage.
• Carriage on slides on both sides.
• Gear Rotates sliding carriage indicated by dial indicator.

84. Parkinson Gear Tester
• Variation is recorded in a recorder by using waxed circular
chart.
• Mandrels are free rotates without clearance.
• Left mandrels moves along Table.
• Right mandrels moves along the Spring loaded carriage.
• Scale is attached in one side and other side attached venirer
which enables the center distance to be measured is 0.025mm.
• Pitch or concentricity of pitch line is the errors.
• Movement of carriage reading in dial indicator.
• Errors are enables in gear tester.
• The recorder is also filleted in the form of circular or
rectangular chart, and than errors recorded.
• Limitations:

85. Problems on Gear Measurement

88. Gleason gear testing machine

89. Rolling Gear Testing Machine

90. SURFACE FINISH MEASUREMENT
• Components are produced by various method of
manufacturing process.
• It is not to possible to produce smooth surfaces and
some irregularities are formed.
• Factors affecting Surface finish Measurement.
1.Workpiece Material 2.Vibration 3.Machine Type
4.Too and fixtures.

91. Elements of surface texture

92. Elements of surface texture

93. Analysis of Surface Finish
Types:
1.The Average of Roughness method.
2.Peak valley height method.
3.From Factor.
The Average of Roughness method:
i).Centre Line Average.
ii).Root Mean square.
iii).Ten Point Method.

94. Analysis of Surface Finish
i).Centre Line Average.

95. Analysis of Surface Finish
ii).Root Mean square.

96. Analysis of Surface Finish
iii).Ten Point Method:

97. Analysis of Surface Finish
2.Peak valley height method.

98. Analysis of Surface Finish
3.Form factor:
Form factor

99. Methods of measuring surface finish
Types:1.Inspection by comparison method.
2.Direct instrument Method.
1.Inspection by comparison method.

100. Methods of measuring surface finish
2.Direct instrument Method
i).Stylus Probe Instruments.
ii).Tomlinson surface meter
iii).Profilometer.
iv).Taylor-Bobson-Talysurf
i).Stylus Probe Instruments.

101. Methods of measuring surface finish
ii).Tomlinson surface meter

102. Methods of measuring surface finish
• iii).Profilometer

103. Methods of measuring surface finish
iv).Taylor-Bobson-Talysurf

104. • Other methods of Measuring surface
roughness:
1.Profilograph:

105. • Double Microscope:

106. Problems of Surface Roughness
Measurement

108. ROUNDNESS MEASUREMENTS

109. 1.DIAMETERAL METHOD:
• Measuring plungers are located 180° a part the diameter is
measured at several places
• It is suitable only specimen elliptical or it has an even
number of lopes.
• This method is unreliable in determining the roundness.
2.CIRCUMFERENTIAL CONFINING GAUGES:
• This technique does not allow
For the measurement of the other
Related geometric characteristics,
Such as concentrity,flatness of
shoulders.

110. 3.Rotating on center:
4.V BLOCK

112. Adjustable V block:
5.Three Point Probe:

113. 6.Accurate Spindle:

114. Roundness Measuring Spindle

116. Roundness Measuring Machine

118. Modern Roundness Measuring
Instruments
1.Least Square circle.
2.Minimum zone or minimum radial seperation
circle.

119. 3.Maximum inscribed circle.
4.Minimum circumscribed circles.